Cancer

Study online at quizlet.com/_g6qry

24.

1st D of the 3D approach to cancer 2nd D of the 3Ds 3rd D of the 3Ds

discovery- the process of generating new information at the genetic , molecular, cellular, individual, and population levels development- the improvement of cancer detection, diagnosis, predictions, treatment, and prevention delivery- the method of distributing cancer interventions to everyone through means of research, communication, education and training, and technical assistance carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, and lymphoma Breast lung and bronchus colorrectal non hodkins lymphoma skin melanoma prostate lung and brochus colorectal urinary bladder skin melanoma is given after surgery Chemotherapy after the surgery to ensure dealth of any metastatic cells modify the DNA bases by attacking alkyls (molecules composed to one or more carbon and hydrogen atoms) different versions of a gene Differences in alleles can result in different protein functions, different phenotypes. compounds that are structurally similar to the naturally occurring metabolic molecules the need for cells to be connected to neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix). formation of new blood vessels. When there are more activators than inhibitors, angiogenesis occurs. is a chemical that is structurally and functionally similar to another molecule antagonist that bind the receptors on cells instead of the sex hormones

110.

apoptosis Aromatase enzymes

programmed cell death if the DNA Damage is too extensive convert androgens into estrogens Aromatase inhibitors block the activities of the key enzymes that produce estrogen outside of the ovaries do not exhibit symptoms most people being screened Minimal function for cellular survival is a protein that inhibits cell apoptosis, p53 blocks this when there is a lot of damaged DNA- therefore allowing apoptosis to occur. Remains in the tissue which originally developed use drugs or methods that enhance the body's ability to detect and destroy cancer cells and repair or replace cells damaged from the use of treatment methods give definate diagnosis removal or tissue to be examined by a pathologist critical clinical tools virtually non invasive some cancer proteins markers have been found but most are still unknown self breast exam at age 20 Mammography at age 40 yearly the abnormal, uncontrolled growth of previous normal cells Changes to the DNA Accumulated over time No longer function properly 90% of human cancers arise in skin or epiothelium of the internal organs glands and cavities involved in maintaining the integrity of the genome, repair structural damage to chromosomes, correct mutations in the DNA sequence that arise during DNA replication, sort chromosomes into daughter cells during division. Mutations that affect cellular reaction pathways that are involved in the timing of cell division contribute to the development of cancer.

176.

25.

26.

27.

asymptomatic basal level Bcl2

79. 124.

6.

4 main categories of cancer 5 most prevalent cancers in females 5 most prevalent cancers in males Adjuvant therapy Alkylating drugs alleles

19.

1.

Benign tumor biological therapy (immunotherapy)

178.

18.

54.

biopsies

151.

41.

blood and urine test

164.

32.

72.

breast cancer common screening tests Cancer

2.

162.

Analogs anchorage dependence Angiogenesis:

134.

7.

Carcinoma

131.

119.

Caretakers

172.

Antagonist Antiandrogens and antiestrogens Antibiotics

175.

89.

cascade pathways

168.

created by microorganism to inhibit the growth of bacteria but can be used in someway to inhibit the growth of cancerous cells

33.

cervical cancer screening tests` checkpoints

pap smear at the age of 21 or when sexually active or liquid based pap smears ever 2-3 years Checkpoints late in G1 and S phase normally prevent the cell from continuing through the cycle if there are mutations in the DNA. Cells with mutated DNA should be halted until the damage is repaired. a series between 5 and 35 test that evaulate the electrolytes, blood glucose, and cholesterol levels. as wel as kidney, liver, and cardiac fuction the use of cytotoxic drugs that inhibit the growth or kill the cells to treat cancer is referred to as antineoplastic drug therapy all of the area with in the gross tumor volume as well as adjacent areas where there is a high probability that cancer cells reside but are presently undectable start at the age 50 and fecal occilt blood test to find blood in the stool

63.

cytology test Debulking surgery diagnostic test

testing fluids for the presence of cancerous cells remove a portion of the tumor with intent that reducing its size will increase the effectiveness of radiation or chemotherapy differ from screening test in that the purpose is to confirm that a person has a particular condition or disease biopsy

142.

109.

40.

141.

43.

chemistry panel

Diagnostic/ staging surgery differential gene expression. digital Xray imagining

82.

161.

Chemotherapy

Genes that are only expressed during certain times of development or in particular tissues sensors attached not film similar to traditional but the sensor detect the amount of the ratiotion that passes through the body more accurate and easier to see having two copies of chromosomes - if one copy of the gene is nonfunctional, than the other copy can act as a "back-up". Over a period of time, mutations may occur in the pump which allow the cells to quickly pump the drugs out, rendering them ineffective. The cell may also increase the rate of expression of the transporter gene so that many more transporters are made. Cancer cells may utilize either of these

47.

156.

clinical target volume

78.

37.

colon and rectal cancer screening test colonoscopy

diploid genome Drug Resistance

93.

39.

an examination of the inner lining of the entire colon and rectum using a video camera- longer than a sigmodiscopy commonly ordered blood test a proceure that examples the number and kinds of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets also know as computerized axial tomography uses xrays to produce multiple detailed cross sectional images of inner body structures trianglar shaped x rays contrasting material is often injected into the pacient to alter the passage of xrays through the body kills malignant cells by exposing them to either liquid nitrogen that freezes them or an ultra cold probe binds with cyclin to form Cyclin - CDK completes that phosphorylate target proteins that become activated and promote cell cycle progression by altering the rb protien shaped that inhibits the s phase promote progression through the cell cycle controlled by proto oncongenes regulate E2F
83. 147.

42.

complete blood count

48.

computer tomography

128.

Dysplasia

disorganized arrangement of cells that contain abnormalities. (Reported as mild, moderate, or severe) An indication that the cells are not functioning properly, considered precancerous.

116.

E2F

146.

Cryosurgery

transcription factor that binds with Rb forming a complex which regulate expression of S phase genes by inhibiting them when bound high frequency electrical currents to kill cells long flexible tube whose end possesses a video camera as well as an instrument that removes tissue utilized to examine respiratory, gastrointestinal or urogenital tracks using an endoscope catalyze reactions

114.

cyclin dependent kinases

Electrosurgery endoscope

60.

113.

cylins

59.

endoscopic biopsy Enzymes

91.

epidermal growth factor receptors

present in cellular membranes. Leads to uncontrolled cell growth/division. The greater the number of receptors present on a cell, the greater the number of signals that are received. The most common cancerous mutations plasma that diffuses to the tissues) is absorbed by lymphatic vessels- becoming lymphatic fluid (lymph). removal of the entire tumor the high energy x rays damage the DNA molecules as they pass through the cells of tumor. So much damage occurs that the cell can no longer function and it will die when a negative result should have been positive occurs when a result is postive when it should have been negative use of a needle to take cells from lumps in the breast or prostate glands the cancer initially experience a temporary growth spurt because of the high concentration of LH and FSH that is released at the beginning of the treatment a type of B vitamin in is a molecules involved in the metabolic pathway that syntheses the DAN bases ACGT and are essential building black for chromosomes Growth factors allow the cell to proceed through the G1 phase. Resting phase Cells increase in size, checkpoint control to ensure the cell is ready for division. Between DNA synthesis and mitosis, cell growth, check point prior to mitosis. Convert proto-oncogenes to oncogenes. Enhance function of the protein that promotes passage through the cell cycle produce proteins that function at the cell cycle checkpoints, prevent a cell from proceeding further along the cell cycle unless certain conditions have been met. Capable of causing apoptosis when necessary. breast and cervical cancer predisposition in with BRCA1 and BRCA 2

99.

Germ-line mutations Germ-line tissue GNRH antagonist grade

account for only 5-10% of known cancers are the result of mutations inherited through germ cells. produces gametes (germ cells: sperm and eggs). blocks the simulation of GnRH so no LH or FSH is release by the pituitary gland effecting the sex hormones the degrees as cell appears abnormal when observed. the size shape and how much the cell differentiated and is organized is looked at. as well as the size and shape of the nucleus all areas within a region that are known to contain cancer cells both chromosomes contain the same genes in the same location. both chromosomes contain the same genes in the same location the nucleotide sequence of the two copies of a gene are identical. (Heterozygousdifferent). the growth of primary breast and prostate cancers are stimulated by the sex hormones estrogen and androgen entails the eliminating the production of the androgen and estrogen that promotes the tumor growth or preventing it to bind the receptors The genes they do need for basic functions and survival- expressed in every cell. Gene's sequence is altered, coding for increased protein function. Nucleotide change can increase the expression of a gene- increases synthesis of gene product Results in stronger intracellular signals that enhance cell division and survival. 1/2 of males 2/3 of women

94.

135.

Excess interstitial fluid excisional biopsies external beam radiation therapy false negative false positive fine needle aspiration Flare reactions

173.

64.

55.

154.

155.

gross tumor volume Homologous Homologous Homozygous

31.

69.

30.

76.

58.

77.

174.

170.

Hormone dependent Hormone deprivation/ ablation/ depletion housekeeping genes How do you get a gain of function mutation

163.

FOlic acid

171.

108.

function of growth factors G0 G1 G2 Gain-offunction mutations Gatekeepers

81.

103. 104.

112.

106.

111.

21.

120.

how many men and women live with out cancer humans are 99.9% identical to each other Hyperplasia Hypertrophy

71.

we all have the same genes but it all of them will have the same sequence

14.

genes can have the predisposition for cancer Germ cells

127.

increase in the number of cells, can be benign or malignant. increase in size but not number. Muscle cells

95.

divide by meiosis and are haploid

126.

16. 56.

In situ incisional or core biopsies Informational inherited mutations Integral proteins

in the original site (binine tumors) is the removal or a proposition of the tumor communication between cells and tissues present on the DNA contributed by the sperm or the egg at the time of conception in the cellular membrane regulate transport of molecules in and out of the cell. Each type of transport protein is unique. implant radioactive palettes or seeds directly into or adjacent to the cancerous tissue period of the cell cycle that the cell spends the most time in. Growth, cellular activities, replicate chromosomes, prepare for division. minimally invasive because they only require small incisions for the laparoscope (optic camera) precisely focused, high energy beams of light are used to target, super heat , and vaporize cancerous cells while sparing nearby health tissue not a solid form of tumor cancer of the bone marrow leads to over production and early release of immature leukocytes alter the structure of the protein, weakening it and making it lose its functions. This results in the loss of control over cell growth and division- which in turn may result in a complete loss of apoptosis initiation under necessary conditions.

10.

lymphomas M

cancer of the lymphatic system that filters the body Mitosis, cell growth stops, energy is used for division, checkpoint for cell cycle completion. weather it has metastasized utulixes radio waves and magnetic field. good for soft tissue Invasion of cells into surrounding tissues MMPS break down the extracellular matric proteins enabling the blood vessel to migrate between tissues towards the tumor. The change from one cell type to another. When malignant cells break free from their original spot and move to from tumors other places in the body interfere with spindle fibers and tubulin so the chromosomes do not separate correctly Nonmelanomas, basalb and squamous cell skin cancers - almost 100 curable More than 50% of cancers possess a mutant allele of the p53 gatekeeper gene involvement of the lymph nodes is given prior to surgery in attemot to increase its success Radiation in attempt to shrink the size of the tumor before it is surgically removed new cell growth due to cellular abnormalities cancer/tumor- mutated cells that have avoided apoptosis and have accumulated. If mutations occur in areas where the gene's sequence is not expressed in that particular cell, then it does not cause an issue. Therefore not all mutations cause potentially cancerous changes.

107.

87. 13.

68. 50.

M of TNM system Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Malignant tumor matrix metalloproteinases

92.

3.

158.

Internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) Interphase

133.

98.

125.

Metaplasia Metastasis

4.

148.

Laproscopic surgeries Laser surgery

167.

Mitotic Inhibitors

145.

17.

most common form of cancer most frequently mutated gene in human cancers N of TNM system Neoadjuvant therapy

9.

leukemias

121.

117.

Loss-offunction mutations Loss-offunction mutations of Tumor Suppressor Genes lymph node biopsy

67. 150.

118.

129.

Neoplasia Neoplasm

62.

determine weather of not cancerous cells have detached from the tumor or not. if it is in the lymph node then can say it is in the blood stream and moving other places Lymphatic fluid is filtered through lymph nodes to rid unwanted material that came from the tissue. White blood cells present in lymph nodes are used to engulf and stimulate an immune response when necessary. Cancer cells can get trapped in the nodes during this process. lymph fluid building up in one area due to the break up of lymph nodes for biospy

130.

88.

136.

lymph nodes

non harmful mutations

138.

lymphedema

123.

p21 gene

Activity of p53 increases the expression of the p21 gene. This gene binds to CDKs to inhibit progression through the cell cycle. A loss-of-function mutation in the p53 gene would result in the inability to produce the p21 protein in response to DNA damage, the CDKs would remain active, and the cell cycle would not be stopped. Normally acts as a transcription factor regulating the expression of many genes that promote cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. Allowance of these mutated cells through the checkpoints can result in tumor formation. the removal or debulking of cancerous masses that may be compressing nerves causing pain or interfering with the function of nearby organs, may be preformed in order to improve the quality of a persons life cancers relationship with neighboring tissue Low does rate (LDR) brachytherapy Have palladium and iodine which decay to nothing in 3-6 months addition of a phosphate group to proteins includes a margin just beyond the clinical target volume to compensate for the possibility pf a slight shift in the position of the diseased tissue that may occur from the patients moving access to metabolic activity level of tissues in attempt to pinpoint the location of a cancerous tumor. nuclear imaging. images show biochemsitry not antaomy. radioactive glucose traces the places where the cells take up a lot of glucose due to activity preventive surgery to reduce the risk of developing cancer if you had a genetic precursor start at the age of 50 and include a digital rectal exam and prostate specific antigen test a sub cellular structure that degrades damaged or unneeded proteins defense against bacteria and viruses promote cell division

153.

Radiation therapy

the high energy x rays damage the DNA molecules as they pass through the cells of tumor. So much damage occurs that the cell can no longer function and it will die radioactive molecule un the body and detecting where it is located fallowing the removal or cancerous tissue in order to attempt to restore a natural appearance to a persons body age, gender, weight, family history, socioeconomic status, lifetime exposure to sex hormones, life style choices, environmental, occupational exposure to carcinogens Effects the rapidly dividing bone marrow, gastrointestinal track, hair follicles, and testes and ovaries Destruction of bone marrow means you have less white blood cells so your immune system is depressed so need to take a immunity booster us preformed similarly to laparoscopy except the surgeon controls all of the instruments indirectly through a set of hand controls DNA replication- (when mutations can commonly occur) cancer of the connective tissue bone muscle cartilage or fat the probability that the test result will be positive for a person who has the disease o measures the tests ability to detect molecules at a particular concentration or a growth or a tissue that has reached a certain size Surrounding lymph nodes are usually removed during surgery when metastasis is suspected. Analysis of the sentinel nodes will allow analysis of further spreading. remove outer layer of skin from an area suspected of containing an cancerous lesion an examination of the inner lining of only the last third of the colon and rectum preformed with a small video camera on the end of the tube

46.

radiopharmistical or radiotracer Reconstructive surgery risk factors of cancer

144.

122.

p53 gene

22.

169.

143.

Palliative surgery

the risks of chemotherapy

11.

parasitic Permanent seeds phosphorylation planning tumor volume

149.

Robotic surgery

159.

105.

S sarcomas sensitivity

115. 157.

8.

28.

53.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

137.

sentinel nodes

140.

Prophylactic surgery prostate cancer screening test Proteasome Protection Proto-oncogenes

57.

shaving biopsy

35.

38.

sigmoidiscopy

177.

86. 73.

90.

The signal transduction cascade pathway skin cancer screening test Somatic cells somatic tissue sonograms specificity

Cellular division is initiated by specific signaling molecules binding to particular receptors that cause a series of reactions. These reactions are required prior to division skin self exams once a month

101.

telomeres regulation

36.

97. 96.

divide by mitosis and are diploid

160.

Keep track of the number of cellular divisions Shortens every division After a number of divisions (up to 50), the telomeres are depleted and coding genetic material is lost, causing a 'mutation'. This mutations is essentially occurs to prevent further cellular division High does rate (HDR) brarchytherapy Uses iridium and are in there for 5 to 15 minute and are repeated three times over a series of days self exam around 15 to 35 are the most common years colorectal panceratic lin and brochus is the number one killer of both men and women from cigarette smoke the enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix assures that the two strands of DNA molecule will remain twistied in the form of a helix produces RNA molecules by using the DNA nucleotide sequence of genes move molecules in and out Accumulation of cancer sells Cancer cells can divide rapidly Suffix -oma means tumor the appearance of multiple tumors only after the surgical removal of a primary tumor prevents a cell from dividing high frequency sound waves to view tissues and organs inside the body. sound wave from a probe that echo back to the probe good for fluid filled sacs mutations in proto-oncogens and tumorsupressors then the cell loses the ability to properly regulate when they divide Some mutations are inherited and others are due to environmental causes/lifestyle choices. Stem Cells produce the enzyme telomerase which protects telomeres and prevents shortening painless bioopsy of the kidney, bladder and urinary track

everything else then the gametes a needle is being inserted into the body to remove a sample of tissue for examination the probability that a test result will be negative for a person with out the disease and positive for one with it o how reliable the test is at distinguishing the desired molecule or tissue type scanning spinning images while the table moves forward at a constant rate. more accurate because it is faster so there is less movement occur spontaneously through out the life span of the cell mistakes in DNA replication during division Incorrect repair of Genetic material Chemical modification of DNA 0-95% of cancers categorizes the degree to which the cancer has developed and evaluates its potential aggressiveness and likelihood to metastasizes close or distantly shape, stability, flexibility the procedure used to repair or remove a damaged or diseased portion of the body Used for in situ tumors that it is all in one place The amount of tissues a surgeon removes is dependent upon the size of the tum and the evidence of metatstsis one or more lymph node that grain in the area which the tumor is located are likely removed the size of the tumor and the surrounding tissue it takes up Repetitive nucleotide sequences that exist on the ends of chromosomes that do not replicate upon cellular division.

Temporary seeds

52.

34.

29.

testicular cancer screening tests Top for both men and women

20.

49.

spiral CT scan

165. 166.

Topoisomerase Topoisomerase inhibitors Transcription

12.

sporadic mutations

70.

85. 5.

Transport Tumor

65.

staging

152.

84. 139.

Structural Surgery

Tumor dormancy Tumorsuppressor ultra sound

74.

51.

61.

surgical Biopsy T of the TNM system Telomeres

75.

uncontrolled cell growth

66.

100.

102.

unlimited divisions urinalsis

44.

132.

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) what do gene code for where does the term carcinoma come from why is aging and genetic the highest risk factors X rays

initiates a signal transduction cascade within endothelial cells and alters gene expression and cell function proteins which are responsible for the functions performed by a cell. off the Greek word mean crab because it looks like a selfish with the tumor and its extensions as a human gets older the bodies ability to fight disease is weaken. the more divisions the cell do over time the more chnce form something to go wrong and a cancerous mutation to occur good for hard tissue like bone bad for soft tissue cone shaped xray beam is passed though a broad area of the body with radiofilm on the other side to catch the image

80. 15.

23.

45.