The role of central banking in India is looked by the Reserve Bank of India, which
in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of
India. Reserve Bank was nationalized in 1947 and was given broader powers. In
1969, 14 largest commercial banks were nationalized followed by six next largest
in 1980. But with adoption of economic liberalization in 1991, private banking was
again allowed.
Indian banks can be broadly classified into public sector banks (those banks in
which the Government of India holds a stake), private banks (government doe
not have a stake in these banks; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock
exchanges) and foreign banks.
Current Account
Current Account is primarily meant for businessmen, firms, companies, public
enterprises etc. that have numerous daily banking transactions. Current Accounts
are cheque operated accounts meant neither for the purpose of earning interest
nor for the purpose of savings but only for convenience of business hence they
are non-interest bearing accounts
Demat Account
Demat refers to a dematerialised account. Demat account is just like a bank
account where actual money is replaced by shares. Just as a bank account is
required if we want to save money or make cheque payments, we need to open
a demat account in order to buy or sell shares.
Nationalised Banks
Nationalised banks dominate the banking system in India. The history of
nationalised banks in India dates back to mid-20th century, when Imperial Bank
of India was nationalised (under the SBI Act of 1955) and re-christened as State
Bank of India (SBI) in July 1955.
The global financial and economic crisis keeps getting worse. A couple of weeks
back the giant Citibank had to be bailed out with several hundred billion dollars in
cash and guarantees from the US authorities ("Citi never sleeps"…but apparently
its management dozed off during some crucial decisions last year).
Last week America reported November job losses of more than 530,000, the
biggest single month figure since 1974, taking the US unemployment rate to 6.7
percent, the highest in 15 years.
The US, Eurozone, UK and Japan [ Images ] are now officially in recession, in the
sense of having experienced two successive quarters of negative growth.
Several analysts predict that the rate of contraction of the US economy in this
final quarter of 2008 may be at an astonishing annual rate of 4 to 5 percent.
Similar pessimism pervades the other two largest economies in the world:
Europe and Japan. There is enormous uncertainty about the depth and duration
of the current global recession. But the majority of expert opinion now concedes
a substantial likelihood that this will be the worst recession since the Great
Depression of the 1930s.
Both the severity of the financial crisis and its massive collateral damage to the
real economy have confounded the optimists over the past year. Quite often,
experts claimed that "the worst of the financial crisis is behind us", only to be
bush-whacked by the next big bail-out or credit seizure.
Equally remarkable, and much worse in impact, has been the speed at which the
cumulating financial crisis has throttled real economic activity since summer
2008. The rapid onset of recession in industrial (advanced) countries has clearly
overwhelmed the forecasting abilities of many institutions, including the IMF.
As recently as July this year, the IMF foresaw the world economy growing at 3.9
percent in 2009, advanced economies at 1.4 percent and developing countries at
6.7 percent. By early November (just four months later) these forecasts had been
slashed down to 2.2 percent, minus 0.3 percent and 5.1 percent, respectively.
What about India? How bad will it get for us? The official estimates of GDP
growth for the first two quarters of 2008/9 stayed above 7.5 percent. However,
industry-wide indications after September are uniformly gloomy.
When available, the official data are likely to record a sharp slowdown in the
second half of the year, possibly steep enough to drag full year growth in 2008/9
to below 7 percent. What's more, given the strongly recessionary conditions
expected to prevail in the world economy in 2009, there is no prospect of a quick
turnaround in India. Indeed, on a tentative basis, I would suggest that we might
be lucky to achieve GDP growth of even 6 percent in 2009/10.
What about economic policy? Can we not deploy monetary, fiscal and exchange
rate policies to insulate our growth momentum from adverse external conditions?
The short answer is: only to a limited degree. I outlined the main arguments last
fortnight (BS, November 27).
Monetary policy had already been aggressively loosened by early November and
the RBI provided a further, well-balanced package last Saturday, notably
including a 1 percent cut in the repo and reverse repo rates.
Given the continued high rate of CPI inflation through October (latest data) and,
perhaps more significantly, recent pressures on the exchange rate, the present
scope for further policy rate reductions appears limited. That situation might
change if external imbalances improve if a falling oil import bill and slowing non-
oil imports outweigh the drop in export earnings and if capital flows stabilize.
On the fiscal front, the government had pretty much exhausted the available
fiscal space through its record Rs 237,000 crore (4.5 percent of GDP)
supplementary demand in October. Though undertaken for quite different
reasons, its timing may turn out to be quite fortunate.
Against this background the government was wise to limit last Sunday's "fiscal
stimulus" to a modest affair, totaling only about Rs 30,000 crore (Rs 300 billion),
out of which two-thirds was for "additional plan expenditure", which may not be
fully spent this fiscal year.
It may be far more important to actually spend the already budgeted plan
expenditure effectively. If international oil and fertilizer prices stay at present
levels, implying low or negligible subsidy rates (looking ahead) on price-
controlled domestic sales, then there may be a case for a larger stimulus next
year. Much will depend on the trajectory of revenues and other expenditures in a
slowing economy.
With over 60 percent of global GDP having toppled into recession, a significant
deceleration of India's economic growth is simply unavoidable. After all, we share
the same planet as America, Europe and Japan (and a rapidly slowing China). In
this context a 6 percent economic growth in 2009/10 will be pretty good...if we
achieve it.
The author is Honorary Professor at ICRIER and former Chief Economic Adviser
to the Government of India. Views expressed are personal.