Energy-counscious urban planning and development - lessons from a case-study

Antnio Gomes Martins INESC - University of Coimbra, Portugal Rua Antero e !uental, "## $%%% Coimbra - P&R'UGA( 'el) $*" - $# - +$ ,- +# . +$ +, // 0a1 $*" - $# - +, 2- #, e-mail3 amartins4ines55)6t Panel 2, 6a6er i ) *),

Abstract 7uring t8e last fifteen to t9enty years, 7SM -- 9it8 t8is or ot8er esignation -- 8as ma e an invaluable 5ontribution to sustainable evelo6ment, allo9ing gro9t8 to be simultaneous 9it8 environment 6rote5tion) '8e t8eory an 6ra5ti5e be8in 7SM is a5tually fun amental to t8e Mar:et 'ransformation 5on5e6t, 98i58 relies on t8e a5tion of bot8 regulators, e5onomi5 agents an 5onsumers to a58ieve an energy effi5ient e5onomy t8roug8 e u5ation, te58nology re6la5ements an a e;uate buil ing an energy management) Utilities< attitu es to9ar s energy effi5ien5y 6romotion are a a6ting to mar:et liberalisation) '8is is t8e reason 98y t8e 9ell-:no9n 7SM esignation ten s to be avoi e by utilities< 6eo6le) Nevert8eless it is ne5essary to :ee6 energy effi5ien5y as a :ey 5on5e6t for a5tion) '8e 6a6er uses t8e E=P&<#+ 5ase as an e1am6le of a 6ro>e5t in t8is ire5tion) Namely, it em68asises t8e im6ortan5e of lo5al aut8orities in environmentally sustainable evelo6ment) '8e 6a6er tries to ma:e a four-fol 5ontribution3 give a brief vie9 of 6resent mar:et 5on itions t8at influen5e t8e attitu es of governments an energy su66liers to9ar s energy effi5ien5y -- at large an at t8e E=P&<#+ level? 6resent a summary of t8e main orientations t8at 6rovi e t8e ba5:groun for t8e sustainable evelo6ment of t8e urban s6a5e at t8e E=P&<#+ site, from t8e 6oints of vie9 of energy an t8e environment? is5uss some o66ortunities for energy savings an for influen5ing t8e rate of energy use a55or ing to t8e 7SM 6ortfolio of measures? 6ro6ose some gui elines as a basis for 6ossible future terms of referen5e regar ing artifi5ial lig8ting, as it 8as been largely overloo:e in favour of t8ermal energy servi5es) Introduction '8e 5on5e6t of eman -si e management @7SMA 8as been intro u5e in t8e USA, more s6e5ifi5ally in t8e ele5tri5ity in ustry, in t8e mi -eig8ties) It 8as been originally efine as t8e 6lanning, im6lementation an monitoring of a set of 6rogrammes an a5tions 5arrie out by ele5tri5 utilities to influen5e energy eman in or er to mo ify ele5tri5 loa 5urves in a 9ay 98i58 is a vantageous to t8e utilities) C8anges in loa 5urves must e5rease ele5tri5 systems running 5osts - bot8 6ro u5tion an elivery 5osts -, an also allo9 for eferring or even avoi ing some investments in su66ly-si e 5a6a5ity e16ansion) '8us, 7SM 8as been riven by stri5t e5onomi5 reasons) Energy effi5ien5y 9as a 6rivilege instrument for 7SM im6lementation, as 9ill be seen) Ben5e, in so5ietal terms, t8is 9as a ty6i5al 9in-9in situation, as 5onsumers 9oul also benefit from 58ea6er energy servi5es, as overall effi5ien5y 9oul in5rease) 7SM 8as been a ma>or brea:t8roug8 t8at le to a great eal of innovation, bot8 at business management an at te58nologi5al evelo6ment, an also to 8uge environmental benefits) Cet, a great number of 7SM tools alrea y e1iste 6reviously to t8e 5on5e6t, an 8a been in use by many utilities, namely t8ose tools relate to remote loa 5ontrol, :no9n as loa management @(MA) Dut (M aims 6re ominantly at influen5ing 6o9er use - t8e amount of energy use by unit of time, at s6e5ifi5 times) Energy effi5ien5y 9as a5tually a ne95omer to t8e business, broug8t by 7SM to t8e 6ortfolio of utility management o6tions) '8ere are si1 main ob>e5tives efine in t8e 5onte1t of 7SM, :no9n as3 6ea: 5li66ing, valley filling, loa s8ifting, fle1ible loa 5urve, strategi5 5onservation an strategi5 loa gro9t8) A6art from strategi5 loa gro9t8 @S(GA, all ot8er o6tions re;uire t8at t8e utility<s system is un er 6ressure an re;uires eit8er 5a6a5ity e16ansion or loa relief) Cost-benefit analysis 9ill i5tate 98i58 o6tions to a o6t) In many 5ases utilities 8ave o6te for 7SM in or er to avoi or 6ost6one im6ortant finan5ial stresses) In general, 7SM im6lementation o6tions may be 5lassifie into several ifferent broa 5ategories3 5ustomer e u5ation, ire5t 5ustomer 5onta5t, tra e ally 5o-o6eration, a vertising an 6romotion, alternative 6ri5ing, ire5t in5entives) Some measures 6in-6ointe in t8e te1t belo9 are e1am6les of some of t8em) Problems fa5ing utility- riven 7SM Influen5ing t8e 9ay ele5tri5 energy is use 8as be5ome an effe5tive means of 5om6lementing su66ly-si e o6tions 9it8 t8e 6ur6ose of in5reasing overall systems effi5ien5y) 7etermining t8e a66ro6riate mi1 of

"

su66ly-si e an eman -si e resour5es be5ame t8e goal of t8e so-5alle integrate resour5e 6lanning @IRPA, allege ly lea ing to a global least-5ost a66roa58) Several iffi5ulties 8a to be ta5:le 9it8 to solve t8e 6roblem of 5ost-benefit evaluation of eman -si e o6tions) A stan ar a66roa58 8as been esigne for t8e 6ur6ose, 98i58 8as only re5ently been a a6te to t8e Euro6ean s6e5ifi5ities t8roug8 an initiative of t8e Euro6ean Commission, in "##-) 7SM 8as been re5ognise as an ally to environment 5onservation as it lea s normally to lo9er overall 5onsum6tion gro9t8 an 5ontributes to using available resour5es in a more rational 9ay -- t8e 6ortfolio of 7SM even in5lu es fuel re6la5ement o6tions) Buge savings, bot8 finan5ial, energy an environmental 8ave been 5laime , namely in t8e USA, as ue to t8e massive a o6tion of 7SM 6rograms by utilities, boun e by stri5t regulatory 5onstraints) '8e tren to9ar s 8ig8ly regulate 7SM an IRP in t8e USA, a5tually for5ing utilities to a o6t 5ertain e5isions t8oug8 9it8 t8e guarantee of finan5ial 5om6ensation, s8o9s in itself t8at t8ese instruments 8ave been 5onsi ere of 8ig8 so5ietal value) 7SM 8as been i entifie sin5e t8e infan5y of t8e 5on5e6t as a 6rivilege tool for utilities to 5ontribute to t8e so5ietal goal of environment 6rote5tion -- besi es being 6rofitable on its o9n in many 5ases) In vie9 of t8is a vantage, in some 5ountries regulations 8ave been issue an a55om6anying 6ro5e ures im6lemente t8at soug8t to maintain e5onomi5 a vantage for t8e utilities 98ile 6romoting energy effi5ien5y on t8e eman si e) (osses of revenues 8a to be 5om6ensate in some 9ay, 98i58 is not 6ossible, in stri5t e5onomi5 terms, in a 5om6etitive environment) Dut it s8oul be note t8at 98en utilities use eman -si e o6tions, t8ey 5an not ta:e for grante t8at 5osts are re5overe in t8e esire time s6an -- namely be5ause estimates may be 9rong, eit8er relative to 5ustomer 6arti5i6ation, o55urren5e of free-ri ers, une16e5te be8aviour of 6arti5i6ants, or 6rogrammes< im6erfe5tions, et5) Ben5e some 5laims 8ave been ma e t8at t8e true 5osts of save energy are not so lo9 as state 98en 5om6are to investments in ne9 5a6a5ity -- in many 5ases t8ey 9oul 8ave s8o9n to be a5tually 8ig8er) In 98at 5on5erns strategi5 loa gro9t8 @S(GA in 6arti5ular, it 9ill be 5ost-effe5tive 98en 6revious su66ly-si e investments nee re5overy 5on itions 98i58 are not li:ely to e1ist 9it8out 6romoting energy 5onsum6tion gro9t8) Dut t8is 6romotion 9ill assume S(G nature only if regulations im6ose it) &t8er9ise t8ere 9ill be 6lain loa gro9t8, eventually 9it8 some free-ri ers a o6ting 5onservative measures) Ben5e, all t8e im6li5ations an 5onstraints of ea58 7SM a5tion must be 5arefully anti5i6ate in or er to ta:e e5isions in as mu58 an informe 9ay as 6ossible) '8e 6resent tren to9ar s energy mar:et liberalisation brings about some 5on5erns, as for instan5e on 8o9 to 6revent utilities from :ee6ing t8e ol 6ers6e5tive of selling :ilo9att-8ours instea of energy servi5es) Some aut8ors e16ress fears t8at 7SM may be in anger 98en 5onfronte 9it8 6lain mar:et rules ta:ing into a55ount t8at regulation 8as been in is6ensable to ma:e it 9or: u6 to no9 98ere it 8as been su55essful) 7SM from a broa er 6ers6e5tive Euro6ean Union @EUA 8as been very a5tive in re5ent years issuing ire5tives on environment 6rote5tion, some of 98i58 are man atory to member-states) &bviously, energy effi5ien5y 6lays a ma>or role in EU 6oli5y for t8e environment an t8ere are several finan5ing s58emes in t8e fiel of non-nu5lear energies aiming at energy effi5ien5y im6rovement) It is 5lear t8at a strong influen5e may be, an 8as a5tually been, e1erte by governments to9ar s im6roving t8e energy effi5ien5y of national e5onomies an re u5ing 8armful environmental im6a5ts of energy use) As a matter of fa5t, t8e 6resent tren to9ar s a liberalise energy mar:et brings an a55rue res6onsibility to governments in t9o main issues3 a66ro6riate regulation an 5onsumer e u5ation t8roug8 :ey information elivery) &nly a66ro6riate regulatory frame9or:s 5an 6ut in 6la5e a e;uate stimuli ire5te at various e5onomi5 agents - energy an e;ui6ment su66liers, energy servi5e 6rovi ers, 5onsumers - for 6romoting energy effi5ient te58nologies an 6ra5ti5e) If energy 6ri5es are riven by sales volume 5riteria alone, t8ere is a narro9 margin to be e16lore in utility- riven energy effi5ien5y3 eit8er an energy su66lier is o55asionally 5onfronte 9it8 5a6a5ity s8ortage an e5i es, to 8is o9n interest, to manage eman instea of investing in 5a6a5ity e16ansion - 6rovi e t8at 8e 8as a fran58ise mar:et - or, in a 5om6etitive 5onte1t, 6rovi es te58ni5al a vi5e to 5ustomers in or er to retain t8em, 98i58 may in5lu e im6rovements in energy en -use effi5ien5y to e5rease energy servi5e 5osts) Ben5e, national an lo5al aut8orities intervention may assume several eligible forms li:e 6ri5e regulation, legislation to influen5e buil ing an systems esign, in5entive 6rogrammes to investment in energy effi5ien5y at large, training 6rogrammes for esigners an te58ni5al staff, 5onsumer e u5ation, a66lian5e labelling, even buil ing labelling) '8e 5on5e6t of eman -si e management may, un er t8ese assum6tions, be easily generalise ) It may be riven by ot8er agents besi es energy su66liers -- namely governments an muni5i6al aut8orities -- an may be un erstoo broa ly as a frame9or: of a5tions an 6rogrammes aiming at energy effi5ien5y im6rovement at t8e eman si e) Ultimately, to 5om6ly 9it8 environmental 6rote5tion) Energy conscious urban planning - the EXPO98 case-study &b>e5tives an strategy

Sin5e t8e very beginning, t8e urban 6ro>e5t of t8e "##+ Eorl E18ibition, E=P&<#+, 8as been vie9e 9it8 an integrate a66roa58 to rational use of natural resour5es) 0rom t8e 6oint of vie9 of energy, t8is im6lie t8e 5onsi eration of a 6ara igm t8at may be e16resse in four terms3

design for energy efficiency provide efficient e uipment use !ith intelligence monitor accurately to allo! for usage corrections

Para igm of effi5ient use of energy from a 6ers6e5tive of systems life-5y5le '8is 6ara igm is a66li5able to virtually any system 98ere 6eo6le live or 9or:, t8at is to say, to an in ustrial fa5ility, to an urban area, to a buil ing of any siFe) A55or ing to t8e 6ers6e5tive on 7SM 6resente above, t8e 5om6any in 58arge of t8e site of E=P&<#+ assume itself as an a5tive agent in t8e 6romotion of energy effi5ien5y at t8e eman si e) '8e regulatory an legal frame9or: 9it8in 98i58 it 8as been 5reate favoure t8is attitu e, as it 8a e;uivalent 6rerogatives to a muni5i6al aut8ority) At t8e start of t8e 6ro>e5t a set of ob>e5tives 8as been state , in t8e frame9or: of a Global Strategy for Energy an t8e Environment, an t8e 5orres6on ing strategi5 a5tions 8ave been elineate an im6lemente ) '8e ob>e5tives may be briefly referre 3 6lan t8e ne9 urban area in su58 a 9ay t8at it 9ill be 5omfortable, bot8 in interior an e1terior s6a5es? 5onsi er t8is G5ityG as a single energy system, managing su66ly o6tions an su66ly- eman intera5tions in t8e most effi5ient 9ay 6ossible? efine 7SM strategies in or er to influen5e bot8 urban an buil ing esign, avoi ing 8ig8 6ea: energy eman s an unne5essarily 8ig8 5onsum6tion levels? im6lement monitoring of t8e 98ole urban energy system as an essential su66ort to an a e;uate urban management? assess environmental benefits of t8e strategies a o6te bot8 lo5ally an from a 9i er 6ers6e5tive? isseminate results at national an Euro6ean levels) '8e a5tions su66orting t8is strategy may also be summarise in t8e follo9ing to6i5s3 6erform 5limati5 resear58 on t8e area? 6rovi e esigners 9it8 a55urate ata on t8e e1istent natural 5on itions? efine general gui elines for urban 6lanning? efine terms of referen5e for t8e t8ermal 58ara5teristi5s of buil ings an BHAC systems? 6rovi e 5onsultan5y su66ort to buil ing esigners? 6ro6ose t8e im6lementation of a istri5t 8eating an 5ooling @7BCA system for t8e 98ole urban area? 5reate an observatory of energy su66ly an eman ) Para igm an 6ra5ti5e '8e first term of t8e above mentione 6ara igm of effi5ien5y at t8e eman si e is very 9ell illustrate at t8e E=P&<#+ urban level by t9o 5om6onents3 t8e urban esign a66roa58 use an t8e terms of referen5e for buil ings) Urban 6lanning 8as been informe by a stu y 98ere solar ra iation istribution on t8e site an on t8e buil ings 8as been anti5i6ate for several 5onfigurations, an t8e effe5ts an intera5tions among variables su58 as buil ing 8eig8ts, vegetation an 9in 8ave been e16erimente for ifferent seasons in or er to evaluate 6ossible esign out5omes in terms of e1terior 5omfort 5on itions) '8e terms of referen5e for buil ings establis8 ma1imum limits for buil ing energy nee s) '8e limit values are *%I of t8ose in t8e Portuguese regulations for t8e buil ing 5onsi ere as a 6assive system an

-%I of t8ose generally a66li5able to a5tive systems @BHACA) Ben5e, esigners are 5om6elle to 5on5eive buil ings an asso5iate systems in a 9ay t8at t8e results are 9ell above t8e stan ar s) 0urt8er a5tions 8ave been 6ut for9ar trying to foster t8e a66li5ation of t8e terms of referen5e, t8roug8 t8e 6rovision of su66ort to buil ing esigners) Consultan5y 8as 6laye an im6ortant role in t8e esign of several main buil ings of t8e E=P&<#+ site) '8e solutions a o6te re6resent in most 5ases e1am6les t8at 8ave alrea y been use to illustrate t8e real 6ossibility of im6lementing very effi5ient buil ings) Bere, not only t8e first term of t8e 6ara igm is fulfille but also 6artly t8e se5on be5ause, as a rule, a5tive e;ui6ment for t8e various energy servi5es 9it8in t8e buil ings are 8ig8ly effi5ient) '8e most 5ommon solutions a o6te fall into some 5ategories t8at illustrate t8e :in of 6ossibilities t8ere are to 5om6ly 9it8 t8e terms of referen5e) natural ventilation t8roug8 sta5: effe5t me58ani5al is6la5ement ventilation integral insulation of t8e buil ing envelo6e 8eating an 5ooling sour5es from t8e 7BC net9or:s, avoi ing boilers an 58illers 8eat re5overy variable s6ee rives for 6um6ing an ventilation loa s nig8t ventilation an free 5ooling aylig8t use t8roug8 a66ro6riate fenestration, u6-lig8ts an s8a ing evi5es effi5ient te58nologies for artifi5ial lig8ting energy management systems Several re5ent buil ings a5t as e1am6les for future effi5ient esigns) Effi5ien5y an environment 6rote5tion is also informe by o6tions at t8e su66ly-si e, as t8e istri5t 8eating an 5ooling net9or:s e1em6lify) It 5onsists of an urban istribution net9or: of 8ot 9ater an a similar one of 58ille 9ater, fe by a gas-fire 5o-generation system 5om6lemente by an absor6tion 58iller an a 58ille 9ater storage tan:) '8e net9or:s allo9 for a 5lean an effi5ient alternative to in ivi ual BHAC 6lants istribute among buil ings, as t8ey 6otentially avoi t8e use of lo5al systems for 8eat an 5ol generation) '8e monitoring 68ase of t8e urban site, 98i58 is base on an agreement among t8e various energy su66liers an energy servi5e 6rovi ers involve , 5loses t8e loo6 of effi5ien5y management) Eit8 a66ro6riate ata 5olle5tion, organisation an 6ro5essing, t8e so-5alle &bservatory 8as t8e 6otential to be5ome a :ey instrument to emonstrate t8e goo ness of many solutions im6lemente but also to timely 5orre5t management 6ro5e ures an eventual te58nology malfun5tions) A 6ros6e5t of in5reasing a9areness '8e above state 6ara igm of effi5ien5y is not a novelty) A66ro6riately a a6te , it suits to almost any reality 98ere management see:s to use resour5es in a rational 9ay) E=P&<#+ is not only an integrate a66roa58 to environmentally an energy 5ons5ious urban esign) It is mainly t8e emonstration of t8e feasibility of t8is ty6e of a66roa58) DSM opportunities E16erien5e s8o9s t8at in 5ountries 98ere liberalisation is more a van5e , utilities s8o9 a natural ten en5y to9ar s ma1imising 6rofits an , 8en5e, to 6romote energy sales) '8is is 5learly at o s 9it8 energy effi5ien5y 6romotion an le to t8e aban onment or, in t8e best 5ases, to a strong e5rease of 7SM utility- riven initiatives) A broa er 5ontent 8as been 6ro6ose above for 7SM, 98i58 enlarges t8e list of a5tors 9it8 an a5tive 6otential role in t8e 6romotion of energy effi5ien5y3 aut8orities, utilities, 5onsumers, energy servi5e 5om6anies, e;ui6ment manufa5turers) '8oug8 tra itionally utilities 6lay a ma>or role in 7SM, t8e initiatives of lo5al, regional or national aut8orities in general 9ill 8ave to be intensifie ) Nevert8eless, regulation 9ill 8ave to be a a6te to t8e 6revailing mar:et 5on itions at every moment in t8e future) It is efinitely ifferent to issue regulations in 5on itions of fran58ise mar:et to some energy ty6es of su66ly or to o it 98en su66liers of t8e same energy form 5om6ete 9it8 ea58 ot8er for 5ustomers) Namely, energy 6ri5e is strongly influen5e by t8e form of mar:et organisation) Ben5e, a goo regulation to ay may be5ome obsolete tomorro9 an a55rue iffi5ulties may arise) Bo9ever, as long as fran58ise mar:ets 6revail, 5om6etition 9ill e1ist among su66liers of alternative forms of final energy for t8e same en -uses @e)g) ele5tri5ity an gas for 9ater 8eating in 9as8ing a66li5ationsA) '8is may 6lay a 6ositive role in t8e issemination of t8e most effi5ient an environmentally benign te58nologies, 6rovi e t8at 5onsumers are 9ell informe ) '8e list of o66ortunities belo9 8as been organise a55or ing to 98at seems to be t8e most li:ely situation of t8e energy mar:et in t8e s8ort- an mi -term in Portugal an in t8e urban area of E=P&<#+ in 6arti5ular) Un5ertainty 5annot be eliminate ) In t8e 9or:ing 6ers6e5tive use , fran58ise mar:et

organisation is assume for t8e su66ly of ele5tri5ity, gas, 8ot an 58ille 9ater) '8is eliminates, for t8e time being, t8e iffi5ulties i entifie above, asso5iate to 5om6etition among su66liers of t8e same energy form) Categories of DSM measures and impact on emissions '8e ob>e5tives of 7SM in its 5on5e6tual formulation 8ave been referre before as3 6ea: 5li66ing, valley filling, loa s8ifting, fle1ible loa 5urve, strategi5 5onservation an strategi5 loa gro9t8) It s8oul be retaine t8at t8is list informs a efinition of 7SM 98ere t8e main ob>e5tive is mo ifying t8e s8a6e of t8e loa iagram seen by utilities) It is 6ossible to 5lassify t8e si1 so-5alle 7SM ob>e5tives in t9o broa 5ategories) '8e former four ob>e5tives are ire5te to9ar s t8e mo ifi5ation of 5onsum6tion rates @6o9er values, in t8e 5ase of ele5tri5ityA, eit8er in am6litu e or in time of o55urren5e, or bot8 - t8ey 5learly mo ify t8e s8a6e of loa 5urves an avoi 6ea: 5oin5i en5e among loa s, es6e5ially uring t8e ay @on-6ea: 6erio sA) '8e latter t9o ob>e5tives 8ave effe5t on t8e value of energy 5onsum6tion in general an not e16li5itly on 5onsum6tion rates -- 8o9ever, as long as t8ey 8ave influen5e on en -use e;ui6ment, t8ey also en u6 influen5ing 5onsum6tion rates in ire5tly) Any of t8e t9o as6e5ts -- 5onsum6tion an 5onsum6tion rate mo ifi5ation -- may 8ave t8e 5ontribution of lo5al energy 5onversion systems @lo5al to t8e en -users 6remisesA e i5ate to 6rovi e energy servi5es) Ben5efort8 t8is ty6e of o6tion 9ill be referre to as is6erse generation, lea ing to eit8er ele5tri5 or t8ermal energy 6ro u5tion 5ou6le to en -uses) '8us, t8ree main 5ategories of measures 9ill be use to organise t8e list3 measures influen5ing rate of 5onsum6tion, or 6o9er, measures influen5ing energy 5onsum6tion an measures 6romoting is6erse generation) If t8e t9o latter 8ave obvious influen5e in t8e total amount of emissions ue to ele5tri5ity generation, t8e first 8as an influen5e t8at e6en s on t8e 58ara5teristi5s of t8e generation system) As, in general, e1ternalities are not use as a 5riterion for s58e uling generators for servi5ing t8e ele5tri5 systems loa , is6at58 e5isions are mostly base on stri5t e5onomi5 an reliability 5riteria) 7SM measures affe5ting rate of 5onsum6tion ten to raise loa fa5tor -- rise 6o9er eman uring t8e nig8t an lo9er it uring t8e ay) If, for instan5e, base loa generators are mainly 5oal-fire , C& , emissions mig8t even rise, e6en ing on t8e generation mi1 t8at is usually in 6la5e uring t8e ay @it may or may not 6ollute more, on average, t8an 5oal-fire 6lants aloneA) Ben5e, 7SM measures affe5ting rate of 5onsum6tion usually are benefi5ial be5ause energy 5onversion effi5ien5y of base loa 6lants is 8ig8er, but a 5areful assessment of t8e 6ossible total emissions variations must be 6erforme before laun58ing a5tions 9it8 6otential strong loa s8ifting effe5ts) Measures influen5ing rate of 5onsum6tion Un er t8is 5ategory of measures t9o main issues 5an be 6otentially 5onsi ere 3 remote 5ontrol of en use e;ui6ment by utilities -- t8e so-5alle loa management @(MA? tariff systems base on time-of-use @'&UA rates) '8ey 5orres6on to t8e 5lassi5al t9o main forms of 7SM -- ire5t 5ontrol of e;ui6ment an in ire5t influen5e on 5onsumers be8aviour t8roug8 6ri5es) Naturally, t8e latter s8oul be 5om6lemente 9it8 ot8ers, one of t8em being ;uite obvious in general3 6romote energy storage at 5ustomers 6remises) (M allo9s utilities an effe5tive 5ontrol of t8eir loa iagram) E;ui6ment normally un er 5ontrol 5onsists of ele5tri5 9ater 8eaters an BHAC, 98i58 8ave 8ig8 time 5onstants) Ben5e, ;uality of servi5e is not mu58 at sta:e be5ause of s8ort uration s8e ing a5tions) In t8e 6arti5ular 5ase of t8e E=P&<#+ site, t8e 7BC system 9ill 6robably be use e1tensively for 8eating an air 5on itioning of buil ings) '8is is e16e5te to 8ave a ramati5 influen5e on t8e total 6o9er installe for BHAC systems, re u5ing t8e 6otential interest of (M) More im6ortant t8an t8is 6arti5ular te58ni5al issue is t8e la5: of motivation for (M in t8e area) As a matter of fa5t, (M is use in 5ir5umstan5es 98ere su66ly 5a6a5ity is not abun ant an is sub>e5te to stress es6e5ially at times of 6ea: eman ) '8is is 5learly not t8e situation of ele5tri5 su66ly systems at t8e E=P&<#+, an 9ill not be for t8e ne1t several years) Telemetering Any energy su66lier is virtually intereste in :no9ing, to t8e best etail 6ossible, t8e stru5ture an t8e 58ara5teristi5s of its 5ustomers loa s) '8is allo9s for a etaile assessment of t8e su66ly systems o6eration, for e1tensive loa resear58 an for t8e efinition of management strategies lea ing to minimum o6erating 5osts -- 98i58 may be a58ieve t8roug8 7SM a5tions, 6arti5ularly 9ell >ustifie in t8is situation) 'e58nologi5al solutions to telemetering e1ist alrea y as stabilise 6ro u5ts, an are evolving) Di- ire5tional 5ommuni5ations su66ort is nee e -- for interrogation an re6ly of remote terminal e;ui6ment -- t8at o6ens 6ros6e5ts for ot8er uses, su58 as s6e5ial energy rates, as 9ill be seen in t8e follo9ing se5tion)'8e most use transmission me ium is t8e ele5tri5 net9or: itself, t8roug8 6o9er line 5arrier te58nology, alt8oug8 tele68one lines are also use to a smaller e1tent) A55or ing to a re5ent UNIPE7E " stu y, by t8e year ,%%% about " million of 5ustomers serve by its asso5iate utilities 9ill 8ave t8eir 5onsum6tion metere 9it8 a66aratus t8at in5lu e bi- ire5tional
"Union Internationale es Pro u5teurs et 7istributeurs <Energie Ele5tri;ue

5ommuni5ation fa5ilities) '8e main a vantages of bi- ire5tional 5ommuni5ations, as i entifie by utilities, are t8e 5a6ability of 6erforming remote meter rea ing, of a66lying multirate tariffs an of remotely mo ifying 5ontra5tual 6arameters) Desi es, in some 5ases ele5tri5 utilities are offering telemetering servi5es to ot8er utilities -- gas an 9ater istribution 5om6anies an istri5t 8eating 5om6anies) 'elemetering 5oul be a very useful sour5e of information for t8e E=P&<#+ &bservatory, es6e5ially if t8is integrate 6ers6e5tive 9as use , 6rovi ing ata on 5onsum6tion of all forms of final energy at t8e site) Energy pricing options Cost of su66ly is not 5onstant for any ty6e of energy elivery, be it ele5tri5ity, gas or 8eate 9ater) Hariations of eman 6er unit time 9it8in a given 6erio of time 5ause variable o6erating 5on itions t8at 5orres6on to variable system running 5ost) '8e 5auses for variations are ifferent among energy forms but variations al9ays e1ist) 'ariff systems 9it8 multirate stru5ture are, in general, an a e;uate res6onse to variable 5osts of su66ly, as t8ey 5orres6on to 6ass on to 5onsumers an a66ro1imate image of su66ly 5ost variations -- t8ey are usually base on long term 6revisions of marginal 5ost of elivery) In t8e ele5tri5ity business multirate tariffs are alrea y tra itional, at least to 5ertain 5ustomer 5lasses) '8e same oes not a66ly 9it8 t8e same e1tension to ot8er utilities, mainly be5ause of te58ni5al an management iffi5ulties) '8e alternative is t8e so-5alle flat rate, meaning a 5onstant 6ri5e, in e6en ent of 5ost of su66ly variations) Multirate tariffs 6otentially lea to a rea5tion of eman , t8at e6en s on its a5tual elasti5ity 9it8 6ri5e, 98i58 is in 6rin5i6le benefi5ial to bot8 si es -- su66lier an 5onsumers) '8ese ten to see 6ositively t8e 6ossibility of 5ontrolling more effe5tively t8eir bills) In ire5tly, eman rea5tion 9ill in u5e variations on t8e level of emissions) '8eoreti5ally t8ere is a re5i6ro5al influen5e bet9een 6ri5es an eman level, e6en ing on elasti5ity, 98i58 5orres6on s in general to an effi5ient use of su66ly resour5es) 7ynami5 6ri5ing s58emes re;uire a e;uate te58nology, t8at 8armoniously suits also telemetering nee s) Ben5e, if telemetering in itself is attra5tive enoug8 for utilities, ynami5 6ri5es re6resent only a marginal te58nologi5al eman ) In 6oint of fa5t, t8e bi- ire5tional 5ommuni5ation 5a6ability of telemetering systems is a e;uate for broa 5asting t8e 6ri5e signal asso5iate to ynami5 6ri5ing) '8e a itional re;uirement is ue to t8e fa5t t8at t8e 5onsumer must 8ave some means of res6on ing automati5ally to 6ri5e signal levels) 'erminal metering e;ui6ment must t8en 8ave t9o a itional fun5tions3 a66ro6riate intera5tivity for setting 6arameters an 6o9er interfa5es for 5onne5ting an is5onne5ting loa s . 5onsuming evi5es a55or ing to t8e 6arameters an t8e 6ri5e value -- 5onfiguring t8e 9ell-:no9n Gsmart metersG) Eit8 a mu58 smaller 6enetration t8an telemetering e;ui6ment, smart meters 8ave t8oug8 a fiel a66li5ation 8istory of more t8an ten years, 98i58 turn t8em into a viable o6tion for 6ri5e in u5e 5onsumer be8avioural 58anges) 'elemetering in itself 8as t8e a55rue a vantage of allo9ing an a55urate assessment of 6ri5e elasti5ity of eman , 98atever t8e final energy form 5onsi ere ) A e;uate tariff rate a >ustments are t8us 6ossible, for t8e benefit of su66liers an 5onsumers, 98o bot8 may use available resour5es more rationally an , 8en5e, for t8e benefit of so5iety at large) 0or e1am6le, multirate tariff o6tions 6resently available in t8e Portuguese tariff system of ele5tri5ity allo9 an a55e6table a66roa58 to 6ri5e in u5e 7SM, alt8oug8 not so effi5ient as ynami5 6ri5ing) '8e 6ossibility may be 5onsi ere of 5onveying ne9 5ontra5ts of ele5tri5ity su66ly to lo9-voltage 5onsumers 9it8 small 5ontra5tual 6o9er, by efault to a t9o-blo5: rate o6tion, unless t8e 5onsumer e16li5itly 6refers t8e flat rate o6tion) '8is a66roa58 eman s t8at 5onsumers 5an be 9ell informe , re;uiring a e;uately 6re6are utility 6ersonnel for interfa5ing 9it8 5lients) '8e la5: of tra ition of multiblo5: rates for t8e ot8er forms of energy is surely a barrier to im6lementation of similar a66roa58es) Bo9ever, if integrate telemetering 9ill be available, it 9ill be 6ossible to assess t8eir feasibility after some time) It is obvious t8at flat rate o6tions are attra5tive to utilities es6e5ially in situations of fran58ise mar:et, 6rivately o9ne su66lier 5om6anies an enoug8 available 5a6a5ity in vie9 of 6resent an fore5ast eman levels) '8ey are t8e best o6tion for t8e su66lier t8at 9is8es to ra6i ly re5over its investment on assets but are 5ertainly in o66osition to 7SM an to emissions 5ontainment) Ben5e, 6ri5e in u5e 7SM su55ess e6en s 8eavily on su66liers< attitu es to9ar s t8is issue, ultimately on regulatory frame9or:s) Energy storage '8e e1isten5e of a 7BC system at t8e E=P&<#+ site a66arently 9oul is5ourage t8e a o6tion of energy storage systems @ESSA in buil ings, as 8eat an 5ol 9ill be 5onstantly available every98ere) Nevert8eless, t8e e16e5te goo t8ermal inertia of buil ings esigne a55or ing to t8e terms of referen5e turns t8em into goo 5an i ates to t8e in5lusion of t8ermal energy storage) '8is o6ens t8e 6ossibility of 5om6etition bet9een t8e 7BC net9or: o6erator an e;ui6ment manufa5turers.su66liers , t8at manage to install effi5ient enoug8 ESS to be 5om6etitive) Presently, ele5tri5ity being t8e only energy sour5e 9it8 foreseeable multiblo5: rates, re6resents t8e most a66arent 5an i ate for fee ing ESS in buil ings)

,or an agreement bet9een e;ui6ment su66liers an an energy su66lier ot8er t8an t8e o6erator of t8e 7BC system)

Combining energy storage 9it8 effi5ient e;ui6ment o6tions may lea to t8e use of reversible 8eat 6um6 as t8e 8eat or 5ol sour5e to storage 5ontainers) '8e 6ossible 5ombination 9it8 solar a5tive systems 9ill be referre later) '8e a vantages of ESS at en -users< 6remises for t8e ele5tri5 istribution utility in E=P&<#+ may not be evi ent, at least in t8e s8ort-term, be5ause t8ere are no 5onstraints of su66ly 5a6a5ity t8at 5oul ot8er9ise ma:e t8e utility 9el5ome a eman re u5tion uring on-6ea: 8ours, t8en5e stimulating final users to a o6t ESS) Measures influen5ing energy 5onsum6tion Efficiency vs. reduction of energy consumption A 6revious 5onsi eration must be ma e 8ere on t8e 6ossible attenuation of e16e5te effe5ts of effi5ien5y im6rovement on energy 5onsum6tion) It is not un5ommon, es6e5ially in t8e resi ential se5tor, t8at t8e 6attern of use of effi5ient e;ui6ment a o6te uring a 7SM 5am6aign ten s to follo9 im6li5itly a 5ost levelling 5riterion -- i)e), an in5rease use of t8e energy servi5e 6rovi e as 5om6are to t8e GnormalG situation 9it8 stan ar e;ui6ment, u6 to 98ere t8e total 5ost a66ro1imately e;uals t8at of using t8e stan ar e;ui6ment t8e usual 9ay) '8is is to en8an5e t8e nee for 5onsumer e u5ation, t8oug8 t8e a5tual value t8at a 5onsumer gives to a save :E8 e6en s on its in5ome) It is not unli:ely t8at some free-ri ers use e1tensively, but also loosely, effi5ient e;ui6ment) Bere, 6robably more t8an e u5ation, some level of automation is re5ommen able to ensure t8at 9aste is not generate 9it8 8ig8 effi5ien5y evi5es) Dot8 strategi5 5onservation an strategi5 loa gro9t8 are base on t8e 6romotion of effi5ient e;ui6ment) Provi e t8at some influen5e 5an be e1erte u6on energy su66liers, it is 6ossible t8at t8eir mar:et strategies o not rely on 6lain loa gro9t8 stimulation) In t8ose 5ases 98ere t8ere is 5om6etition for mar:et s8ares among ifferent energy su66liers a 6ositive a66roa58 is more easily follo9e -- strategi5 loa gro9t8 is t8en a li:ely mar:eting strategy) Strategic conservation measures Dearing in min t8e is5ussions in 6revious se5tions, it may be sai t8at t8e measures alrea y ta:en to influen5e buil ing an systems esign at t8e E=P&<#+ site 6rovi e an a van5e starting 6oint for furt8er 7SM3 buil ing orientation, t8ermal 58ara5teristi5s an 6assive systems, along 9it8 effi5ient solutions for a5tive ambient 5on itioning systems, all a to an effe5tive limitation on energy 5onsum6tion 98en 5om6are to 5onventional esigns) Ben5e, e16loring t8e remaining energy saving 6otential must be a55om6lis8e a55or ing to t8e main 5ategories of intervention3 artifi5ial lig8ting, automation, flui movement an ot8er e;ui6ment) 7SM re;uires 8ere t8e forms of a vertising an 6romotion an tra e ally 5o-o6eration -- t8roug8 5onta5ts 9it8 esigners -- an also 5onsumer e u5ation) Artificial lighting '8is ty6e of loa may assume a 8ig8 relative im6ortan5e in buil ings in t8e 5onte1t of 8ig8 effi5ien5y buil ing esign aiming at t8ermal 5omfort) General orientations e1ist in or er to influen5e esign at t8e E=P&<#+ site) In t8e form 6resente , 8o9ever, t8ey 5an only 6lay an in i5ative role) Ben5e, t8ere is nee of some more 6re5ise an ;uantitative in i5ations for effi5ient artifi5ial lig8ting systems esign in buil ings) A 6ro6osal of gui elines is 6resente in t8e anne1, 98ere some main issues are referre 3 area 6o9er ensities, main 5riteria to be use for lig8ting 5ontrol, in i5ative automation re;uirements, maintenan5e im6li5ations, 8eat re5overy 6ossibilities) An a66roa58 8as been use of s6e5ifying 5om6lete buil ing lig8ting 6o9er ensity @Eatt.m ,A, as it seems more a66ro6riate to 6ro>e5ts of entire buil ings) In t8is 9ay esigners 8ave free om of 58oosing lig8ting solutions for 6arti5ular a66li5ations an in ivi ual s6a5es, t8e only limitation being a global figure t8at e6en s on t8e buil ing floor area) Estimates of savings for t8e 98ole E=P&<#+ urban area, in t8e mi -term, base on t8e terms of referen5e 6ro6ose , amount to a66ro1imately +#%% ME8.year in lig8ting alone, 9it8out in5lu ing savings in 5ooling loa s ue to t8e re u5tion of internal gains uring t8e 5ooling season or e1tra savings ue to some egree of automation, an e15lu ing urban e;ui6ment) As t8is is a ty6i5al en -use 98i58 is s6e5ifi5 to ele5tri5ity, lo5al aut8orities must 6lay an essential role, besi es influen5ing esign a5tivities, ne1t to resi ential 5onsumers, by en5ouraging t8em to use energy effi5ient lam6s an systems) Com6a5t fluores5ent lam6s @C0(A must be a5tively 6romote even, if ne5essary, 9it8out t8e utility<s 5o-o6eration, 98i58 9ill not feel t8e 6ressure of 5om6etition from ot8er energy forms in t8is 6arti5ular en -use) Control functions design and building automation In a buil ing esigne an e;ui66e a55or ing to energy effi5ien5y 5on5erns, in5lu ing 6assive solar solutions an effi5ient a5tive evi5es, t8ere is a margin still available for effi5ien5y gains, relate to t8e 9ay t8at a5tive systems are 6lanne to be use an t8e 9ay t8ey are a5tually use ) 0rom t8e stri5t 6oint of vie9 of rational use of energy, t8e 6rovision of a e;uate 5ontrol fun5tions or evi5es is mainly useful for

in5reasing t8e 6ossibility of avoi ing 9aste ue to ill-informe esign, 8uman negligen5e or la5: of a9areness) It allo9s energy servi5es to be 6rovi e at a e;uate levels 9it8 minimum 5onsum6tion) '9o ifferent as6e5ts must be ta:en into 5onsi eration3 t8e esign, lo5ation an ease of use of manual 5ontrols, an systems automation) '8ere is a 8ig8 iversity of solutions to buil ing automation @in5lu ing 8ome automationA nee s) A number of system ty6es e1ists for t8e resi ential mar:et, for e1am6le, t8at use ifferent 5ommuni5ations me ia an 6rovi e a great variety of fun5tions, from energy management to se5urity, fire ete5tion, remote 5ontrol, et5)) Many available systems use e i5ate 5on u5tors for su66orting 5ommuni5ations, alt8oug8 a number of t8em also may use t8e 6o9er lines for t8e same 6ur6ose, avoi ing t8e e1isten5e of a s6e5ifi5 5ommuni5ations net9or:) Ben5e, any re5ommen ation for buil ing esigners in t8is area must in5lu e t8e nee of a e i5ate net9or: of 5on u5tors in ne9 buil ings, to allo9 t8e future installation of energy management systems -- or buil ing, or 8ome automation systems at large -- if t8ey are not an integral 6art of t8e initial esign) Some 8ome a66lian5e manufa5turers are in5lu ing or 5onsi ering t8e in5lusion of energy 5onsum6tion self-metering 5a6abilities into a66lian5es, toget8er 9it8 5ommuni5ation 5a6abilities) '8is allo9s for t8e 6ossible integration of su58 a66lian5es in t8e 5onte1t of sub-metering an automate energy management fun5tions an .or systems) If t8e buil ing esign oes not ta:e t8is 6ossibility into a55ount a very effe5tive 6otential for energy management may be 9aste ) Fluid movement loads Eater 6um6s an ventilation fans re6resent im6ortant loa s in most buil ings, asso5iate to BHAC systems) '8ere are t8ree main as6e5ts t8at, on5e a e;uately 5onsi ere , 5ontribute to a 8ig8 effi5ien5y of energy use in t8ese a66li5ations3 ty6e of motors use in 6um6s an fans, ty6e of motor rives an automati5 5ontrol) Automati5 5ontrol -- 6rovi e by energy management systems @EMSA -- 5an restrain t8e use of 6um6s an fans to t8e 6erio s 98en t8ey are stri5tly ne5essary -- a small 6erio of running time avoi e every ay, for t8e usual rate 6o9er values amounts to big savings on a yearly basis) Desi es, t8e total number of 6um6s in o6eration at a given time e6en s on t8e loa ing of t8e Fone to be 5on itione , 98i58 5an be assesse by an EMS) Hariable s6ee rives @HS7A allo9 t8e 5ontinuous 5ontrol of 6um6 s6ee an t8en5e of flo9 rate 9it8 mu58 less energy 5onsum6tion t8an if flo9 5ontrol is im6lemente t8roug8 t8rottle valves) Desi es, HS7 are easily integrate in EMS t8at 5an ta:e a vantage of t8e smoot8ness of 5ontrol offere by HS7) &6erating 5ost of 6um6ing an ventilation systems 5an be minimise 9it8 a66ro6riate 5ombination of 6lant loa ing, s9it58-on time, 9ater tem6erature or air tem6erature an 9ater flo9 rate or air flo9 rate) Also, 8ammer effe5ts in t8e 9ater systems an 6o9er surges on start-u6 are negative 68enomena 98i58 are avoi e 9it8 HS7) Big8 effi5ien5y motors 5an re6resent big savings for long running times, as is t8e 5ase for BHAC a66li5ations) An t8ey 8ave also a better be8aviour 98en 5ontrolle t8roug8 HS7 t8an t8eir Gas usualG 5ounter6arts) Other opportunities '9o furt8er ire5tions s8oul be seriously 5onsi ere in 6romoting energy effi5ien5y, bot8 8aving to o 9it8 5onsumer e u5ation an tra e-ally 5o-o6eration) A66lian5e labelling is 6resently man atory for some omesti5 e;ui6ment, an ot8er a66lian5es 9ill soon follo9) &n one 8an , a5tive mar:eting of t8e a vantages of 8ig8 effi5ien5y a66lian5es s8oul be targete to 5onsumers at large) &n t8e ot8er 8an , in t8ose 5ases 98ere some a66lian5es are an integral 6art of t8e 9ellings or a6artments for sale, anti5i6ate influen5e s8oul be e1erte on buil ers in or er to ensure t8e a66lian5es to install are effi5ient enoug8 for t8em to use t8is fa5t as a mar:eting argument) Consi eration may be given to t8e efinition of lo9er boun s to effi5ien5y of t8ese a66lian5es as a etail of a 6ossible buil ing Ge5o-labellingG 6rogramme) Systems must be maintaine by a great number of reasons) Essentially, be5ause t8e servi5e t8ey 6rovi e may be at sta:e after some time of o6eration if t8ey are not a e;uately maintaine ) Dut, as a general rule, even 98ile t8ey :ee6 on 6rovi ing t8e servi5e t8ey 8ave been esigne for, effi5ien5y 9ill ro6 in5reasingly 9it8 time) '8is 8a66ens 9it8 6assive solar evi5es, 9it8 artifi5ial lig8ting systems, 9it8 ele5tri5 motors, 9it8 BHAC systems, 9it8 a5tive solar systems, et5) It is not t8e 6ur6ose of t8is te1t to 6rovi e a best 6ra5ti5e manual for systems maintenan5e) Bo9ever, t8is issue is of su58 a great im6ortan5e t8at it s8oul also be one of t8e man atory ones to 5onsi er in 5am6aigns of 5onsumer e u5ation, s6e5ially ire5te at energy managers of buil ings an organisations) Sustainability of investments in effi5ien5y e6en on it to a large e1tent) It re;uires a vi5e not only at te58ni5al level but also at organisational level, in5lu ing maintenan5e management) Dispersed generation

7is6erse utilisation of t8ermal solar a5tive systems in buil ings at t8e E=P&<#+ site is strongly 5on itione by t8e e1isten5e of t8e 7BC net9or:) E8en esigning ea58 buil ing, every 6ossible 5onfiguration an fun5tion of an a5tive system must be 5arefully assesse against t8e 6ossibility of using t8e 7BC flui s) '8e table belo9 lists some of t8e 6ossible o6tions) Some 6ossible o6tions of t8ermal a5tive solar systems use 'e58nology o6tions 'y6e of use S6e5ial re;uirements Solar 5olle5tors 9it8 gas firing Eater 8eating, s6a5e su66ort 8eating Solar 5olle5tors 9it8 ele5tri5al Eater 8eating, s6a5e May re;uire storage to ta:e resistan5e su66ort 8eating a vantage of lo9 ele5tri5ity nig8t rates Solar 5olle5tors 9it8 8eat 6um6 Eater 8eating, s6a5e Detter 9it8 storage to ta:e su66ort 8eating a vantage of lo9 ele5tri5ity nig8t rates Solar 5olle5tors 5ombine 9it8 Eater 8eating, s6a5e Detter 9it8 storage to ta:e absor6tion 58iller for 8eating an 8eating an 5ooling a vantage of lo9 ele5tri5ity 5ooling, 9it8 8eat 6um6 su66ort nig8t rates Similar 5onsi erations may be ma e on t8e 6ossibility of using small-s5ale 5o-generation systems in buil ings, for lo5al 8eat generation an some egree of autonomous ele5tri5ity su66ly) Also 6ro u5ing 5ol by means of absor6tion 58illers or even 5om6ressor 58illers riven by 6art of t8e generate ele5tri5ity may be assesse at esign stage) P8otovoltai5 @PHA 6anels are also a 6ossibility of 6artially satisfying buil ings< ele5tri5ity eman ) Solutions to integrate t8ese evi5es in ar58ite5tural esign e1ist for some years an is not limite to verti5al faJa e elements) In 6arti5ular, 98en s8a ing evi5es are 6lanne for Sout8 faJa es, t8ey 5an 6rovi e me58ani5al su66ort to PH 6anels) '8oug8 limitations to out6ut effi5ien5y ue to non-o6timal 6anel tilt also a66ly, t8ey are not ne5essarily so im6ortant as 98en using verti5al mounting be5ause, 98en using s8a ing evi5es as su66ort, 8oriFontal mounting is not man atory) Care s8oul be ta:en 98en esigning t8e systems to 5oe1ist 9it8 su66ly from t8e ele5tri5ity istribution gri ) Preferably, esign an im6lementation s8oul be assiste by t8e lo5al ele5tri5ity istributor) 7ue to t8e 6resent 5osts of t8is te58nology, only if some in5entives are foun in t8e fun ing 6rogrammes available, 5ost-benefit life-5y5le analysis 9ill 6ossibly re5ommen its im6lementation) The role of strategic load gro th Energy su66liers at t8e E=P&<#+ -- namely su66lying ele5tri5ity, gas, 8ot an 58ille 9ater -- 9ill fa5e no 5om6etition from ot8ers su66lying t8e same form of energy in t8e near future) Ben5e, 5om6etition for su66lying t8e same energy servi5es 9ill be t8e only form available) In an urban area 98i58 is e16an ing, it is natural t8at t8is form of 5om6etition e1ists, namely be5ause ea58 su66lier 9ill try to e16an its business as mu58 as 6ossible) E1am6les of t8is may s8o9 for instan5e 9it8 t8e gas su66lier 6romoting 9as8ing ma58ines 9it8 in e6en ent 8ot 9ater inlet, on t8e basis of a lo9er energy servi5e 5ost, 98en t8e 5onsumers use gas to 8eat 9ater, or 9it8 t8e ele5tri5ity su66lier 6romoting in u5tion 8eating as a safer, more reliable an more effi5ient alternative to 5onventional 5oo:ing a66lian5es) 0rom a 5onsumer 6oint of vie9, 5ost of su66ly e6en s on t8e final energy 6ri5e an on t8e en -use e;ui6ment effi5ien5y) If 58oi5e is available for bot8 fa5tors -- some uses eman a s6e5ifi5 energy form an t8us 58oi5e is only a66li5able to effi5ien5y -- 5onsumers 8ave a 9i er e5ision omain) '8ey must be 9ell informe to ta:e t8e rig8t e5ision) E8en a su66lier 5annot beat a 5om6etitor t8roug8 energy unit 6ri5e, it 9ill ten to beat 8im t8roug8 en -use a55rue effi5ien5y) Allian5es bet9een energy su66liers an e;ui6ment manufa5turers may arise) Strategi5 loa gro9t8 5an be of great im6ortan5e in t8is 6ro5ess) '8e lo5al aut8ority<s role must be of intensively e u5ating 5onsumers to give t8em unbiase e5ision su66ort, not leaving t8em sub>e5t only to 5ommer5ially-oriente information) Most of t8e times t8is 9ill 6rove to be in t8e interest of environment 6rote5tion in bot8 t8e s8ort- an long-term) Bo9ever, 5o-o6erative efforts among su66liers s8oul also be en5ourage to t8e greatest e1tent 6ossible by t8e lo5al aut8ority) It is not unli:ely t8at 6ubli5ly visible 5o-o6eration is >u ge by su66liers to be benefi5ial in t8e mi -term be5ause it im6roves t8eir 6ubli5 image) '8e su55ess of t8e &bservatory for Energy e6en s also on it) A se5on as6e5t is also 6otentially benefi5ial from an environmental 6ers6e5tive3 5om6etition bet9een is6erse an 5entralise generation.su66ly) 0rom 98at 8as been sai before, t8ere are o6tions of e5entralise generation, namely solar a66li5ations, t8at are even more environmentally benign t8an t8e alrea y 8ig8 stan ar 5entralise solutions available at t8e E=P&<#+ site) '8is o6ens t8e 6ossibility of ne9 a5tors 5oming into s5ene3 is6erse generation e;ui6ment su66liers, eit8er of rene9able energy or of small

5o-generation systems suite for buil ings) '8is 6ossibility s8oul at least not be is5ourage ) If t8e 6resent orientation of 6rovi ing 5onsultan5y to buil ing esigners :ee6s on being a66lie in t8e future, it s8oul e1ten its s5o6e to all a66arently relevant a66li5ations, namely t8ose of integrating is6erse generation systems into buil ings) "onclusion '8e E=P&<#+ site is e;uivalent to a small to9n built on 6ur6ose) '8us, it 8as been 6ossible to 6lan it a55or ing to an energy 5ouns5ious 6ers6e5tive, from t8e layout of t8e streets an o6en s6a5es, to buil ing orientation, efining also stri5t rules for t8e ;uality of t8e buil ings, in or er to ma:e t8em 5omfortable an energy effi5ient)'8e overall a66roa58 ma:es t8e E=P&<#+ site a goo e1am6le of environmentally 5on5erne urban evelo6ment) In t8e 6a6er some 6ossible 9ays of a66lying eman -si e management strategies to su58 an alrea y effi5ient urban system are is5usse , in t8e frame9or: of t8e 6resent liberalisation of t8e 6ortuguese energy mar:et, ta:ing into a55ount t8e roles of t8e various 6ossible agents) #ibliography K"LDerrie, '), Ele5tri5ity E5onomi5s an Planning, Peter Peregrinus (t , IEE, "##,) K,LDerry, (), A revie9 of t8e mar:et 6enetration of US resi ential an 5ommer5ial eman -si e management 6rogrammes, Energy !olicy , vol) ,", no)", "##$) K$LCurtis, ') Stimulating 7eman for Energy Effi5ien5y an 7SM3 t8e Stan ar s of Performan5e an t8e UM E16erien5e, !roc. of the "th. #nt. Energy Efficiency and DSM Conference , Derlin, &5t) "##*) K2LGraJa, (), C) Santana, S) DraFete, A) 7uarte, Communi5ation an Net9or: Stan ar s, !roc. of the OS#M$A%S ES!&#T !ro'ect (or)shop on #ntelligent Energy Metering and Management Systems , (isbon, &5tober "##2) K*LGellings, C), '8en N No9 - '8e Pers6e5tive of t8e Man E8o Coine t8e 'erm 7SM, Energy !olicy , vol ,2, no)2, A6ril "##-) K-LMartins, A) E B) Oorge, 7eman -Si e Management in (ess 7evelo6e Eestern Countries3 a Realisti5 &6tion P, !roc. of the "th. #nt. Energy Efficiency and DSM Conference , Derlin, &5t) "##*) K/LMartins, A), E5onomi5 Effi5ien5y vs) Energy Effi5ien5y3 Dalan5e or PressureP, !roc. of the *++, ECEEE Summer Study , Oune "##/) K+LNorris, O), Conservation In5entives3 Dalan5ing Ris: an Re9ar , !ublic -tilities Fortnightly , Ma58 "*, "##$) K#L&leru6, D), '8e Sto5:8olm lig8ting 6rogramme, -tilities !olicy , vol)2, no)2, &5t) "##2) K"%LSelmer, O), Energy-5onservation management in organisations, #nt. /ournal of Energy &esearch , vol) "/, no),,"-,,/, "##$) K""LS9in en, 7), Energy Effi5ien5y an 7SM in a Com6etitive Energy Mar:et, !roc. of the "th. #nt. Energy Efficiency and DSM Conference , Derlin, &5t) "##*) K",LS9is8er, O), ( C8ristiansson an C) Be enstrQm, 7ynami5s of energy effi5ient lig8ting, Energy !olicy , vol ,,, no)/, "##2) K"$LEffi5ien5y3 a Bar S8ell, E!&# /ournal, vol) "#, no)/, &5t.Nov "##2) K"2LA van5e (ig8ting Gui elines3 "##$, US 7e6artment of Energy, California Energy Commission, Ele5tri5 Po9er Resear58 Institute, "##$) K"*LDuil ing Energy Effi5ien5y, Congress of t8e Unite States - &ffi5e of 'e58nology Assessment, Eas8ington 7C, "##,) K"-LCalifornia Co e of Regulations - A ministrative Regulations - Energy Effi5ien5y Stan ar s for Resi ential an Nonresi ential Duil ings, California Energy Commission, Ouly "##*) K"/L(ig8ting Ban boo: - Referen5e N A66li5ation, Illuminating Engineering So5iety of Nort8 Ameri5a, "##$) K"+LMi -'erm Energy Plan - Bistori5al Centre of Coimbra, EU RECI'E - Rebuil Programme, INESC, "##*) K"#L&C7E, (<Energie ans la Hille - Manuel e bonne gestion lo5ale, (es E itions e l<&C7E, "##*) K,%LMartins, A), 7eman -Si e Management Strategies for t8e E=P&<#+ Site, INESC Re6ort R'C.%,.#/, Ouly "##/)) Appendi$ - %eneral guidelines for energy efficient artificial lighting !o er density limits '8ere are a number of 6ro6osals for limiting 6o9er ensity of lig8ting loa s in buil ings) Some stan ar s even establis8 a set of 5om6le1 rules for buil ing esign an also several ifferent a66roa58es) '8e 6ur6ose of t8e follo9ing te1t is to 6rovi e a sim6le a66roa58, a 58ara5teristi5 98i58 is believe to in5rease its 6otential a66li5ability)

"%

In t8e follo9ing table, a limite list of buil ing 5ategories is 6resente , ea58 5orres6on ing to a 6o9er ensity in Eatt.m ,) Duil ing esigners 5an t8us ma:e 58oi5es about lig8ting systems esign, most 6robably 8aving to 5onsi er aylig8t as a :ey fa5tor, as 9ell as t8e best effi5ien5y lig8ting system 5om6onents available, as t8e figures in t8e table are some98at 5onservative) Ben5e, a li:ely result, on average, 9ill ten to 5onsist of e1tensive use of fluores5ent lam6s for general lig8ting, 6referably 9it8 ele5troni5 ballasts, an 5om6a5t fluores5ent lam6s @C0(A for tas: lig8ting) Re5ommen e 6o9er ensities for lig8ting in buil ings &ype of use 'att(m) General 5ommer5ial an in ustrial 9or: buil ings # In ustrial an 5ommer5ial storage buil ings Bos6itals, me i5al buil ings an 5lini5s "% &ffi5e buil ings "" Au itorium an 5onvention 5entres, religious 9ors8i6 "2 Restaurants "% Retail an 98olesale stores "2 S58ools "" '8eatres ", Botels "% All ot8ers @in5lu ing resi entialA # Maintenance Stri5t observation of 5ertain maintenan5e rules is a ire5t 5onse;uen5e of 5onservative lig8ting esign, an s8oul be formally a resse as one of t8e :ey-issues of 5ustomer e u5ation on systems maintenan5e) As 5a6a5ity is ne5essarily efine 9it8 some egree of toleran5e -- using t8e so-5alle maintenan5e fa5tor -to a55ount for out6ut e6re5iation of lam6s 9it8 age, lig8ting systems are usually o6erate above stan ar levels of illuminan5e for t8e entire useful life-s6an of lam6s) Conservative esign eman s t8at e6re5iation of out6ut is 5om6ensate by 6erio i5 5orre5tive a5tions a ressing t8e fa5tors res6onsible for t8e e6re5iation, namely irt a55umulate on surfa5es of lam6s an fi1tures) Ben5e, 6erio i5 5leaning o6erations are re5ommen e ) A itionally, 6erio i5 grou6 relam6ing is a must) In fa5t, t8e usual 6ra5ti5e of in ivi ual lam6 re6la5ement on outage is too 5ostly, lea ing to situations 98ere re6la5ements o55ur only after a 5ertain number of lam6s burns out) Conservatively esigne systems 9ill not 6rovi e a e;uate illuminan5e un er t8ese 5ir5umstan5es) '8e re5ommen e 6ra5ti5e is to re6la5e all t8e lam6s after /%-+%I of rate life) '8is is imme iately before massive burn-out 9ill o55ur) '8e 6erio of time 5orres6on ing to t8e 6er5entage referre e6en s on t8e 6attern of use of t8e lig8ting system, 98i58 must be assesse a55or ing to t8e o55u6an5y 6erio of t8e buil ing or s6a5e an t8e lig8ting re;uirements) '8e follo9ing 9ell :no9n figure e6i5ts t8e effe5ts of 6erio i5 maintenan5e on t8e amount of artifi5ial lig8t available)

Effe5ts of 6erio i5 maintenan5e on t8e amount of useful lig8t Control strategies (ig8ting 5ontrol strategies may be 5lassifie a55or ing to t8ree main variables3 5ontrol mo e, trigger sour5e an te58nology) '8e 5ontrol mo e may be manual or automati5) E8en a s6a5e or buil ing is automati5ally 5ontrolle , 5ontrol a5tions may be triggere by time, assuming a fi1e s58e ule for t8e 6resen5e of 6eo6le, or t8roug8

""

ete5tion of 6eo6le<s motion or 6resen5e) '8is re;uires t8e use of o55u6an5y sensors in t8e 5ontrolle s6a5es, usually of infrare or ultrasoni5 te58nology) In an o55u6ie s6a5e, lig8ting 5an be 5ontrolle to a55ount for aylig8t, in a 9ay t8at saves as mu58 ele5tri5ity as aylig8t is available) '8is may be a55om6lis8e t8roug8 imming -- ste69ise or smoot8 lig8t out6ut variation, usually 9it8 ele5troni5 ballasts -- or t8roug8 ste69ise s9it58ing of lig8ting 5ir5uits) If s9it58ing is use , a66ro6riate segregation of 5ir5uits must be a55ounte for in t8e esign, eit8er for manual or automati5 5ontrol) E8en manual 5ontrol is use , s9it58es must be labelle so t8at it is 5lear to t8e user 98i58 5ir5uit is e6en ent on ea58 s9it58) '8e 5ir5uits must be organise in su58 a 9ay t8at fi1tures are arrange in ro9s 6arallel to t8e 9in o9e 9all, to 6rovi e sele5tive s9it58ing) Eligibility of lig8ting 5ontrol strategies a55or ing to ifferent variables Mo e 'e58nology 'rigger sour5e Strategy Manual Automati5 S9it58ing 'ime s58e uling 7aylig8t.art) lig8t) balan5e (umen maintenan5e 'as: tuning &55u6an5y ete5tion 7aylig8t.art) lig8t) balan5e (umen maintenan5e 'as: tuning 7imming 'ime s58e uling 7aylig8t.art) lig8t) balan5e (umen maintenan5e 'as: tuning &55u6an5y ete5tion 7aylig8t.art) lig8t) balan5e (umen maintenan5e 'as: tuning - eligible - not eligible

Eit8 lumen maintenan5e a 68oto5ell is use to measure illuminan5e in t8e lig8te s6a5e an , a55or ing to t8e level ete5te , lam6 out6ut is a >uste t8roug8 imming so t8at illuminan5e rea58es t8e esign value) '8us, 6o9er re;uire by t8e lig8ting system 9ill be minimum 98en lam6s are ne9 an 9ill rea58 a66ro1imately rate value only 98en lam6s rea58 t8eir rate o6erating life) In or er to be a66li5able, lumen maintenan5e re;uires imming 5a6ability) f u ll p o w e r am o u n t po w er e n e rg y e n e rg y o f lig h t u sed saved sav ed a c t u a l p o w e r w a s te d lig h t w a s te d lig h t used
d e s ig n lig h t le v e l c le a n in g and r e la m p in g 3 y e a rs

3 y e a rs 2 1 2 (umen maintenan5e, rig8t, as o66ose to 6ermanent full 6o9er use, left)

'as: tuning 5onsists of 6rovi ing lig8t to s6e5ifi5 lo5ations 98ere a 5ertain tas: is 6erforme , 98en ne5essary, maintaining only a general ba5:groun lig8t level) 'as: lig8ts may be manually or automati5ally 5ontrolle ) As a general rule to automate systems 9it8in buil ings, also a66li5able to automati5 5ontrol of lig8ting, t8ere s8oul al9ays be 6rovision for su6er6osition of manual 5ontrol over automati5 5ontrol) %eat Beat removing or air-8an ling fi1tures 5an be very effe5tive for t9o main reasons3 on one 8an , t8ey allo9 t8e 5olle5tion of 8eat issi6ate by lig8ting e;ui6ment an its re5overy in t8e 8eating season or re>e5tion in t8e 5ooling season, bot8 situations 5orres6on ing to savings in BHAC loa s? on t8e ot8er 8an , 5onve5tion air flo9 im6roves lam6 an fi1ture o6eration -- it re u5es lam6 tem6erature, in5reasing

",

effi5ien5y, an re u5es t8e rate of irt e6osition on t8e fi1ture an lam6s surfa5es, e1ten ing t8e 6erio s bet9een maintenan5e 5leaning o6erations)

"$