5G TECHNOLOGY

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technologies will change the way most high bandwidth !sers access their "hones. #ith 5G "!shed o$er a %O&' enabled de$ice( "eo"le will e)"erience a le$el of call $ol!me and data transmission ne$er e)"erienced before.5G technology is offering the ser$ices in 'rod!ct Engineering( *oc!mentation( s!""orting electronic transactions +e 'ayments( e transactions, etc. -s the c!stomer becomes more and more aware of the mobile "hone technology( he or she will loo. for a decent "ac.age all together( incl!ding all the ad$anced feat!res a cell!lar "hone can ha$e. Hence the search for new technology is always the main moti$e of the leading cell "hone giants to o!t inno$ate their com"etitors. /ecently a""le has "rod!ced shi$ers all aro!nd the electronic world by la!nching its new handset( the & "hone. 0eat!res that are getting embedded in s!ch a small "iece of electronics are h!ge. The 5G technologies incl!de all ty"e of ad$anced feat!res which ma.es 5G mobile technology most "owerf!l and in h!ge demand in near f!t!re. The gigantic array of inno$ati$e technology being b!ilt into new cell "hones is st!nning. 5G technology which is on hand held "hone offering more "ower and feat!res than at least 1222 l!nar mod!les. - !ser can also hoo. their 5G technology cell "hone with their La"to" to get broadband internet access. 5G technology incl!ding camera( M'3 recording( $ideo "layer( large "hone memory( dialing s"eed( a!dio "layer and m!ch more yo! ne$er imagine. 0or children roc.ing f!n 4l!etooth technology and 'iconets has become in mar.et.

4G Wireless Technology
-45T/-CT
-s the $irt!al centre of e)cellence in mobile and "ersonal comm!nications +Mobile %CE, mo$es into its second core research "rogram it has been decided to set !" a fo!rth generation +6G, $isions gro!" aimed at harmoni7ing the research wor. across the wor. areas and amongst the n!mero!s researchers wor.ing on the "rogram. #ith the ma8or wireless ser$ice "ro$iders "lanning to start de"loyment of 6G wireless networ.s by mid 9212( research and ind!stry comm!nities are racing against time to find sol!tions for some of the "rominent still o"en iss!es in 6G networ.s. The growing interest in 6G networ.s is dri$en by the set of new ser$ices will be made a$ailable for the first time s!ch as accessing the &nternet anytime from anywhere( global roaming( and wider s!""ort for m!ltimedia a""lications. This "a"er is "ro$ides technological feat!res of an e)isting 6G comm!nication technology and its architect!re to integrate the social networ.ing "rocess. &n this "a"er describe the O""ort!nities( .ey challenges and "oint to some "ro"osed sol!tions.

Issues of Routing IN VANET

-45T/-CT
%ehic!lar -d Hoc Networ. +%-NET, is a s!b class of mobile ad hoc networ.s. %-NET "ro$ides wireless comm!nication among $ehicles and $ehicle to road side e:!i"ments. The comm!nication between $ehicles is !sed for safety( comfort and for entertainment as well. The "erformance of comm!nication de"ends on how better the ro!ting ta.es "lace in the networ.. /o!ting of data de"ends on the ro!ting "rotocols being !sed in networ.. &n this st!dy different ad hoc ro!ting "rotocols for %-NET are st!died. The main aim of this st!dy is to identify which ad hoc ro!ting method has better "erformance in highly mobile en$ironment of %-NET. To meas!re the "erformance of ro!ting "rotocols in %-NET( two different scenarios i.e. city and highway are considered. /o!ting "rotocols were selected caref!lly after carrying o!t literat!re re$iew. The selected "rotocols were then e$al!ated thro!gh sim!lation in terms of "erformance metrics i.e. thro!gh"!t and "ac.et dro". -fter sim!lation res!lts( M-TL-4 can be !sed to "lot the gra"h to com"are the res!lts of selected ro!ting "rotocols with each other. 0rom the res!lts( it is obser$ed that - 5T-/ shows better "erformance in terms of high thro!gh"!t and low "ac.et dro" as com"ared to -O*% and G'5/ in city en$ironment( while G'5/ shows better "erformance as com"ared to -O*% in both highway and city en$ironment of %-NET. 4ased on the res!lts of "erformance metrics in different en$ironments of %-NET( it is reali7ed that "osition based ro!ting method of %-NET o!t"erformed the traditional ad hoc to"ology based ro!ting. &n %-NET the "rotocol "erformance de"ends on $ehicle s"eed( dri$ing en$ironment etc. that may $ary from one en$ironment of networ. to another. - Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network( or VANET is a technology that !ses mo$ing cars as nodes in a networ. to create a mobile networ.. %-NET t!rns e$ery "artici"ating car into a wireless ro!ter or node( allowing cars a""ro)imately 122 to 322 metres of each other to connect and( in t!rn( create a networ. with a wide range. -s cars fall o!t of the signal range and dro" o!t of the networ.( other cars can 8oin in( connecting $ehicles to one another so that a mobile &nternet is created. &t is estimated that the first systems that will integrate this technology are "olice and fire $ehicles to comm!nicate with each other for safety "!r"oses.

lications

Most of the concerns of interest to M-Nets are of interest in %-Nets( b!t the details differ. /ather than mo$ing at random( $ehicles tend to mo$e in an organi7ed fashion. The interactions with roadside e:!i"ment can li.ewise be characteri7ed fairly acc!rately. -nd finally( most $ehicles are restricted in their range of motion( for e)am"le by being constrained to follow a "a$ed highway.

&n addition( in the year 922; the term MANet mostly describes an academic area of research( and the term VANet "erha"s its most "romising area of a""lication. %-NET offers se$eral benefits to organi7ations of any si7e. #hile s!ch a networ. does "ose certain safety concerns +for e)am"le( one cannot safely ty"e an email while dri$ing,( this does not limit %-NET<s "otential as a "rod!cti$ity tool. G'5 and na$igation systems can benefit( as they can be integrated with traffic re"orts to "ro$ide the fastest ro!te to wor.. - com"!ter can t!rn a traffic 8am into a "rod!cti$e wor. time by ha$ing his email downloaded and read to him by the on board com"!ter( or if traffic slows to a halt( read it himself. &t wo!ld also allow for free( %o&' ser$ices s!ch as GoogleTal. or 5.y"e between em"loyees( lowering telecomm!nications costs. 0!t!re a""lications co!ld in$ol$e cr!ise control ma.ing a!tomatic ad8!stments to maintain safe distances between $ehicles or alerting the dri$er of emergency $ehicles in the area. To s!""ort message differentiation in %-NET( &EEE =29.11e standard is incor"orated in $ehic!lar comm!nication.

Technology
&n%-NET( or &ntelligent %ehic!lar -d Hoc Networ.ing( defines an &ntelligent way of !sing %ehic!lar Networ.ing. &n%-NET integrates on m!lti"le ad hoc networ.ing technologies s!ch as #i0i &EEE =29.11"( #-%E &EEE 1;2>( #iM-? &EEE =29.1;( 4l!etooth( &/-( @ig4ee for easy( acc!rate( effecti$e and sim"le comm!nication between $ehicles on dynamic mobility. Effecti$e meas!res s!ch as media comm!nication between $ehicles can be enabled as well as methods to trac. the a!tomoti$e $ehicles. &n%-NET hel"s in defining safety meas!res in $ehicles( streaming comm!nication between $ehicles( infotainment and telematics. %ehic!lar -d hoc Networ.s are e)"ected to im"lement a $ariety of wireless technologies s!ch as *edicated 5hort /ange Comm!nications +*5/C, which is a ty"e of #i0i. Other candidate wireless technologies are Cell!lar( 5atellite( and #iM-?. %ehic!lar -d hoc Networ.s can be $iewed as com"onent of the &ntelligent Trans"ortation 5ystems +&T5,. -s en$isioned in &T5( $ehicles comm!nicate with each other $ia &nter %ehicle Comm!nication +&%C, as well as with roadside base stations $ia /oadside to %ehicle Comm!nication +/%C,. The o"timal goal is that $ehic!lar networ.s will contrib!te to safer and more efficient roads in the f!t!re by "ro$iding timely information to dri$ers and concerned a!thorities. - !o"ile ad-hoc network +#ANET, is a self config!ring infrastr!ct!reless networ. of mobile de$ices connected by wireless. Ad hoc is Latin and means Afor this "!r"oseA.B1C Each de$ice in a M-NET is free to mo$e inde"endently in any direction( and will therefore change its lin.s to other de$ices fre:!ently. Each m!st forward traffic !nrelated to its own !se( and therefore be a ro!ter. The "rimary challenge in b!ilding a M-NET is

e:!i""ing each de$ice to contin!o!sly maintain the information re:!ired to "ro"erly ro!te traffic. 5!ch networ.s may o"erate by themsel$es or may be connected to the larger &nternet. M-NETs are a .ind of wireless ad hoc networ.s that !s!ally has a ro!table networ.ing en$ironment on to" of a Lin. Layer ad hoc networ.. The growth of la"to"s and =29.11D#i 0i wireless networ.ing ha$e made M-NETs a "o"!lar research to"ic since the mid 1>>2s. Many academic "a"ers e$al!ate "rotocols and their abilities( ass!ming $arying degrees of mobility within a bo!nded s"ace( !s!ally with all nodes within a few ho"s of each other. *ifferent "rotocols are then e$al!ated based on meas!re s!ch as the "ac.et dro" rate( the o$erhead introd!ced by the ro!ting "rotocol( end to end "ac.et delays( networ. thro!gh"!t etc.

Ty es of #ANET

%ehic!lar -d hoc Networ.s +%-NETs, are !sed for comm!nication among $ehicles and between $ehicles and roadside e:!i"ment &nternet 4ased Mobile -d hoc Networ.s +iM-NET, are ad hoc networ.s that lin. mobile nodes and fi)ed &nternet gateway nodes. &n s!ch ty"e of networ.s normal adhoc ro!ting algorithms donEt a""ly directly.

India un$eils VANET VII rogra! /esearchers in &ndia are wor.ing on a %ehic!lar -dhoc Networ. +%-NET,( which when f!lly o"erational wo!ld allow comm!nication among $ehicles and also between $ehicles and roadside e:!i"ment. /esearchers say that %-NET technology co!ld alle$iate road congestion and "re$ent accidents. /esearchers at the &ndian &nstit!te of Technology +&&T, in Fharag"!r "lan to e:!i" $ehicles with sensors( which will be controlled by a telematics bo) inside the car. /esearchers say that the bo) wo!ld then comm!nicate with the dri$er( and "ass on $ital traffic information. The aim of %-NET is to "ro$ide a safe en$ironment for dri$ers. 5afety a""lications will monitor the s!rface of the road and a""roaching $ehicles and feed information that co!ld "!t the $ehicle at ris. bac. to the dri$er. The technology wo!ld allow dri$ers to warn other $ehicles of "otential dangers( while an emergency bra.ing system will be installed to "re$ent accidents. 'ost crash notification technology wo!ld allow a $ehicle in$ol$ed in an accident to broadcast messages to $ehicle in the area( as well as to the emergency ser$ices. /oad ha7ard control notification enables cars to notify other $ehicles in the area of road slides( or !n"redictable terrain ahead( while the coo"erati$e collision warning alerts dri$ers that they are abo!t to collide.

%-NET will also "ro$ide dri$ers with the latest traffic information. The congested road notification feat!re detects and notifies dri$ers of road congestion ahead( allowing motorists to alter their co!rse. The TOLL feat!re enables dri$ers to "ass thro!gh a tolling area witho!t sto""ing( while the "ar.ing a$ailability setting hel"s motorists find "ar.ing s"aces. The &&T says the technology is c!rrently being de$elo"ed and no date has been set for its release. %& 'e"ruary ())*

Researchers are working on a Vehicular Adhoc Network to make transportation systems more intelligent so they can provide a driver with crucial info like road curves, traffic congestion, etc. Can $ehicles be made intelligent eno!gh to g!ide their dri$ers in sit!ations li.e traffic congestion and accidentsG 'ro$iding intelligence to $ehicles means loading them with sensors which will be controlled by a telematics bo) inside the car. The bo) in t!rn wo!ld comm!nicate with the dri$er and will be its g!ide. %ehic!lar -dhoc Networ. +%-NET, is an im"ortant com"onent of &ntelligent Trans"ortation 5ystems( which has a f!t!re "otential in terms of a rich set of a""lications that it can "ro$ide to its c!stomer. %-NET is a s"ecial class of Mobile -dhoc Networ.s +M-NET,( in which the nodes are the $ehicles which comm!nicate with other $ehicles or with the base station which acts as a roadside infrastr!ct!re for !sing sec!rity and ser$ices a""lication. Tho!gh the nodes are mobile in %-NETs as well as M-NETs( the mobility in %-NET is constrained to the bo!ndaries of the road !nli.e the nodes in M-NETs( where mo$ement is more random in nat!re. Nodes in %-NET are also characteri7ed by high node mobility and fast to"ology changes. Hnli.e M-NET( "ower is not of great concern in %-NETs as the $ehicle batteries ha$e s!fficient and rechargeable "ower. The conce"t of networ. $ehicle was first "ro"osed by a team of engineers from *el"hi *elco Electronics 5ystems and &4M cor"oration in the year 1>>=. A lications of VANET The three ma8or classes of a""lications "ossible in %-NET are safety oriented( con$enience oriented and commercial oriented. 5afety a""lications will monitor the s!rro!nding road( a""roaching $ehicles( s!rface of the road( road c!r$es etc. . They will e)change messages and co o"erate to hel" other $ehicles o!t !nder s!ch scenario. Tho!gh reliability and latency wo!ld be of ma8or concern( it may a!tomate things li.e emergency bra.ing to a$oid "otential accidents. Con$enience a""lication will be mainly of traffic management ty"e. Their goal wo!ld be to enhance traffic efficiency by boosting

the degree of con$enience for dri$ers. Commercial a""lications will "ro$ide the dri$er with the entertainment and ser$ices as web access( streaming a!dio and $ideo. +afety A lication, 5afety a""lications wo!ld be 5lowD5to" %ehicle -d$isor +5%-, in which a slow or stationary $ehicle will broadcast warning message to its neighbo!rhood. -nother similar ty"e of a""lication is emergency electronic bra.e light +EE4L,. &n 'ost Crash Notification +'CN,( a $ehicle in$ol$ed in an accident wo!ld broadcast warning messages abo!t its "osition to trailing $ehicles so that it can ta.e decision with time in hand as well as to the highway "atrol for tow away s!""ort. /oad Ha7ard Control Notification +/HCN, deals with cars notifying other cars abo!t road ha$ing landslide. -nother related a""lication wo!ld be road feat!re notification which deals with notification d!e to road c!r$e( s!dden downhill etc. Coo"erati$e Collision #arning +CC#, alerts two dri$ers "otentially !nder crash ro!te so that they can mend their ways. -on$enience A lication, Congested /oad Notification +C/N, detects and notifies abo!t road congestions which can be !sed for ro!te and tri" "lanning. TOLL is yet another a""lication for $ehicle toll collection at the toll booths witho!t sto""ing the $ehicles. 'ar.ing -$ailability Notification +'-N, hel"s to find the a$ailability of slots in "ar.ing lots in a certain geogra"hical area.

Schematic Representation of a Vehicular Adhoc Network

-o!!ercial A lication, /emote %ehicle 'ersonalisation D *iagnostics +/%'D*, hel"s in downloading of "ersonali7ed $ehicle settings or !"loading of $ehicle diagnostics fromDto infrastr!ct!re. 5er$ice -nno!ncements +5-, wo!ld be of "artic!lar interest to roadside b!siness li.e "etrol "!m"s( highways resta!rants to anno!nce their ser$ices to the dri$ers within comm!nication range. Content Ma" *atabase *ownload +CM**, acts

as a "ortal for getting $al!able information from mobile hots"ots or home stations. Hsing /eal Time %ideo /elay +/T%/,( on demand mo$ie e)"erience will not be confined to the constraints of the home and the dri$er can as. for real time $ideo relay of his fa$o!rite mo$ies. More details of the a""lications is a$ailable at www.geocities.com DtelbattD4aiI-!t onet2;."df. -o! onents of VANET ena"led $ehicle The com"onents of a %-NET enabled %ehicle incl!de com"!ter controlled de$ices and radio transcei$ers for message e)change. The "rotocol that has been standardi7ed for comm!nication in %-NET is *5/C( which has a comm!nication range of 322 mts to 1 .m. The roadside base station "ro$ides information to the dri$er thro!gho!t his 8o!rney so that he can find a best ro!te to his destination. The information is "eriodically e)changed. Auto!oti$e +ensors for .osition Verification, 5ensors in %-NET5 can be classified into two ty"esJ a!tonomo!s sensors and co o"erati$e sensors. -!tonomo!s sensors incl!de -cce"tance /ange Threshold +-/T,( which is based on the obser$ation that all radio networ.s ha$e a ma)im!m comm!nication range( Mobility Grade Threshold +MGT, which is based on the ass!m"tion that the nodes can mo$e only at a ma)im!m s"eed( Ma)im!m *ensity Threshold based on the ass!m"tion that only a restricted n!mber of entities can reside in a certain "hysical area. These aim at "re$enting so called 5ybil attac. in which a node can create m!lti"le co"ies of itself. 5ome other sensor incl!des ma" based $erification o$erhearing etc. Coo"erati$e sensors incl!de techni:!es li.e "roacti$e e)change of neighbo!r table to chec. if the "ositions recei$ed corres"ond to their own data and reacti$e "osition re:!est where sensors co o"erate on demand for "osition $erification.

Schematic Representation of a Vehicular Adhoc Network Source: Leenand Hefferman, IEEE Computer, an !""!

-o!!unication, The *5/C s"ectr!m is di$ided into se$en 12MH7 wide channel. Channel 1K= is the control channel which is restricted to safety comm!nication. The e)treme two channels on either side are reser$ed for accident a$oidance a""lication and high "ower "!blic safety comm!nication !sages. The rest are !sed for both safety and non safety a""lications. The &EEE has "ro"osed the following standards for %-NETsJ &EEE '1;2>.1( '1;2>.9( '1;2>.3 and '1;2>.6. &EEE '1;2>.1 is for #ireless -ccess for %ehic!lar En$ironments +#-%E, /eso!rce Manager. &t defines ser$ices and interfaces as well as message formats. &EEE '1;2>.9 is a standard for $ehic!lar networ. sec!rity which incl!des message formatting( "rocessing and e)change. &EEE '1;2>.3 defines ro!ting and trans"ort ser$ices and th!s is an alternati$e to &'$;. &EEE '1;2>.6 "ro$ides s"ecifications of the m!lti"le channels in the *5/C standard. The #-%E stac. !ses a modified $ersion of &EEE =29.11a .nown as &EEE =29.11" for its M-C layer "rotocol. &t !ses C5M-DC- as the basic medi!m access scheme. 4y !sing the orthogonal 0*M system( it "ro$ides a comm!nication range of 1 Fm while ta.ing into acco!nt high absol!te and relati$e $elocities( fast m!lti "ath fading and different scenarios. Threats , The "rime concern that has "lag!ed many %-NET researchers is the sec!rity of these networ.s. Ta.e an e)am"le of two cars mo$ing on a single lane on a road. The car that is trailing behind can send a false message saying that there is a chaos ahead d!e to a crashed car. The car in front on recei$ing this message may belie$e this hoa) to be tr!e and ta.e a deto!r lea$ing a less traffic road for the malicio!s dri$er behind. This is one "ossible mis!se of the se$eral a""lications tal.ed abo!t here. 5imilar mis!se can create ha$oc in systems where safety is of "rimary concern. -n ob$io!s sol!tions that has been loo.ed into is asymmetric .ey based a!thentication. 0ew other "ossible attac.s that ha$e been considered as a threat to these networ.s are bog!s information attac. or disr!"tion of networ. o"eration by 8amming the wireless channel which leads to denial of ser$ice +*o5,. There can also be attac.s li.e cheating attac. where identities( s"eed or "osition can be fa.ed. &dentity disclos!re attac. can be "erformed by a global obser$er who has an access to all the data gathered thro!gh these networ.s.

Ref # www$ieee%"!$or&'%"!(tutorials'march"!'IEEE()SRC(Stds(*utorial("+,-","!$ppt

+ecurity, The main challenge in "ro$iding sec!rity in %-NET de"ends on "ri$acy( tr!st( cost and grad!al de"loyment. 5ome e)isting sec!rity tools in some co!ntries incl!de electronic licence "lates +EL',( which are cry"togra"hically $erifiable n!mbers e:!i$alent to traditional license "lates and hel" in identifying stolen cars and also .ee"ing trac. of $ehicles crossing co!ntry border( $ehic!lar "!blic .ey infrastr!ct!re +%'F&, in which a certification a!thority manages sec!rity iss!es of the networ. li.e .ey distrib!tion( certificate re$ocation etc.( e$ent data recording by which im"ortant "arameter can be registered d!ring abnormal sit!ation li.e accidents etc. Tam"er "roof hardware is essential for storing the cry"togra"hic material li.e EL' and %'F& .eys for decreasing the "ossibility of information lea.age. To .ee" a ta" on bog!s information attac.( data correlation techni:!es are !sed. To identify false "osition information( sec!re "ositioning techni:!es li.e $erifiable m!ltilateration is commonly !sed. -onclusion %-NET is definitely something to loo.o!t for in the f!t!re. - lot of theoretical wor. has been "!t into reali7ing these networ.s and few e)"eriments has been "erformed to $alidate this theory as cost of setting !" this architect!re is high( b!t more s!ch efforts can be e)"ected in near f!t!re. - s!ccessf!l $ehic!lar networ. will o"en !" a "lethora of ser$ices to a h!ge n!mber of a!dience which will t!rn o!t to be life sa$ing as well as f!n. The im"ro$ement of the networ. technologies has "ro$ided the !se of them in se$eral different fields. One of the most emergent a""lications of them is the de$elo"ment of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks /VANETs0( one s"ecial .ind of #o"ile Ad-hoc Networks /#ANETs0 in which the comm!nications are among the nearby $ehicles. %-NETs are com"osed for a set of comm!nicating $ehicles e:!i""ed with wireless networ. de$ices that are able to interconnect each other witho!t any "re e)isting infrastr!ct!re +ad hoc mode,. The most im"ortant networ. technology a$ailable

nowadays for establishing %-NETs is the &EEE =29.11b +#i 0i, standard( ne$ertheless new standards as &EEE =29.11" or &EEE =29.1; +#iMa), are "romising. The e)change of information among the $ehicles "ro$ides a great o""ort!nity for the de$elo"ment of new dri$er assistance systems. These systems will be able to disseminate and to gather real time information abo!t the other $ehicles and the road traffic and en$ironmental conditions. 5!ch data will be "rocessed and analy7ed to facilitate the dri$ing by "ro$iding the !ser with !sef!l information.

#e consider $ideo streaming o$er a wireless Mobile -d Hoc Networ. +M-NET, and o$er an e)tension of the M-NET conce"t( an a!tomoti$e %ehic!lar -d Hoc Networ. +%-NET,. 4oth in$ol$e m!lti ho" ro!ting across infrastr!ct!re less wireless networ.s. That is wireless comm!nication ta.es "lace from node to node in the case of a M-NET and from $ehicle to $ehicle within a %-NET( witho!t ro!ting $ia a networ. access "oint. M!lti ho" ro!ting is necessary d!e to the limited range of wireless comm!nication. Therefore( ad hoc networ.s are networ.s in which wireless nodes comm!nicate with each other witho!t any established infrastr!ct!re or networ. core +Mano8 L 5i$a /am M!rthy( 9226,. Nodes act as both terminals +i.e. so!rce and destination of the message, and relays for ro!ted messages. &n ad hoc networ.s( messages ho" from node to node !ntil they reach their destination( which re:!ires each node to be more intelligent than the con$entional terminals fo!nd in other wireless networ.s s!ch as cell!lar networ.s. -t the same time( their fle)ibility allows both M-NET and %-NET to e)tend cell!lar networ.s to where there are co$erage ga"s or to where there is tem"orary e)cessi$e demand. Therefore( whate$er m!ltimedia a""lications are "lanned for 3G cell!lar networ.s s!ch as 3G''<s M!ltimedia 4roadcast and M!lticast 5er$ice +M4M5, +L!by et al.( 922K, will be enhanced by e)tensions to ad hoc networ.s. &n "artic!lar( "ro8ected a""lications of M4M5 within s"ort stadi!ms and air"orts +L!by et al.( 922K,( which incl!de m!ltimedia streaming as well as download( may be better deli$ered by an ad hoc e)tension to the cell!lar system to red!ce congestion at base stations.