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Atomic Structure

Dr. R. D. Senthilkumar, Assistant Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Science

Intended Learning Outcomes


After the completion of this class, you will be able to:
Describe the atom and its sub particles Recall the properties of atom and its sub-particles Explain the structure of atom (Bohr atomic model) Calculate Bohr radius of orbit Determine the velocity and frequency of revolving electron

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

What is fundamental ? A eternal question


People have long asked that what is the world made up of?

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Answer is

Atom

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

What is an atom?
A fundamental particle of matter Very smaller in size Consists of electron, nucleus (proton and neutron) Has both negative and positive charges Atoms are stable Atoms can stick together to form molecules

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Structure of an atom
Electron
Proton Neutron

Electron
Discovered by JJ Thomson Charge -1.6 x 10-19 C

Proton
Rutherford +1.6 x 10-19 C

Neutron
James Chadwick No Charge

Mass

9.1110-31 Kg

1.673 10-27 Kg 1.675 10-27 Kg

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Atomic models
To explain the structure of atom, several theories have been proposed called as atomic models and they are
Thomsons model Rutherfords nuclear model Bohrs atom model Sommerfelds relativistic model Vector atom model
Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Thomson atom model


According to this model, Atom is a heavy sphere about 10-10m in diameter Electrons and positive particles are uniformly distributed inside the spherical atom Repulsive force between two adjacent electrons is balanced by the equal and opposite attractive forces acting between electron and positive particle
Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Thomson atom model contd


Positive particles

Electron

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Rutherfords nuclear atomic model


Rutherford, in 1911, proposed a new type of model of the atom
According to this model, Positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a very small volume (< 10-13 cm in dia) at its centre. This central core is called nucleus Nucleus is surrounded by Electrons are revolving around the nucleus in a spiral orbits. Hence, the entire atom becomes electrically neutral
Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Rutherfords model

Spiral orbit

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Drawbacks of Rutherfords nuclear atomic model


The stability of the atom as a whole Distribution of electrons around the nucleus

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Bohrs atom model


In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed the model called Bohr atomic model He proposed based on Rutherfords nuclear atomic model and his assumptions. They are, Atom consists of a central positively charged particle called nucleus Electrons revolving around the nucleus in allowed circular orbits As long as electrons remain in their allowed orbits, energies are not absorbed or emitted When electrons jump from one allowed orbit to another, energies are absorbed or emitted
Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Bohrs atom model contd

Electron

Proton

Neutron

Circular orbit

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Bohrs theory of hydrogen atom


Bohr explained the hydrogen atom based on the following assumptions: Electron in an atom moves in a circular orbit around the nucleus under the influence of Coulomb force of attraction between the electron and nucleus (entire atom is stable as Coulomb force of attraction is balanced by Newtonian centrifugal force as shown in fig.)
Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Bohrs theory of hydrogen atom contd


Centrifugal force

-e

v r
+Z e

Coulomb force

e = 2 4 0 r

mv r

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Bohrs theory of hydrogen atom contd


Only particular orbits are allowed in an atom Electron moving in such allowed orbit does not emit or absorb the radiation ( total energy of the electron revolving in any one of the so many allowed orbits remains constant) Radiation is emitted when an electron jumps from higher energy(E2) orbit to lower energy (E1) orbit. Frequency (h) of emitted radiation is related by the equation E2 E1 = h
Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Bohrs theory of hydrogen atom contd

E2 E1
E=h

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Formulae
Bohrs radius of orbit rn = n2 x ao
where, n - no. of orbit & ao = 0.529x10-10metre

Velocity of revolving electron v = nh/2mr


Where, h is Plancks constant = 6.626x10-34Joule-sec m is mass of electron = 9.11x10-31kg r is radius of nth orbit

Frequency of revolving electron f = v/2r


Where v is the velocity of electron.
Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

Dr. R.D. Senthilkumar, Asst. Head, Dept. of Math & Appl. Sciences, MEC

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