8.44: Consider the flow of oil at 10C in a 40-cm-diameter pipeline at an average velocity of 0.5 m/s.

A 300-m-long
section of the pipeline passes through icy waters of a lake at 0C.
Measurements indicate that the surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly 0C. Disregarding the thermal
resistance of the pipe material, determine (a) the temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake, (b) the rate of
heat transfer from the oil, and (c) the pumping power required to overcome the pressure losses and to maintain the
flow oil in the pipe.
Oil flows through a pipeline that passes through icy waters of a lake. The exit temperature of the
oil and the rate of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is very
nearly 0C. 3 The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 The inner surfaces of the pipeline
are smooth. 5 The flow is hydrodynamically developed when the pipeline reaches the lake.
Properties The properties of oil at 10C are (Table A-13)

28750 Pr C, J/kg. 1838
/s m 10 2591 kg/m.s, 325 . 2
C W/m. 146 . 0 , kg/m 5 . 893
2 6 -
3
= =
= u =
= =
p
C
k

Analysis (a) The Reynolds number in this case is
19 . 77
/s m 10 2591
m) m/s)(0.4 (0.5
Re
2 6
=

= =

u
h m
D V

which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length is roughly
m 384 , 44 ) m 4 . 0 )( 28750 )( 19 . 77 ( 05 . 0 Pr Re 05 . 0 = = = D L
t

which is much longer than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we assume thermally
developing flow, and determine the Nusselt number from
| |
47 . 24
) 750 , 28 )( 19 . 77 (
m 300
m 4 . 0
04 . 0 1
) 750 , 28 )( 19 . 77 (
m 300
m 4 . 0
065 . 0
66 . 3
Pr Re ) / ( 04 . 0 1
Pr Re ) / ( 065 . 0
66 . 3
3 / 2 3 / 2
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+
+ = =
L D
L D
k
hD
Nu
and C . W/m 930 . 8 ) 47 . 24 (
m 4 . 0
C W/m. 146 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
Next we determine the exit temperature of oil

kg/s 56.14 = m/s) (0.5
4
m) (0.4
) kg/m 5 . 893 (
4
m 377 = m) m)(300 4 . 0 (
2
3
2
2
t t

t t
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
= =
m m c
s
D
A V m
DL A
V V

C 9.68 = = =

) 1838 )( 14 . 56 (
) 377 )( 930 . 8 (
) /(
) 10 0 ( 0 ) ( e e T T T T
p s
C m hA
i s s e


(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the oil are

kW 3.31 = = = A =
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= A
W 10 31 . 3 ) C 84 . 9 )( m 377 )( C . W/m 930 . 8 (
C 84 . 9
10 0
68 . 9 0
ln
10 68 . 9
ln
4 2 2
ln
ln
T hA Q
T T
T T
T T
T
s
i s
e s
i e

Oil
10C
0.5 m/s

T
e

(Icy lake, 0C)

L = 300 m


D = 0.4 m
The friction factor is
8291 . 0
19 . 77
64
Re
64
= = = f
Then the pressure drop in the pipe and the required pumping power become
kW 4.364
V
= |
.
|

\
|

= A =
= |
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

= A
/s m kPa 1
kW 1
) kPa 54 . 69 )( /s m 0628 . 0 (
kPa 54 . 69
kN/m 1
kPa 1
m/s kg 1000
kN 1
2
) m/s 5 . 0 )( kg/m 5 . 893 (
m 4 . 0
m 300
8291 . 0
2
3
3
u pump,
2
2 3 2
P V W
D
L
f P
m


Discussion The power input determined is the mechanical power that needs to be imparted to the
fluid. The shaft power will be much more than this due to pump inefficiency; the electrical power
input will be even more due to motor inefficiency.


8.41: Hot air at atmospheric pressure and 85C enters a 10-m-long uninsulated square duct of cross section 0.15 m
x 0.15 m that passes through the attic of a house at a rate of 0.10 m3/s. The duct is observed to be nearly isothermal
at 70C. Determine the exit temperature of the air and the rate of heat loss from the duct to the air space in the attic.
Answers: 75.7C, 941 W

8-41 Flow of hot air through uninsulated square ducts of a heating system in the attic is
considered. The exit temperature and the rate of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3
Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 80C since the mean temperature
of air at the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at a
lower temperature. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)

7154 . 0 Pr
C J/kg. 1008
/s m 10 097 . 2
C W/m. 02953 . 0
kg/m 9994 . 0
2 5 -
3
=
=
=
=
=
p
C
k
u

Analysis The characteristic length that is the hydraulic
diameter, the mean velocity of air, and the Reynolds
number are
D
A
P
a
a
a
h
c
= = = =
4 4
4
015
2
. m
m/s 444 . 4
m) 15 . 0 (
/s m 10 . 0
2
3
= = =
c
m
A
V

V
791 , 31
/s m 10 097 . 2
m) m/s)(0.15 (4.444
Re
2 5
=

= =

u
h m
D V

which is greater than 10,0000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case
are roughly
m 5 . 1 m) 15 . 0 ( 10 10 = = ~ ~
h t h
D L L
Air
85C
0.1 m
3
/min
10 m
70C
T
e

which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
16 . 83 ) 7154 . 0 ( ) 791 , 31 ( 023 . 0 Pr Re 023 . 0
3 . 0 8 . 0 3 . 0 8 . 0
= = = =
k
hD
Nu
h

Heat transfer coefficient is
C . W/m 37 . 16 ) 16 . 83 (
m 15 . 0
C W/m. 02953 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
h

Next we determine the exit temperature of air,

kg/s 0.09994 = /s) m )(0.10 kg/m 9994 . 0 (
m 6 = m) m)(10 15 . 0 ( 4 4
3 3
2
= =
= =
V m
aL A
s

C 75.7 = = =

) 1008 )( 09994 . 0 (
) 6 )( 37 . 16 (
) /(
) 85 70 ( 70 ) ( e e T T T T
p
C m hA
i s s e


Then the logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air becomes

W 941.1 = = A =
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= A
) C 58 . 9 )( m 6 )( C . W/m 37 . 16 (
C 58 . 9
85 70
7 . 75 70
ln
85 7 . 75
ln
2 2
ln
ln
T hA Q
T T
T T
T T
T
s
i s
e s
i e

Note that the temperature of air drops by almost 10C as it flows in the duct as a result of heat
loss.


9.34: Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide glass window with a thickness of 6 mm, thermal conductivity k = 0.78
W/m C, and emissivity e = 0.9. The room and the walls that face the window are maintained at 25C, and the
average temperature of the inner surface of the window is measured to be 5C. If the temperature of the outdoors is
-5C, determine (a) the convection heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the window, (b) the rate of total
heat transfer through the window, and (c) the combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient on
the outer surface of the window. Is it reasonable to neglect the thermal resistance of the glass in this case?


A glass window is considered. The convection heat transfer coefficient on the inner side of the window, the
rate of total heat transfer through the window, and the combined natural convection and radiation heat
transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the window are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with
constant properties. 3 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and the film temperature of
(T
s
+T

)/2 = (5+25)/2 = 15C are (Table A-15)

1 -
2 5
K 003472 . 0
K ) 273 15 (
1 1
7323 . 0 Pr
/s m 10 471 . 1
C W/m. 02476 . 0
=
+
= =
=
=
=

f
T
k
|
u

Analysis (a) The characteristic length in this case is the height of the window, m. 2 . 1 = = L L
c
Then,

Outdoors
-5C
Glass
T
s
= 5C
L = 1.2 m
Room
T

= 25C

9
2 2 5
3 -1 2
2
3
10 986 . 3 ) 7323 . 0 (
) /s m 10 471 . 1 (
) m 2 . 1 )( K 5 25 )( K 3472 0 . 0 )( m/s 81 . 9 (
Pr
) (
=

0
u
|
c s
L T T g
Ra
7 . 189
7323 . 0
492 . 0
1
) 10 986 . 3 ( 387 . 0
825 . 0
Pr
492 . 0
1
Ra 387 . 0
825 . 0
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1 9
2
27 / 8
16 / 9
6 / 1
=

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+

+ =

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+ = Nu

2
m 4 . 2 m) m)(2 2 . 1 (
) 7 . 189 (
m 2 . 1
C W/m. 02476 . 0
= =
=

= =
s
A
Nu
L
k
h C . W/m 3.915
2

(b) The sum of the natural convection and radiation heat transfer from the room to the window is
W 9 . 187 C ) 5 25 )( m 4 . 2 )( C . W/m 915 . 3 ( ) (
2 2
convection
= = =
s s
T T hA Q

W 3 . 234 ] ) K 273 5 ( ) K 273 25 )[( .K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( m 4 . 2 )( 9 . 0 (
) (
4 4 4 2 8 2
4 4
radiation
= + + =
=

s surr s
T T A Q o c

W 422.2 = + = + = 3 . 234 9 . 187
radiation convection total
Q Q Q


(c) The outer surface temperature of the window can be determined from
C 65 . 3
) m 4 . 2 )( C W/m. 78 . 0 (
) m 006 . 0 )( W 346 (
C 5 ) (
2
total
, , , , total
=

= = =
s
i s o s o s i s
s
kA
t Q
T T T T
t
kA
Q

Then the combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient on the outer window surface becomes
C . W/m 20.35
2
=

=

=
=

C )] 5 ( 65 . 3 )[ m 4 . 2 (
W 346
) (
or
) (
2
, ,
total
combined
, , combined total
o o s s
o o s s
T T A
Q
h
T T A h Q

Note that AT QR =

and thus the thermal resistance R of a layer is proportional to the temperature drop
across that layer. Therefore, the fraction of thermal resistance of the glass is equal to the ratio of the
temperature drop across the glass to the overall temperature difference,
4.5%) (or 045 . 0
) 5 ( 25
65 . 3 5
total
glass
total
glass
=

=
A
A
=
TR
T
R
R

which is low. Thus it is reasonable to neglect the thermal resistance of the glass.