THELAWOF THE SQUARES.

. THEIMPOSSIBLEMADEPOSSIBLEBYFOOLSLIKESEARL

TOMORROWSTRANSPORTANDENERGYSYSTEMS. SEARLINTERNATIONALSPACERESEARCHCONSORTIUM.

BOOK4B.
SERIALNO:000001 Page17.451

THETEAMPHOTO1968. INTRODUCTIONTOTHEAUTHOR,INVENTOR. INTRODUCTIONTOJOHNTHOMAS PHOTOOFTHEMRS&MRSHERWOODWITHPROF.SEARL PHOTOOFPROF.SEARLWITHMAGDEMO. PHOTOOFPROF.SEARLWITHMAG.DEMO. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 1989. 1989. 1989. 1989. 1989.
PHOTOOFPAPERMODELCUTOUT

PHOTO.LUISJARILLOWITHPROF.SEARL

PHOTOSUSAN

PHOTODOMONIC

PHOTOSRITAANDJOY

COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993. BRAINTEASERSANSWERSTOBOOK4A. IMPOSSIBLEMADEPOSSIBLE1959 IMPOSSIBLEMADEPOSSIBLE1968.

PHOTODEMO1UNDERCONSTRUCTION

MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993. REALITYORFANTASY1978.
PICTUREOFONEOFSEARLSTRAINUNITS

SEARLSRAILCONTROLSYSTEM1968. MYKNOWLEDGE1946 MYKNOWLEDGE1946

Takeabreak1947.

COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993. REALITYORFANTASYCHOCOLATE1956. Page17.452

REALITYORFANTASYCHOCOLATE1956
Donothandmethatshit!

REALITYORFANTASY1995.
PHOTOJOHNTHOMASWITHPROF.SEARL

REALITYORFANTASY1957.
PHOTONATURESTUDY THEHOMOSAPIENSSTRUCTURE

REALITYORFANASY1957.
PHOTOFEMALEBUM.

REALITYORFANTASY1957.
PHOTOHOMOSAPIENSPOSTERIORSKELETON

REALITYORFANTASY1957.
PHOTOHOMOSAPIENSANTERIORSKELELETON

FACTS1993. FACTS1946. FACTS. FACTS. FACTS. FACTS.

BrainteaserNo.1.
th Fact27 February1874coalcuttingbymachinery

th Fact12 September1941Technicalabilitywasted

Fact24 January1936Kipling,TheEngineersPoet

th

FACTS.

th 11 November1993 th 11 November1993

FACTS.
October1993 October1993

FACTS.
BrainteaserNo.2.

DREAM1STATES. PERIODICTABLEOFTHEELEMENTS1968. PERIODICPROPERTIESOFTHEELEMENTS1968. DREAM1STATES. Page17.453

THESEARLEFFECT.
AGermanarticle.

HOMOSAPIENSATITUDES1963. SEARLUNDERSTANDSFLIGHT1963.
Skinfriction

NEWSLETTERNO.27.DATE22.06.1987 STARSHIPEZEKIELMK.V.AIRLAW1968. GENERALSTATEMENTS1993. QUESTIONTIME1946.

15Questionstoanswer

FINALREPORT1956. I,Prof.JohnRoyRobertSearlherebyreleasethisbook4Btothepublicasunclassified th matter,uponthisdateof25 December1993.

PROF.JOHNROYROBERTSEARL
PRESIDENT CONSULTANTENGINEER. SEARLINTERNATIONALSPACERESEARCHCONSORTIUM
TH DATERELEASEDDECEMBER25 ,1993.

TomorrowsEnergy&TransportationSystems.

Page17.454

THELAWOFTHE SQUARES

Thisintroduction,whichshowsthatworkoutofstarshipEzekielMKV, tookthreepeopletoholditouttofilmit.Atthisdate,JohnThomasin RochesterNewYorkholdsitathishome.

Page17.455

JOHNA.THOMASJr.

VicePresident,D.I.S.C.
1 2 Mr.Thomashasatechnicalbackgroundinelectricityandprocesscontrol. HehasstudiedsuchvariedtopicsasUFOsandAncientTechnologythathasbeen lostorforgotten. HehascarriedontheeffortsofMr.WilliamSherwood,formerlyProfessorSearls contactandhelpmateintheNationalSpaceResearchConsortium.(NSRC). HefirstcontactedProfessorSearlin1990andsincethat,timehasprintedand distributedhisbooksonTheLawoftheSquares. JohnhasbeenastudentofProfessorSearlandhascometoanunderstandingof theSquareTechnologywhichisthebasisfortheSearlEffectGenerator(SEG) andtheInverseGVehicle(IGV) JohnispresentlyVicePresidentoftheDirectInternationalScienceConsortium (D.I.S.C.)andisTechnicalRepresentativeforProfessorSearl.

7 Prof.SearlpromisedJohnthathecouldrideinasmallhutpulledbehindtheIGV. Page17.456

1 2 3 4 5 6

ThisisthemanwhoownsthetechnologytermedtheSET. Thetechnologysitsinhisbrainthereforeitcannotbeownbyanyoneelse. Whathestatesisthatheispreparedtoformagrouptodevelopthistechnology. Thatstatementmeansthathisdream atthistimeisintheworldoffantasy Butthatdreamcanandhasbeendefinedbystructureandfunction Therefore,itislegalforhimtostatethathehasaconceptforresearchanddevelopment,and nootherpersonlivingordeadhastherighttothatstatement. Itisknownthatothersmakebeliefthattheyownit,howcan them whentheyhavenoidea howtodoit.

Page17.457

7 8

Theconceptherein:shallbedefinedasbeingaringandarollerset. ThepurposeofthatsetistodemonstrateproofofaphenomenonhereintermedtheSearl Effect ProofoftheSearlEffectbeingacceptedwhentherolleroperatesnonstopfor3 daysor greater. Thetermoperatereferstothataroller withoutanyformofassistancecommencesto rotatearoundaring,andcontinuestodoso withoutanyformofassistancefromanyother sourceotherthenitself. Thisdefinitiondefinestheconceptforresearchanddevelopment.

10

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UptothismomentintimeinwhichIhadbeenlivingatNo.13Blackburnthe Followingpeoplewereinvolved.

LuisJarillofoundJohnSearlandtheaccommodationatNo.13Blackburn. Page17.459

2 3

Thatpaperworkshownonthefirstpageisthescalemodelof StarshipEzekielMK.V. Threepeopleagainstwalljustyardsareholdingitfrom No.13Blackburnprotectsagainst thewind. Imyselfworkoutthestructurethancutitouttocheckthatmyfigureswerecorrect. ThatcutoutisheldinJohnThomashandsinRochester.USA. Thesearethosewhowereencouragingmetoreturntothiswork

4 5 6

MissSusanahN.Mutua.
Page17.460

FirstpictureisLuiswhofoundmeasalonelydownheartedpersonwhohadbeendestroyed byhisownfamily. Hefoundthehomeinwhichthatpicturewastaken ThenextpictureofSusanisthatpersonwhogavemeherhometoliveandworksothatall humankindcouldbenefitintheend. ThisnextpictureisDominicMutuasonofSusanwhohelpedmefromtimetotimewiththe heavyliftingwork.

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Thatisbasicthemainstory,fromthetimemyfirstwifedestroyedmylifeandwork. SusanbecamemywholelifeIworkmanyhourstorecoverthisworkunderterriblepain conditions. AllthisbaseduponfaiththatthistimeIwouldsucceedtothemarketplaceandSusanwould becomemywife. Faiththathereatnumber13Blackburnwouldbemyhome,andneveragainwouldIbe lonelyandhomeless. Only timewilltellthetruthwhathappentothiswork. Thismovetonumber13Blackburncostmethousandsofpoundloss. EquipmentagainwasneededtobereplacedsoIcouldundertakethiswork. Susanwentoutof herwaytohelpmeuponthatissue,wherenooneelsemadetheoffer. Latteranotherbigproblemoccurredwhichwouldhaveendedthiswork,butJohnThomas didrushintosavetheday. Teamsformandthendisappear. WHY?

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22

Theanswerisquitesimple.Apersoninformsusthattheywillhavemillionsinamonths timeandwishtoinvestamillionormoretodevelopthisengine. Thegroupstarttoworkhardtogetreadyforfullspeedaheadassoonasthefundsarrive. Alas,asalways,nofundscame,anditisonlynaturalthatthehardworkputintothiswithout paymentcannotcontinue. Therefore, theteamslowlybreaksup,asithadnopurposetocontinueifnoproductcould beproduced. Thisclassofworkclicksintomillionsofsor$stodevelopittoapointinwhichitcould bemassproduced. WithoutthatfundingthereisalmostnothingIcando,excepttowritemylifestory,whichis theLawoftheSquares. Thatisalsogreatlyexpensivetodo.

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Herearetwomoreladieswhohelpedmeindifferentways. ThefirstwasRitaalifetimefriendof Susan shehelpedmewiththebookcalledthedream thatcametrue. TheyoungladynamedJoycameintomyliferightfromthemomentofherbirth,atthisage shewascommunicatingwithmeasafullgrown adult. Sheamazedmewithherquestions,whichclearlyshowedmethatshewasreasoningevery thing,whichshewasbeingtaughtatschool. ShewouldgivemeherfeelingsonthesubjectandthenaskmewhatIthinkaboutit. Herreasoningwassound,herjudgementwasperfect,inreferencetoadultwomenandmen whocomehereto talk,andshewasfarmoreintelligent.Ienjoyedlisteningtoherreasoning andjudgement.

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Bythetimethisphotowas taken,shewascapableofcorrectlyandquicklyworksoutthe answerstoextremelylargesums,whichhermotherPhyllisalwayscomplainedtomethatI shouldnotgivehersuchlargesumstodo. However,shelovedthem,becauseshelovedmesomuchthatsheputherheartandsoul behindherlearningwithme. Thislittlewomangavemethedrivingforce,notonlytomakeSusanshomelovelybutalso tospeeduptheworkonthistechnology,andtorecordwhatIdidandwhatwashappening aroundmeatthattime. In return, Igaveherloveandthepowertolearn,becausesheknewIwouldtellherthetruth toallherquestions. Notonlythat,butIwouldlistentoallherproblemswithoutgettingnastyaboutwhatshe hadsaid. Itwasabondwhichisrarelyseenbetweenanadultandachild,abondsogreatthatit becameherdrivingforcetolearn Ifthisbondiseverbroken,thepowertolearnwillalsobelostforgood. Ifachildlosesabonditwillresultinthelostofabilitytolearn. Thesebooks,which IhopeIshalllivetowritewillpresentwhathashappenedtomeand howIhaverespondedtoeachsituationinvolved. However,whenIamdeadthatmaybeallwhichislefttoshowtheeffortwhichIwenttofor supporttocreateanewtechnologywhichwouldsolveallofourpresentdayproblems. Yet80%oftheworldspopulationhasnoideathatthereareanyproblems,becausethey fullybelievewithoutquestionthatiftherewereanyproblemstheirgovernmentwouldsolve thatproblem. Thoughmostpeoplemaynotbelievethatthereisanyproblemtoworryabout,butthevery fewwhodoknow,manyofwhichgototheextremestateandstarttopresentinsaneactivity, inplaceoflogicthinking. Likeforexample,Alienswillbearrivingintheyear2000tocollectallyouUFOnutcases andtakeyoutoaplaceofsafety. MaybethebacksideoftheMoonorbetterstillontopofamountainonMars. TheyareincommunicationswithAliens,butdonotshowyoutheirtransmitterorreceiver soyoucanorderonefromyourlocalshop. Othersareconstructinglargeairships,armingmembers,andteachingthemhowtodefend themselvesandkill.Thisisthecrap,whichthisplanetisloadedwithsadlytosay butthe insanitylevelisincreasingatamuchfasterratethaneverbeforefromwhereIsitting.

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COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
1 OCTOBER4th,1993,workhasrestarteduponmytechnology,nowisthetimetoevaluate thelatestcomponentsforselectingthebestoptionforthevariousfunctions,which willbe requiredwithinthistechnology. IknowthereisjustonepersonwhostatesthatpeopleclaimthatIwritebullshitinmybooks toblindreaderswithtechnology. IknowthesepeoplebuytheseUFOmagsandvideosandbelieveabsolutelywhattheystate. Tothosepeople,thetruthcanneverbeaccepted. Idonotintendtotrytoconvincethem,in FACT,theTRUTHis,andIhavenointentions whatsoeveroftryingtoconvinceanyoneasfarasitgoes. WhatIamofferingtotheworldisaCONCEPTFORDEVELOPMENTandtheFACTS, whichIcanpresentinsupportofsuchaconcept,whatIactuallyknow,andhowtoapply thatknowledgetosuchaconcept. Icanproposewhatcomponentsshouldbeconsideredtomeeteachfunctionpartthereof,to arriveatthebestoptionforsuccess. Therefore,everythingstatedwithinthesebooksaremoreprecisethanthatofthebiblewill everbein FACTS. FarmoreTRUTHFULthanthebibleis. ItisaBIBLEofabsoluteFACTS,asIknowthem. Only advancementinscienceandtechnologycanactuallyupdatethesebooks. Thatiswhythereisnoendtothisstorybecauseitisforeverextendingitsbondsinscience andtechnology. Soletmeintroduceyoutothelatestproblems,whichmustbesolvedforthistechnology, whichhasjustrestarted. Thehydraulicconnectionbetweenanagriculturalimplementandatractorasshownbelow isnowaneasiertaskwith thesePioneermulticouple. Nowsuchaconceptcouldverywellbeappliedtotheslenderdiscprojectfortheflightcell function. Intheabovefigure,thatsystemconnectsuptosevenhydrauliclinesandsixelectricallines inasingleoperation. Welldone! Twoheavydutydiecastaluminiumhousingsholdthequickcouplingsduringconnection.

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MULTICOUPLERSYSTEM
19 20 Intheabovefigure,thequickcouplingsusedconformtoISOstandard7241seriesA. Itallowssimultaneousconnectionofallhydraulicandelectricallinesandoffersmany advantages: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Page17.465 Servicepressureupto250bar Compact,lightweight,multicouplerwithastrongconstruction Simple,effectiveandfastconnectionevenundersevereserviceconditions Housingandcoverfortotaldustandmoistureprotectionandlongservicelife Safeconnection,evenunderpressure Impossibletoconnectincorrectly Developedwiththeuserfortheuser CompatiblewithanyequipmentalreadyfittedwithstandardISOAquick

COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
Couplings 21 Thismulticouplersystemmayalsobeusedformaterialshandlingandpublicworks equipment,machinetoolsandotherindustrialequipment. Thatisjustonepointtothinkabout,rememberthatthereare64flightcells,whichmustbe abletofunctionbymorethanjustoneoption,theremustbeatleastthreedifferentoptionsof operationoftheseflightcells. Sothinkuponit!

22

23

EO2DRYTECHNOLOGY.
24 EO2isanewgenerationofleakfreefittings,andformspartofaSearlsDryTechnology programmefortheINVERSEGVEHICLE,forasafe,clean,leakfreesealingevenunder themostsevereconditions. ConformingtoDIN2353standard,theEO2bitetypefittinghasbeencompletelyre engineeredtofeaturevastlysimplifiedassemblycharacteristics. EO2incorporatessoftsealingforsecure,leakfreeperformance,thenumberofpartshas beenreducedforeasierhandling,andstocking,whichwillbeveryimportantpoint. Simpleonestageassemblytoblock,withoutlubrication,cutsassemblytime,twoverygood pointstoconsider. Assemblybytorqueispossible,asisfullassemblybyelectrohydraulictooling. Thenitrilerubberbondedsealontheferrulegivesalltheadvantagesofsoftsealedjoints, includingtoleranceofsurfaceimperfections,dirt,misalignment,etc.

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EO2Anewgenerationoffittingswithsoftsealing,allowingleakstobe preventedmoreeffectivelythaneverbefore
30 31 32 Thesealinglipblockstheonlypossibleleakpathinthefitting,optimisingperformance. Anintegralbiteringgivesthemechanicaljointontothetube. TomaketheuseofEO2eveneasier,thesoftsealferruleisfactoryfittedintothebodynut tooperateasasingleunit,makingitimpossibletoloseferrulesorassemblethemthewrong wayround. Anotheruniqueadvantageisthatthenutstayswhereitisplacedonthetube,insteadof slidingtothelowestpointorofftheend,asnodoubtthatmanyofmyreaderscanwell appreciatetheruddynuisanceitiswhenyouaretryingtofitapipe

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COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
In ahurry,tofindthatthenutisnotwhereyouwantit. 34 Iknowwhatyousayevenifitisonlymentally,whenyouareup50ormorefeetintheair, andthatnutislyingonthefloor. Youneednotbeashamedofthatfact,therearemanymoremembersofthesame Club,youarenotalone.

35

36 EO2cansolveproblemsforapplicationswhereassemblydifficultieshavebeen experienced,boytheycanstatethatagain,orleakshaveledtocostlyrework,cleaningup,or warranty charges. 37 FAULTTOLERANTCMOSMULTIPLEXERSOFFER"BESTBUY"PROTECTION

THETRADITIONALCMOSANALOGSWITCHISATRANSMISSIONGATE
38 Allanalogmultiplexesactasthesolidstateequivalentsofdigitallycontrolledrotary switches. However,multiplexesattheinterfacebetweenanelectronicsystemanditsenvironment haveanadditionalfunction theyactasinsurancepoliciesagainstmalfunctionanddamage. Asadesigner,Imaycontrolthesystem,butinputmultiplexescontendwitheverything outsidethesystem poorinstallation,carelessoperators,andelectricalnoise. Theymustoperatecorrectlyinthepresenceofgroundloops,electricalinterferencefrom motorsandengines,andunintentionalinputssuchas240VAC. Inmyfollowingdiscussion,aparticulardesign(theserialMOSFETswitch)comestomind, asoneofthedeviceswhichemergesasthemosteconomicalchoicein

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COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
overcomingtheseproblems.

WHOSEONRESISTANCEVS.SIGNALVOLTAGECHARACTERISTICEXHIBITSA DOUBLEHUMPASSHOWN 43 Otherdesignsofferovervoltageprotectionalone,butonly,atleasttomyknowledge,the serialMOSFETapproachcombinesovervoltageandfaulttolerancewithouttheneedfor externalcomponents. Theswitchesincommonmultiplexershavebeendesignedthesamewayfornearlytwenty years:eachconsistsofannchannelandpchannelMOSFETconnectedinparallel ona SILICONsubstrate,anddrivenwithoppositepolaritygatedrivevoltagesasshowninmy figureonpage11. Thisconnectionprovidesasymmetricalsignalpaththroughtheparallelsourcetodrain resistances,producingacharacteristicdoublehumpin thecurveofonresistancevs.input voltageasshowninmysecondfigureabove. Manydesignsminimisethiseffectbydrivingthebodyconnectionofthenchannel MOSFETwithsignalvoltage.

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COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
47 ThepresenceofeachdevicepolarityguaranteesthatatleastoneofthetwoMOSFETswill conductforanyinputvoltagebetweenthesupplyrails. Thus,themultiplexerscanhandleanysignallevelthatfallsbetweentherails. Amultiplexerswitchceasestobeaswitch,however,whensignalvoltageexceedseither supplyrail. Eachswitchincludestwoparasiticdiodes,intrinsictotheMOSFETsourceanddrain structures,whichprovidecurrentpathstotherails,atthisprecisetime. IcannotputinthefigurethatIwant,thedrawingisfartoolargetoscaninhere,so hopefullyIcanfindawayofreducingthesizeofitandadditatthebackofthebook,ifI don'tforgetit. Bothdiodesarereversebiasedduringnormaloperation,butanysignalexcursionbeyond therailsappliesforwardbiastooneofthediodes,clampingthesignalat600mVbeyondthe rail. Becausethediodesarepresentwhenpowerisremoved,theyalsoclamp(at600mV) whentherailsareatzerovolts. Parasiticdiodesprovideausefulclampingfunction,buttheyalsointroduceproblems. Excessivecurrentinthediodescancauseoverheatinganddamageinthesignalsourceas wellasthemultiplexer(figure3)

48 49

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FIGURE3.PARASITICDIODESPROVIDEAPATHFORFAULTCURRENTWHEN ACONVENTIONALANALOGSWITCHISEXPOSEDTO OVERVOLTAGE Page17.470

COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
56 Somewhatlowerlevelsofcurrent(belowthatofoverheatinganddamage)canstillcause latchupinthemultiplexer. Andonceitcrossesadiodejunction,thefaultcurrentbecomesaflowofinjectedminority carriersthat"spray"intotheSILICONsubstrate. Collectedbyotherswitchingdevices,thiscurrentcaninduceanerrorvoltageinevery channel. Turningonparasiticdiodeclampsthemultiplexeroutputtoonesupplyrail anactionthat candamageexternalcircuitsconnectedtothatoutput. Thecauseofdamagemaynotbeobvious,butanoutputtransient(totherail)causedby momentaryovervoltageatthemultiplexercandestroyanA/Dconverter'sinput,orcause differentialoverloadandlongsettlingtimesinanopamp. SeveraldesignmeasuresofferprotectionforaCMOSmultiplexeranditsassociatedexternal circuits. Thesemeasuresincludeconnectingaresistorinserieswitheachchannelinput,connecting dioderesistornetworkstocontrolthefaulteffects,andchoosingamultiplexerwhose architectureandprocesstechnologyprovidefaulttolerantproperties.

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FIGURE4. Addingaseriesresistortotheswitchoffigure4limitsfaultcurrent, Butitalsoaddstotheswitchresistanceandlengthenssettlingtime 63 Thesimplestformofprotectionaddsseriesresistorsthatworkinconjunctionwiththe internalprotectiondiodes(Figure4)

Page17.471

COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
64 Theresistorvaluesarecriticalbecausetheypresentatradeoff:largervaluesgivemore protectionbutintroducegreatersignalerrors. Leakagecurrentintothemultiplexeralsoflowsthroughtheseriesresistors,causinganerror voltagethatworsenswithtemperature(theleakagedoublesforeach8Cincreaseabove ambient). Loweringtheresistorvaluescanreduceerrortoanacceptablelevel,butthelowervaluemay allowtoomuchdiodecurrent,threateninglatchupinthemultiplexer. Asarule,unlessotherwisespecifiedinthedatasheetsectiononabsolutemaximumratings, youshouldlimitthediodecurrentto20mAcontinuousor40mA peaks. Lowleakagecurrentscanoffsetthisdrawbackoflargeprotectionresistors. New,ultralowleakagemultiplexerssuchas(MAX328andMAX329)haveextendedthe designlimitsforseriesresistorprotectionoverthoseforearliergenerationmultiplexers. Thenewdeviceslowleakage(1pAat25C20nAat125C)allowsvery highvalued protectionresistors. Resistorsof150kW,forexample,admitfaultcurrentsofonly1mAwhilewithstanding 150Vinput. At 1500V,theyadmitfaultcurrentsofonly 10mA. Theresistorsproduceonly 3mVofadditionalerrorat125C. Notethatinthenextfigureat 1500Vprotectionresistorsrequire15Wratingsfor continuousduty. However,inmostapplicationsyoucanscalethisthermalratingconsiderablybecausethe overvoltagehasamuchlowerdutycycle. Externalresistorsthusofferflexibility youcanchoosedifferentresistorvaluesfordifferent channelsinthesamedevice,andscaletheirpowerratingsasrequired. Integratedresistors,ontheotherhand,areconstrainedbytheirpackagepowerratingthis ratingmaylimitthenumberofchannelsthatcanwithstandovervoltageatthesametime. Theseriesresistorapproachprotectsthemultiplexer,butitdoesnotpreventcorruptionof signalsintheselectedchannel. Thesesignalsareatthemercyofovervoltageinanyoftheunselectedchannels. Butthedirectcauseisn'tovervoltageit'sfaultcurrent(theinjectedminoritycarriers mentionedearlier)flowingintothesubstrateviaoneormoreprotectiondiodes.

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COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.

FIGURE5

Faultprotectionsforaconventionalmultiplexerentailscurrentlimitingresistors. Twozenerdiodesforabipolarclampvoltagenetworkanddualclampdiodesfor eachchannel.

81 82

Eliminatethatsubstratecurrentandyoueliminatethegrosssignalerrors. Onewaytohandlethefaultcurrentistodivertitintoanexternalnetwork(FIGURE5 above). Twozenerdiodesproduce 12Vclampslevels,centredwithinthemultiplexer's 15V supplyrails. Then,insteadofflowingthroughaninternalprotectivediode,thefaultcurrentduetoover voltageonanychannelflowsthroughoneofthetwoexternalprotectiondiodesforthat channel. Thoughitoffersexcellentprotection,thistechniquerequiresalargenumberof

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COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
externalcomponents. 86 And,theexternaldiodesproduceadditionalleakagecurrentthatprecludesuseofthehigh valuedseriesresistorsdiscussedearlier. Theexternalcomponentsrepresentextraboardspace,nottomentionthecostofpurchase, test,throughholeassembly,andinventory. Ithinkthatabettersolutionistointegratethisprotectionwiththemultiplexer,onasingle chip. Faulttolerantmultiplexerrequirenoexternalcomponents,yetarecapableofwithstanding highlevelsofovervoltagewithoutcorrespondinghighlevelsoffaultcurrent. Theyachievethisprotectionwithaninternaldesignthatisquitedifferentfromthatof conventionalmultiplexers. Eachswitchinafaulttolerantmultiplexerisactuallyaseriesconnectionofthree MOSFETs,inordernchannel/pchannel/nchannel(FIGURE6a)below.

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FIGURE6a.The3MOSFETswitchelementofafaulttolerantmultiplexer
92 Internallygenerateddrivevoltagesturntheswitchonbysimultaneously drivingthen channelgatestothepositiverailandthepchannelgatetothenegativerail. Theswitchthenremainsonforaslongastheanaloguesignal(whichmodulatesthegate sourcevoltages)remainswithinlimitssetbythenandpchannelgatesourcethresholds.

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COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
94 Typicalgatesourcethresholdsare1.5Vfornchanneldevicesand3Vforpchannel devices. Therefore,with 15Vsuppliesthethresholdsconfineamultiplexer'sinputsignalstothe range12Vto13.5V. BecauseoneofthethreeMOSFETsinaswitchbeginstoturnoffasthesignalexceeds eitherlimit,theswitchonresistanceversusinputvoltageassumesacharacteristic"bathtub shaped"curveFIGURE6b,below. Theresultinghighimpedanceintheoffstateisvery convenient:theswitchisoff,blocking theovervoltage,andfaultcurrentisvirtuallyzeroed.

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FIGURE6B.
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Hasanonresistancecharacteristicshapedlikeabathtub.

COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.

FIGURE7.Reportonnextpage.
Page17.476

COMPONENTSFOREVALUATION1993.
FIGURE7. Theonsetofavalanche(fault)currentinaMAX388multiplexerdefinesa Faulttolerantregionofapproximately 100V. A0Vsignalintheselectedchannel(toptrace)isunaffectedby 100Vappliedto anoffchannel.

98

Substrate(fault)currentflowsonlyasaresultofavalanche,whichoccurswhentheover voltageexceedsalimit,setbytheMOSFET'sgeometryanddopinglevels. Belowtheavalanchelimit,signalsintheselectedchannelremainunaffectedbecausethe overvoltageproducesnosubstratecurrent Theseriesconnectedswitchalsoturnsoffwhenpowerisremoved. Thisbehavioursimplifiesthedesignofredundantsystemsbecausemultiplexersconnectto commonsignallinescanbepowereddownwithoutloadingthelines. Dr.Edwardspleasenotethatallthesewonderfulthingsquotedherewereconceivedinthe worldoffantasy,buttheirbirthwasdeliveredintheworldofreality. YesDr.EdwardsIamheretoteachyouaswell aseveryoneelse,sopleaselistenvery carefultowhatIstate,andtakenote. Tomy knowledge,Maximoffersseveralseriesstructuremultiplexers. TheMAX358andMAX359devices(1of8anddual1of4)withstandovervoltagesto 35V,andtheMAX378andMAX379aresimilardevicesthatwithstandovervoltagesto 75V. MAX368andMAX369addlatchedaddressinputstothebasic35Vtolerantmodels,and thenewMAX388andMAX389arelatchedmodelsthatwithstand 100V. Thenonlatcheddevicesarepincompatiblewithindustrystandardmultiplexers DG508/509:thelatcheddevicesarepincompatiblewiththelatchedmodelsDG528/529. AsshownearlierinFIGURE5,conventionalmultiplexerssuchastheDG508/509require numerousexternalcomponentstoduplicatethefaulttolerantcapabilitiesmentionedinthis report. MAX3XXdevicesnotonlysavethecostandboardareaassociatedwithexternal components,theyoffercapabilitiesnotavailableindiscretecomponentcircuits. MAX3XXdevicesalwaysturn offwhenovervoltageisapplied,buttheswitchesof FIGURE5,remainoninthepresenceofovervoltagewhetherpowerisappliedornotthis isonlyatinypartofmythinkingprocessfor thisdevelopmentwork. IneverknockNASAproduct,inefforttopushminethatisnotcricket!

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111 Thefollowing(TABLE1)showsthecostadvantagesoffaulttolerantmultiplexersvs.the nonprotectedDG508/509alternatives.

TABLE1. NONLATCHEDMULTIPLEXERS DG528/ MAX368/ MAX388/ DG529 MAX369 MAX389 InherentO/Vprotection NONE 35V 100V Resalecost,1Kpcs Externalcomponentcost Andassembly $1.78 $2.15* $3.25 0.00 $3.75 0.00

TOTALSYSTEMCOST $3.93 $3.25 $3.75 *=28Externalcomponents(x) .03(+)28(x) 2leads(x).007

Thecostofthe: (1) 10resistors

(2) 16diodes (3) 2zeners

112 113 InFIGURE5,isabout$0.92,basedonthepurchasesof1Kpiecesormore. Platedthroughholesareabout$0.007each,andtheassemblycostforaxialleadedpartsis about$0.03percomponent. Theresultingtotalformulticomponentprotectionexceedsthatofthesimpler,singleIC protectionofferedbyMaxim. ExternalcomponentsalsorequirefivetimesmoreboardareathantheICalone. ThecostinFIGURE5's,circuitisevengreaterifyouconsiderthecostoftroubleshooting, reliabilityeffects,andotherhiddenexpenses. AllofTABLE1'sICshaveanAbsoluteMaximumratingof 44VbetweentheV+andV terminals,butincreasingdiesizesfromlefttorightnecessarilyescalatethe1Kpcprices. IhadtoleaveoutwhatwouldhavebeenFIGURE2,aspartofitwasfartoolargetoinclude there.Ihavenowreduceditssizetohalfitmeansthatthecontentsdonotstandoutasclear asplanned. Ihopethatyouwillobtainenough FACTSfromittounderstandwhatitshows.

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DOCSISRSMFD LOS1.
th DATE:10 July1968. EDITION:First.

MortimerBerkshireEngland. LOCATION : DIVISION : SEMINAR : LECTURER : STATUS : HeadquartersMortimerBerkshireEngland. MannedFlight. StarShipEzekielMKVConcept. JohnRoyRobertSearl. HeadofR&DHumanStudies.

StarShipEzekielMKVagreedconcept:
Shouldbebaseduponmydreamsoneandtwocontents,thatistousethelawofthe squaresintheconceptdesign. First,letuslookatthesquares,whatarewetalkingaboutinreality?

8 35 18 19 25 6
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30 1 17 20 11 32

34 28 15 16 14 4

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5 26 27 10 36 7

31 12 13 24 2 29

22 103 52 55 73 16

88 1 49 58 31 94

100 82 43 46 40 10

7 25 61 64 67 97

13 76 79 28 106 18

91 34 37 70 4 85

40 175 90 95 125 30

150 5 85 100 55 160

170 140 75 80 70 20

15 45 105 110 115 165

25 130 135 50 180 35

155 60 65 120 10 145

37 172 87 92 122 27

147 2 82 97 52 157

167 137 72 77 67 17

12 42 102 107 112 162

22 127 132 47 177 32

152 57 62 117 7 142

YoushouldseethatIamusingsquaresixyoucanalsoseethatitisconstructedfrom36 cells,eachcellholdsavalue. Iusesquaresixforflightrequirements,whydoIusesquaresixandnotsomeotherform ofmathematics. Sonthatisagoodquestion,youseeIhavenoknowledgeonmathematics,asIhadno formaleducation,likeyoubecauseIhavenonormalhearing. Itwasimpossibleformetounderstandwhatmyteacherwassaying,Ididnethertheless understoodwhatherhandwassayingtomychecksofmybumthatshewasgoingto makeitredandhotandshedidtothatissuethereisnoargument. Theyfailtotrytofindoutwhyachildcannotlearn,donotquestioniftheyaredeafthey assumetheyhear.

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Haveselectedthesquarethatyouaregoingtoemployyouthenhavetoselectthe elements,whichisimportantissuethatthedreamonesaygosquarefour,whichis absolutelycorrectbutonlyforlandbaseuse,unfortunatenotpowerfulenoughforflight work.Lookingatdreamone,Icannothelpseeingthatalwaysthereareeightsquares,not onlythatIamalwaysinsquare2. Thisiswhereyouactuallyuseyourbrain,WHY? Becausethatiswhatitisactuallyfor,tobeused,andIhadnooptionbuttousemine,that iswhyIconceivedtheSearlEffectconcept. Herewasadream,whichkeptreoccurringsurely,theremustbesomelogicreasonforit. Nowifwetaketwoawayfromeightwegetsix,youagree,strangethatdreamrunforsix years. Thattwocoversmanyissuesthatareactuallyinvolved,Ishallbeinvolvedintwo completelydifferentfieldsoftechnology: 1. Landbaseenergyrequirements. 2. Flightbaserequirements. Thatdreamalsostatingthatyouhavetousefourlayers,threeofwhichmustbetrue elementsplusone,whichisnotatrueelementbutamoleculestructure. Aconceptisbeingborn,anditisfromsuchachart,whichasdisplayedattheheadingof thisdocumentthatIusedwithinthistechnology. NowIamstandinginsquaretwo:therearetwostatesinvolvedhereupandreturnback, thusIacceptthatIshallbeinvolvedintwodifferentdomains. One,whichisdownrepresentinggroundsystemsandotheroneuprepresentingflight. Thuscelltwoandcellfourpluscelleightarethekeyissuesascellthreeyouhavetohop overandnotintoit. Imultiplythesetogetherandobtain: 2x4=8 8x8=64 Therefore,eightmusthavesomeimportance,andlikewise64thisiswheremybrain doesthethinkingandnotme. Youcanguessthateightrelatestotheperiodictable,the64relatestotheflightside,just forthismomentIshallconcentrateuponthatissueeight. Itrelatestotheelectrons,whichIhavealreadyexplainedwithinthisbookthebehaviourof theatominitsconstructoftheelectrons. Thatthefourlayersmovefromtheoutsidelayerthedensitygoesupasyougotowards thecentre,exceptforthemoleculelayer,whichcontrolstheflowofelectronsfromtherare earthmaterial. Slowlyaconceptforresearchandstudyisinthedevelopmentstate Withallnewidea,itisacaseofprobinginthedarkuntilsomelightappears,asitwilldoif youprobedeepenough,asIhadtodo. Atfirst,itlooksimpossibleandoftenitisonlyasmallissuetobecorrectedthenitsallgo. Page17.481

Dreamonestatetherearetwoprimestatesintheuniverse. 1. Positiveandnegative 2. Electronsandpositrons 3. Magneticnorthandmagneticsouth 4. Stationaryplatesandmovingpartstherollersets. 5. Conductorsandinsulators 6. Superconductivityandnonsuperconductivity 7. Yesandno 8. Leftandright 9. Hotandcold 10. Particleandwave 11. Maleandfemale 12. Currentandmagnetism Theseareallimportantissues,becausetheyareallpartofreality,andmyworldisreality withoutquestion.

Hereareeightconventionaldiagramsofcrystalsforms.
Whichisstrangethatthishopscotchpatchhaditssystembasedoneightsquares,inthe followingmannerfrombottomtotop? Squaresone,twoandthreeinaverticallinethensquarefourandfiveinhorizontalmode followedbysquaresixintheverticalmodeendingwithsquaresevenandeightinthe horizontalmode. Squareoneisoutsideofthefunctionasitrepresentsthatleveloneofallsquares structuresisitsDNAuponwhichthatsquaresystemisconstructed. SquaresarenodifferenttoalltheanimalsaDNAsystemcontrolstheconstructionupon howeachspeciesorsquarecreatedby. MaybeIhavegivenyouabittoomuchtodigest,afterallitismyworldbornintoitand haveliveditallmylife,therefore,tomeitiseasyformetofollow,asayellowbrickroad wouldbe. Itisanoldsayingwhentheyissomethingunknowntobeexplainitiswisertogiveitin smallbiteatatimesothatitmaybedigestedslowlybythosewhowishtolearnand understand,agreemostpeoplecanlearntheproblemremainswilltheyunderstandthat whichtheyhavelearnt. Page17.482

Thisismyworldofreality,theworldoftomorrowstechnology,theGyroFlywheelHigh EnergyDensityMechanicalmagneticdevicetheSearlEffectGenerator(S.E.G)and theInverseGravityVehicle(I.G.V),youmightnotyetgotit,butyoushouldhaddoneso, exceptforevilmindswhoseignoranceandgreedhaveblockedyoufromhavingit. Unfortunatethereisnomoredangerouscombinationthanthosewhostealinignorancefor personalgain

TABLE1: ElectronicPropertiesofindividualAtoms: Columns1 and10containtheatomnumberZ,equaltothenumberofelementary

positivechargesbornebythenucleusandalsotothenumberofextranuclear electronsintheneutralatom. Column2containsthenameoftheelementoratom. Column3containsthesymbolfortheelementoratom. Column4containstheatomicdiameterasanexpectationvaluefromquantum mechanicalaverageenergyofconfigurationHartreeFockcomputationsforfree 10 atomsatomicdata4,theunitis10 m. =0.0000000001mWOW! WhatdoyouthinkaboutthatFlowerbower? Youpoorcreatureofmisfortune:thatisbeyondyourbraincapabilitiestounderstand becausethatisreality.

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Column5containstheionizationpotentialinvolts: Theionizationenergyistheionizationpotentialmultipliedbytheelementarychargee,and hasthesamenumericalvalueastheionizationpotentialwhenthelatterisexpressedin voltsandtheformerinelectronvolts:

19 (1eV1.60219x10 J) 1.60219x0.0000000000000000001J

Thatis:

HowareyoucopingFlowebower,guessthereisagreatamountofhotairrushingoutof thatrearendofyourspracticemakesperfectreadyforYouTubeattackagain? IfeelthatIshouldhaltheretoletyourecoverfromthisreading,asthereissuchalotto showwhatIknewsolongagonow. ThoughIcannotnolongerstudyatthesamerateduetolackofhardcashnotbeing available,atleastItrytocontinuetolearnaboutreality,whichalsoincludesyou. Thisdocumentreleasedbyauthorityof:

Prof.J.R.R.SearlHeadofresearchanddevelopment. MannedFlighthumanstudies. ElectricExpressLocomotive, modelledontheclass BB10000oftheSocit NationaledesCheminsde Ferrancais(SNCF,orFrench NationalRailwaysCo.) Finishedingreen Thiswasoneofahundred differenttrainsthatIusedto displayonspecialshowdays whichwerestolenwhileI wasonBusinessinCanada bymyfamilyandreplaceto bestolenagainbythenwhile Iwasaway. Theysoldthemfornextto nothingincash.

Costme8.00pluspostageandpackage.

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IMPOSSIBLEMADEPOSSIBLEBYAFOOLNAMEDSEARLANDGROUP1968.

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MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993.
JANUARY1993 1 STARSHIPEZEKIELMK.V.isdesignedtohaveitsownhospital,andthisalsoapplytoa housingcomplexuponthatdesign. Butin1968,itsequipmentdesignwasverybulkyandheavy,sonow25yearslater,whatis newthatcanbeusetoreduceboththesizeandweightofthatequipmentwhichisneeded. Thereisasubjectmatteruponthehumanbodywhichisreallyneverspokenabout,yetto manyitisahellofaproblem,onewhichImustmakeallowancesforinthedesignof STARSHIPEZEKIELMK.V.orevenahousingcomplexuponthesamestructural concept. Thesubjectagainissensors,butinthiscaseitisachemicalfibresensor,whichisthe subjectofthisdiscussion. Thisdiscussionisbaseduponasubjectmatterwhichonedonottalkaboutatthedinner table,yetitisinvolvedwithyourdinneronewayoranother. Itisanewopticalsensorformonitoringbileinthestomachwhichisnotjustmoreaccurate thanexistingtechniques,italsoworksaroundtheclockwithlittledisruptiontothepatient's dailylife. Whichofcauseisgreatstuffforallofuswhosufferfromanybilerelatedproblems. Chemicalsensorsbasedonopticalfibresareadvancingfasterinbiomedicinethanthose, whichdependoncompetingtechnologies. Andfibrebasedchemicalsensorsaredevelopingmorerapidlyinbiomedicinethaninany otherfield.

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MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993.

FIGURE1b. ITSOPTOELECTRONICSYSTEM. 10 Iregretthattheselasttwopicturesaremissing,andIhavehadtoscanthemfrombook4, whichwasaphotocopyofaphotocopy,soastomaintainthesamedata. WhereverIcanIhavereplacedthosepicturesordrawingswithnewones,butsometaketoo longtoredrawthem. ButIhopethatitwillgivesomeindicationofwhatIamtalkingabout. SomescientistsmightdisagreewiththesetwoclaimswhichweremadebyFrancesco Baldini,whoresearcheschemicalsensorsattheIstitutodiRicercasulleOnde Elettromagnetiche(IROE),Florence,Italy. YesMr.AndersHeerfordt,Dr.EdwardsandGunnarSandberg,Ibetthatnoneof

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MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993.
youknewthatIknowaboutthatplaceorthatperson. 15 IalsobetthatyoudidnotknowthatIknewthefollowingFACTthatanIROEsensor, whichcontinuouslymonitorsbileintheoesophagus(forthosewhodonotknowwhat oesophagusrefersto,don'tworryIamheretotellyou,itsthecanalwhichextendsfromthe pharynxtothestomach. Tomyknowledgeitisaboutnineincheslong,atleastthatiswhatIunderstoodbackthere in1950. YouarehappynowthatyouknowwhatIamtalkingaboutyouarenot,why? Youareconfusedastowhatthetermpharynxrelate,odon'tworry,Iamheretotellyou. Itsthemuscularpouchlinedwithmucousmembranesituatedatthebackofthemouth. Itleadsintotheoesophagus,andalsocommunicateswiththenosethroughtheposterior nares,withtheearsthroughtheEustachiantubes,andwiththelarynx. Nowyouarehappy? Youarenot,youdon'tunderstandthetermsused,wellIamsorryIhavetoleavethatfor anotherbook,orotherwisethesubjectofthisdiscussionwillneverappearwithinthisbook. Thissensorfunctionsbyanopticalfibreprobeinsertedthroughthepatient'snose,hasjust goneonsale. Atthismomentintime,Idonotknowwhatitcost. Datafromtheopticaltransduceroroptrodeontheendofthefibrearecollectedinasmall batterypoweredunit,whichislightenoughtohangoffthepatient'sbelt. Thesensortakesreadingsevery4,8or16seconds,whichitdisplaysorrecordsfor analysis. Buttonsontheunitallowthepatienttorecordpain,mealsandperiodsofrest. TheItalianresearchershavejuststartedlaboratorytestsofasimilarsensortomonitor aciditylevelsinthestomach. TheyarealsoworkingonprototypesoffibresensorsthatmeasurethepHofblood,oxygen levelsinliquidorgasstreams,andothers,which,incombinationwithenzymereagents, couldanalysebiologicalcompounds. BynowyoushouldallknowthatIamdeterminedtoseethateveryfunctionalunitwithin theconceptof STARSHIPEZEKIELMK.V.orinanysimilarhousingcompoundwillbe oftheabsoluteaccurateandfasttechnologythatsciencecanoffer.

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MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993.
30 BaldinitoldtheBiomedicalOpticsconferenceinHungarythatfibresensorsaresucceeding inbiomedicinebecausetheylackelectricalcontacts,theyaretinyandtheycomeinvirtually anyshape. Thesequalities,whichIappreciate,addedtofibre'sinherentsafety,makethetechnology "competitivewithtraditionalsensorsinbothchemicaldiagnosticsandmultitestkitsand allow,insomecases,performanceswhichareunique." AsIstatedin1968,thatbiomedicine'srequirementson STARSHIPEZEKIELMK.V. demandforqualityandsafetydrivesinnovationbyforcingdesignerstothinkcarefullyand tobasetheirsensorsona"thoroughspectrophotometricinvestigation". AsIstatedin1968,spectrophotometryleadstoa"betterunderstandingofchromophores, immobilisedornot,whichactasanopticaltransducerandoptimisetheoptrode'soptical performance",andthisisalsowhatBaldinistated. "Ifthegoalofthesensorisinvivomeasurements,thenparticularattentionmustbepaidto thebiocompatibilityoftheoptrode." Therearethreebasicelementstoeachsensor: (1) (2) (3) 36 Anoptoelectronicsystem Anopticalfibre Anoptrodeontheendofthefibre

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Someoptrodescarrychromophores,substancesthathaveuniqueabsorptionspectrainthe presenceofspecificchemicals. Otheroptrodesdependontheabsorptionspectraoftargetchemicalssuchasbilirubin,which hasanabsorptionpeakat452nm. Bilirubinisthemainpigmentinbile,whichcancausediseaseifitentersthestomachfrom theduodenum. Youlookconfusedatamuchhigherlevel,letmedeconfuseyou,Duodenum(duode'num) thefirstnineorteninchesofthesmallintestine,fromthepyloricopeningofthestomachto thejejunum. Thepancreaticandcommonbileductsopenintoit. Nowyouarehappy,youarenot,sorry,Imustcontinuewithmydiscussion,orotherwiseI willnevergetitdone. Atypicalsensorhastwoidenticalfibrechannelstomonitorapairofsitessimultaneously. Twodiodesin eachchannelcoupleareferencewavelengthandasignal

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MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993.
Wavelength(matchedtothetargetchemicalorthechromophoreintheoptrode)intoone armofaforkedfibre. 44 Theforkedprobeisarandomlymixedbundleofpolymeropticalfibresinabiocompatible blackpolyurethanecatheter.

FIGURE2.OpenoptrodeforpHmeasurementswithbromophenolblue 45 Lightfromthetwosourcespassestotheoptrodeandthenreflectsbackalongthefibreand outofthesecondarmontoaphotodetector,anamplifierandaprocessor. Theprocessordrivesthetwolightsourcesandpassescollecteddatatoaninternalbufferfor transfertoanexternalcomputer. Baldinihasdevelopedseveraldesignsforoptrodes. Oneisbasedonchromophoresimmobilisedonglassmicrospheresinastainlesssteeltube, whichhasperforationsorslitsinitswall. Eachofthese"windows"issmallerthanthespheresbutlargeenoughtoallowliquidsto enter. Anearlyoptrodetomeasureaciditylevelsinthestomachwasbasedonatube15mmlong by0.8mmindiameter,perforatedwith70 mmholesandcontainingathymolblue chromophoreimmobilisedonglass. Testmeasurementsshowthattheprototypeissensitiveto0.007pHto4pH,butthe responsetimeofseveralminutesistoolong,formyrequirementsforSTARSHIP EZEKIELMK.V.Programme. Anarrowertubecontainingmoreholeswouldimproveresponsetimesbuttheviscosityof gastricjuicesinvivowouldreducethemagain. Althoughtheperforatedoptrodewasabandonedasagastricmonitor,amodifieddesignwith slitsinsteadofholesmeasurestheacidityofbloodto0.02pHfrom6.8to8pH,with responsetimesofaboutoneminuteforeach0.25pHstep.

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MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993.
54 55 56 Wellthatisgettingbetter. However,canweimproveonthattimingperiod? Thechromophoreisphenolredimmobilisedonpolymerspheresandthesensor'ssources emitat570nmforthesignaland660nmforthereference. Tubularoptrodesarecompactandsimple. Theyalsosufferfromslowleakageofthephenalredand,unlessdegassed,airbubbles reducetheirtypicalresponsetimeof30seconds. IROEhasdecided,therefore,thatthedesignoftheoptrodeisnotsuitedtoinvivo monitoringofaciditylevelsinblood. Anotheroptrode,designedtodetectOXYGEN,isbasedonanorganicmetalliccompound adsorbedontoaplate. Suchcompounds,bis(histidinato)cobalt(II)inthiscase,changetheirabsorbencyspectrain thepresenceofOXYGEN. AlayerofSILICONEprotectsthecompound,whichisfixedtoonewallofaflowcell. TheSILICONEallowsthecompoundtoreactwithliquidswhileprotectingitfromphysical damage. The470nmsignaland620nmreferencebeamsshinethroughaquartzwindowinthe aluminiumcellandreflectoffthecompound. Theoptrodeisaccurateto0.3vol.percentageinthefirst0to10vol.percentageof OXYGENinanOXYGENARGONmixture. Inaddition,isslightlylessaccurateathigherconcentrationsofOXYGEN. Responsetimeisabouttwominutes,dependingonthethicknessoftheSILICONElayer. OneofIROE'smostpromisingoptrodedesignsexposesbareends,orchromophorecarrying spheresfixedontheendsoffibres,tofluidssuchasgastricjuices. Thisopenoptrodedesignwasusedforthebilesensor,whichhasjustgoneonsale,anda versionofthedesignisundertestasanacidsensor. Attheendofa500 mmdiameterpolymerfibreisplacedagainstaheatedlayerofglass microspheres,thepolymersoftensandupto50spherescarryingabout5Ngofchromophore penetratethetip. Whenthepolymercools,ithardensandfixesthespheresinplace.

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FIGURE3. Glassspherescarryingachromophorefixedtoa500 mm Diameterpolymeropticalfibre. 72 ATeflonreflectormountedbyawireinfrontofthebareorbeadcarryingfibretips improvesthecouplingofthesignalandreferencebeamstocreatean optrode,whichisopen togastricjuices. Itsopenstructureallowsliquidsinthestomachtoremovecontaminants,suchasmucus collectedbytheoptrodeasitisinsertedthroughthenoseandoesophagus,andsoensuresa fastresponsefromthesensor. Measurementsinvitroprovedthatanopenoptrodewithbarefibretipsdetectsbilirubinto anaccuracyof four mmolcomparedwiththe0to100 mmolrangeexpectedinthestomach. FrancescoBaldinireportsthat, basedon over100invivomeasurements,barefibretipsare betterthanconventionalmedicaltechniquesfordetectingbile.

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MYMEDICALKNOWLEDGE1993.
76 Forexample,thesensorcandeterminethemomentwhenbileentersthestomachfromthe duodenuminconditionswhereconventionalmeasurementsdonotevendetectachangein acidity. Othertechniques,suchastheinjectionofaradioactivemarker,whichisrapidlyeliminated bytheliverandbileducts,recordthepresenceofbileinthestomach. However,radioactivemarkers,unlikethenewsensor,cannotgiveinformationaboutthe concentrationofbile. Anopenoptrode,withspherescarryingbromophenolbluefixedtoitsfibretips,hasjust beguninvivotrialstomonitoracidlevelsinsidethestomachsofpatients. ThetrialsareincollaborationwithProf.PaoloBechiofClinicaChirurgicaIIIatthe UniversityofFlorence. Twosourcesshine595nmsignaland870nmreferencebeamsdownits0.5mmdiameter fibres. Sofar,theinvitrotrialsshowthattheoptrodeisaccurateto0.05pHintherangeof3to7 pH,witharesponsetimeofafewseconds. Nowwearetalkingmykindof languagethatismorelikewhatIwishtohear. Baldinireportsthathysteresisisgreaterinaciddetectionwiththeopendesignsthanwiththe perforatedstainlesssteeltubeoptrode. "Atthemomentwecan'tgiveasureinterpretationofthisbecausetheonlydifferenceisthe thicknessofthebeads,"hesays. However,theeffectofhysteresiswiththeopenoptrodeisconsistentenoughtoberemoved bysoftware. Theothergoodnewsaboutnewaciditysensoristhatitssensitivityisnotaffectedby temperatureanditcanbestoredindryconditionsforlongperiods. Baldininowpredictsthedevicewilljointhebilesensoronthemarketinabout18months.I willbewatchingoutforit. ThisisonlyonesubjectmatterwheresensorswillplayavitalpartoftheSTARSHIP EZEKIELMK.V.PROJECT,othersensorswillbediscussedwithinthesebooks. Iwillchangethispointtoanotherpoint,whichoften appears. QUESTION Overthelasttwoyears,Ihavenoticedthatmypenisbecomescurvedwhen Igetanerection, Ihaveseenmydoctor,whohasdiagnosedPEYRONIE'SDISEASE. Page17.493

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Iam22andavirgin andabouttogoawaywithmygirlfriend,withwhomIhaveavery caringanddeeprelationship. IamsurethatwewillmakeloveandIamworriedthatIwillnotbeabletomanageit. Canyougivemeany advice? 92 ANSWER Myfirstpieceofadviceisnottoworry. PEYRONIE'SDISEASE,namedafteraFrenchsurgeon,iscausedbyharmlesshardtissue, whichpullsthepenistoonesideoranotherwhenyougetanerection. Itrarelyaffectsyourabilitytomakeloveandisbestforgottenabout unlessitispainfulor causesseveredeformity,inwhichcaseyourGPmaywanttoreferyoutoaspecialist. Icantellyoufromactualexperiencethatthepaincanbebeyondalimit,whichwouldallow youtoeventhinkoftryingtomakelove. However,itwasnotPEYRONIE'SDISEASE,whichwasthecauseofmyproblemitwas thelackoflovemaking. Notallmenhavestraightpeniseswhenerect. Ihaveseensomeunusualsightsinmycareer,onecasethatwasaperfect Cork screwfrombasetotip,very,fewofwhicheverinterferewith Lovemaking. ImustadmitIdonotknowhowthechapabovemanaged,asitwouldneedthreetimesmore spacetoaccommodateit. Indeedsomemenareproudoftheirindividuality! Enjoyyourholiday. 93 In1968,Peyronie'sdiseasewasunknowntome,soatthattimeIwouldnothadknownof thatproblem. Strangeasitmayseemtoone,asIreflectuponthismatter,thatduringmytrainingonthe hospitalward,Ididnotknowofsuchproblems.Thenletusfaceit,itisnotanormal practiceformentoerectthemselves,justtoshowthemedicalstaffwhattheygotasa weapon. TosomepeopletheymayfeelthatthesediscussionsarenotimportanttotheSTARSHIP EZEKIELMK.V.PROJECT,butthatiswhereyougowrong. Thedesignerneedseverybitofknowledgeacrossthewholeofhumankindrequirements.

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THEIMPOSSIBLEMADEPOSSIBLEBYFOOLSLIKESEARL. 1 2 ThisisbutoneofthetrainsSearloperatedonhissystemusingtheS.E.G.Technology AnarticulatedsteamlocomotivewithtenderoftheBaltimore&OhioCompany,whichagainshowsproofthattheimpossiblecanoftenbecome possible. Ithasawheelarrangement2880somehowdreamonehasagainpoppedintosayhello! ProjectedbytheUSRA UnitedStatesRailwayAdministration,thelocogroupED5oftheB&Owasbuiltbetween1919and1920bythe Baldwinlocomotivecompany. WellDr.EdwardsIbetyouneverknewthatIknewthat,butthequestionisdidyouknowthat? TheyhadtheBakerdistributionsystemandwereequippedwithaVanderbilttypetender. TheB&OusedthearticulatedlocostohaulfreighttrainsontheunevenlinesoftheCumberlandandonthesevererulinggradientsof Crandberry,CheatRiver,Newburg.

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Searlsrailsystem,whichbecamepublic,showslocosoperatingontheS.E.G.principal. 8 Verypowerfulmotordrivingthetwoarticulatedmotorgroupsthroughalongitudinalshaft andpendulartransmissionwithuniversaljoints. Metalframeinspiteofitsconsiderablelengththismodelhasanexceptionalsmoothrunning andcouldnegotiatecurvesdownto40CMS.Radiusthankstothetwoarticulatedmotor groups. Thismodelisextremelydetailedandfullyoperatingvalvegearsystem Lengthofthismodelwas40CMS. Of course, Icancarryonandonaboutthistrainanditshistory,butthesolepurposeofthis articleistoanswerthoseidiotswhoclaimbytheirexpertiseofbullshitthatSearlneverhad anything. YouthereaderhavetomakeupyourmindifSearldidhaveornot. Wastheresuchamodelavailable,whichhecould,hadbroughtmatchingtheclaimsshown here? Searldoesnotconfirmthattodayitisstillpossibletobuyacopyofthistrain,ashehasbeen outofactionforsometime. Hissons,eithersoldatextremestupidprices,astheyhadnoknowledgeofthecostofthose enginesstoleallofhisrailsystem,fromthefirsttothesecondone. Stupidpeoplewhohavenocommonsenseusethisunfortunatesituationtoexposehow cleavertheyareinbullshitting. Thatistheonlyreasontheyareexperts. Theyaresickinthemind,andrepresentthereasonwhythisplanetisinsuchamess. Nootheranimaluponthisplanetdoessomuchdamage.Thisisafact! Thisisthemanwhogiveshiswholelifetostudytheproblemsofthisplanethisansweris totransferallHomosapienstoMars.Thenthisplanetwillbeaparadise.

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SEARLSRAILCONTROLSYSTEM1968.

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Yes,thisgivesyoutheinsighthowthingsprogressedthroughtime Itisatimerelatedprojectbaseduponcostandcomponentsavailability. Theabovediagramshowsthecommonandcontrolboards,bearinmindthatatthistime muchofthecontrolswereoperatedbyapersonnameSearl. Belowisthereceivercircuit.

Itwasagreatstepforwardfromthemassesoflevels,whichhadbeeninusepriortothis insertiontothesystem. Imayhavealreadyreferredtothisbefore IfeelthatIshouldextendthisinformationin details,becauseitcouldstillbeusedifeverIcouldaffordtoreplacethatloss.

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CommonboardPSUcircuitdiagram. 7 IfyourememberfrommypastbooksandnewslettersthatIwanted,becauseoftheincreased numberoftrainstobeabletooperatethemfasterintheefforttodemonstratethatyoucan operatearealsystembythesamemethods. Uptill1968thetrainscouldbecontrolledmanually,bymassesofswitches. Unfortunatethatdidnotrepresentmuchofarealbusinessbyrail.

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10 HereistheviewofthecompletedcontrolPCB,rememberthereisnotjustoneoffthereare manyofthem.

CompletedcontrolPCB,sorryithasnotcomeoutveryclear. 11 12 13 Bearinmindatthistimetheoperationisstillcontrolledbymanpower. However,wecannowspeedupthesystem therefore,moretrainscanoperate. Asthisisademonstrationofarealtimebusinessrailsystem,weshallneedtooperatefar moretrainswithoutaccident. Amodelsystemmustbeabletoperformthesameoperationrequirementsasthatofareal businesssystem Searlthroughhismodelrailsystemmustbringoutoftheworldoffantasyintotheworldof realitythatwhichsitsinhismind. Untilhehasmodelledit,noonecanreallyappreciatewhathestatespossible. Thusin1968hehastochangemuchofhisrailsystem,whichisratherelementarystuff Dear Johntosomethingmorecomplex,yetstilllogicinoperation. ThatcallsforalotofresearchforthecomponentstobeabletobringoutofSearlsmind thatwhichyoucannotsee.Therefore,youtoocanseewhathestates. Searlappreciatedthatifhewentdigitalinthinkingandconstructionfollowedsuithewould beabletohavemultitraincontrol. Upto1968Searlhadjust14locomotivesoperatingoverthesametrack. Onecanappreciatethat14trainsrunningoverthesametrackbytheclassofswitching suppliedatthattime,istimeconsuming,andthusaslowprocess. Notonlychildrenlikemodelraillayouts,sodoes adults,maybemuchmorethanchildren do.

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PROF.JOHNROYROBERTSEARL Author,Inventor,President,S.I.S.R.C.

Prof.SearlistheinventoroftheSEARLEFFECTGENERATOR,S.E.G.,whichisitsownprime moverandgenerateselectricity.HehaswrittenaseriesofbooksentitledTheLawoftheSquares. Prof.SearllooksatthingsdifferentlyfrommostpeopleinthatheequateseverythingtoTheLaw oftheSquares.HeisonlyinterestedintheTruthinallthings.Hehaswrittenhisbookstodispelall themissinformationandliesthathavebeenwrittenabouthimandhiswork. Heissettingtherecordstraight.Thesebookstellofhislifeexperiencesaswellasthetechnology thathehasdeveloped.Afterreadingthesebooks,youmaylookatthingsdifferently. HeiscurrentlyPresidentandConsultantEngineeroftheSearlInternationalSpaceResearch Consortium(S.I.S.R.C.) Prof.Searlistrulytryingtobringusintoabetterfuturethroughthis methodofthinkingandthetechnologythatithasproduced. Sorrythisistheendofchapter17.May thepowerbewithyoualways,takecareIamwatchingyouwatchingmewatchingyouthefuture looksbrightturnupthelightandbeseen.

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