Experimental Study On Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC

Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL

Concrete is a !ersatile material" #hich is #idely used for construction material in the #orld$ %t is obtained by mixin& cementitious materials" #ater" a&&re&ate and sometimes admixtures in re'uired proportions$ Fresh concrete or plastic concrete is freshly mixed material #hich can be moulded into any shape hardens into a roc(-li(e mass (no#n as concrete$ )he hardenin& is because of chemical reaction bet#een #ater and cement" #hich continues for lon& period leadin& to stron&er #ith a&e$ Concrete is the preferred construction material in %ndia$ )he cement production has increased" than(s" mainly* to the rene#ed thrust on infrastructure de!elopment in the country$ %n the past fi!e-six years me&a construction pro+ects in!ol!in& the use of concrete ha!e been executed in the country in alar&e number$ Some of them include construction of a lar&e number of flyo!ers" ,elhi metro rail" atomic and thermal po#er plants" &olden 'uadran&le road pro+ect" and reconstruction of -u+arat after .anuary 2001 earth'ua(e" etc$ )he 'uality and type of concretes bein& employed ha!e under&one a transformation #ith the use of state of the art concrete technolo&y$ /mon&st the recent de!elopments in the field of concrete such as 0i&h 1erformance Concrete 201C3" Compacted Reinforced Concrete 2CRC3 Reacti!e 1o#der Concrete 2R1C3" Self-compactin& Concrete" etc$" 01C could find applications in %ndia in some of the presti&ious pro+ects$ 4156
1.2 CONCRETE AND ITS QUALITY

Concrete 7 Cement 8 Sand 8 /&&re&ate 8 Water 8 /dmixtures 8 /ir$ )he mixture of cement and #ater is called paste$ )he function of paste is to bind sand and a&&re&ate particles by the chemical process of hydration$ %t also fills the !oid ratio bet#een sand and a&&re&ate particles$ )he stren&th of concrete depends upon the properties of cement" sand" a&&re&ates" etc$
9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 )he <rdinary 1ortland Cement 2<1C3 is one of the main in&redients used for the production of concrete and has no alternati!e in the ci!il construction industry$ =nfortunately" production of cement in!ol!es emission of lar&e amounts of carbon-dioxide &as into the atmosphere" a ma+or contributor for &reenhouse effect and the &lobal #armin&" hence it is ine!itable either to search for another material or partly replace it by some other material$ )he search for any such material" #hich can be used as an alternati!e or as a supplementary for cement should lead to &lobal sustainable de!elopment and lo#est possible en!ironmental impact$ Fly ash" -round -ranulated 9last furnace Sla&" Rice hus( ash" 0i&h Reacti!e ;eta(aolin" silica fume are some of the po>>olanic materials #hich can be used in concrete as partial replacement of cement$ / number of studies are &oin& on in %ndia as #ell as abroad to study the impact of use of these po>>olanic materials as cement replacements and the results are encoura&in&$ )he stren&th" durability and other characteristic of concrete depends on the properties of its in&redients" proportion of mix" method of compaction and other controls durin& placin& and curin&$ Chemical and mineral admixtures and methods to produce concrete of needed characteristics are discussed$ )he concrete mix proportion has an important influence on producin& &ood 'uality concrete$ )ypical data of stren&ths of concrete for different #ater-cementitious materials ratios #ith different percenta&es of fly ash or &round &ranulated blast furnace sla& sho# that such concretes are comparable made usin& 5 -&rade ordinary 1ortland cement #ithout any fly ash ?&round &ranulated blast furnace sla&$ 0o#e!er" #hen silica fume is used #ith super plasticiser" the stren&th of concrete can be increased to @0 to A0;1a$4126 Buality of concrete depends on the constituent materials" their proportions" mixin&" transportin&" placin&" compaction and curin& of concrete$ )he concrete #ith proper mix proportion has the needed #or(ability and de!elops the tar&eted compressi!e stren&th$ Efficient concrete mixers are needed to mix the in&redients and to produce a cohesi!e and #or(able concrete$ Concrete admixtures play an important role in pro!idin& the needed #or(ability for transportin& and placin&
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 the concrete in the form#or($ <nce the concrete is placed and consolidated by compaction in the form#or(" protected and cured properly" it should be a &ood 'uality concrete" and is expected to perform satisfactorily in the ser!ice life$4126 Sometimes" a supposedly &ood 'uality concrete does not perform satisfactorily in the ser!ice life$ <ne of the reasons for such a performance could be the al(ali a&&re&ate reaction$ )he al(ali of cement reacts #ith the reacti!e constituents such as reacti!e silica or reacti!e carbonate of a&&re&ates in the presence of moisture$ )his reaction is harmful and e!entually the concrete &ets distressed and crac(ed$ Corrosion of rebars could be another reason for non-performance$4126 ;odifications ha!e made from time to time to o!ercome the deficiencies of cement concrete$ )he recent de!elopments in the material and construction technolo&y ha!e led to si&nificant chan&es resultin& in impro!ed performance" #ider and more economical use$ Research #or( is &oin& on in !arious concrete research laboratories to &et impro!ement in the performance of concrete$ /ttempts are bein& made for impro!ements in the follo#in& areas$ %mpro!ement in mechanical properties li(e compressi!e stren&th" tensile stren&th" flexural stren&th etc$ %mpro!ement in durability in terms of increased chemical and free>e than resistances$ %mpro!ement in impermeability" thermal insulation" abrasion" s(id resistance etc$
1.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE

%$ %%$ %%%$ 0i&h 1erformance Concrete 0i&h Stren&th Concrete Reacti!e 1o#der Concrete
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 %:$ Self-Compactin& Concrete
1.3.1 High Perfor !"#e Co"#re$e

0i&h-performance concrete 201C3 exceeds the properties and constructability of normal concrete$ Normal and special materials are used to ma(e these specially desi&ned concretes that must meet a combination of performance re'uirements$ Special mixin&" placin&" and curin& practices may be needed to produce and handle hi&h-performance concrete$ Extensi!e performance tests are usually re'uired to demonstrate compliance #ith specific pro+ect needs$ 0i&h-performance concrete has been primarily used in tunnels" brid&es" and tall buildin&s for its stren&th" durability" and hi&h modulus of elasticity$ %t has also been used in shotcrete repair" poles" par(in& &ara&es" and a&ricultural applications$ 0i&h performance concrete characteristics are de!eloped for particular applications and en!ironments" some of the properties that may be re'uired include* C 0i&h stren&th C 0i&h early stren&th C 0i&h modulus of elasticity C 0i&h abrasion resistance C 0i&h durability and lon& life in se!ere en!ironments C Do# permeability and diffusion C Resistance to chemical attac( C 0i&h resistance to frost and deicer scalin& dama&e C )ou&hness and impact resistance C :olume stability C Ease of placement C Compaction #ithout se&re&ation C %nhibition of bacterial and mould &ro#th
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0i&h-performance concretes are made #ith carefully selected hi&h-'uality in&redients and optimi>ed mixture desi&nsE these are batched" mixed" placed" compacted and cured to the hi&hest industry standards$ )ypically" such concretes #ill ha!e a lo# #ater cementin& materials ratio of 0$20 to 0$5F$ 1lastici>ers are usually used to ma(e these concretes fluid and #or(able$ 0i&h-performance concrete almost al#ays has a hi&her stren&th than normal concrete$ 0o#e!er" stren&th is not al#ays the primary re'uired property$ For example" a normal stren&th concrete #ith !ery hi&h durability and !ery lo# permeability is considered to ha!e hi&h performance properties$ ,emonstrated that 50;1a 2@"000 psi3 hi&h performance concrete for brid&es could be economically made #hile meetin& durability factors for air-!oid system and resistance to chloride penetration$ 1$ $1$1 S!%ie"$ Fe!$&re' of HPC41 6 0i&h Compressi!e stren&th Do# #ater-binder ratio Reduced flocculation of cement &rains Wide ran&e of &rain si>es ,ensified cement paste No bleedin& homo&eneous mix Dess capillary porosity ,iscontinuous pores Stron&er transition >one at the interface bet#een cement paste and a&&re&ate Do# free lime content Endo&enous shrin(a&e 1o#erful confinement of a&&re&ates
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Dittle micro-crac(in& until about @F-A0G of fc( Smooth fracture surface
Fi&$ 1$1 0i&h 1erformance Concrete is often used in brid&es and tall buildin&s
1$ $2 High S$re"g$h Co"#re$e41 6

)he definition of hi&h stren&th chan&es o!er the years as concrete stren&th used in the field increases$ )his publication considers hi&h-stren&th concrete 20SC3 to ha!e a stren&th si&nificantly beyond #hat is used in normal practice$ For example" today about H0G of ready mixed concrete has a 2I-day specified compressi!e stren&th ran&in& from 20;1a 2 000 psi3 to 50;1a 2@000 psi3" #ith most ofit bet#een 2I;1a 25000 psi3 and F;1a 2F000 psi3$)herefore" 0SC considered here has desi&n stren&th of at least A0;1a 210"000 psi3$ )o put the concrete into ser!ice at much earlier a&e" for example openin& the pa!ement at -days$ )o build hi&h-rise buildin&s by reducin& column si>es and increasin& a!ailable space$ )o build the superstructure of lon& span brid&es and to enhance the durability of brid&e dec(s$ 9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar 1a&e @
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 )o satisfy the specific needs of special applications" such as durability" modulus of elasticity and flexural stren&th$ Some of these applications include dams" &randstand roofs" marine foundations" par(in& &ara&es and hea!y duty industrial floors$ 2Note that hi&h stren&th concrete does not &uarantee durable concrete3$ 0i&h-stren&th concrete columns can hold more #ei&ht and therefore be made slimmer than re&ular stren&th concrete columns" #hich allo#s for more useable space" especially in the lo#er floors of buildin&s$ 0i&h-stren&th concrete is specified #here reduced #ei&ht is important or #here architectural considerations call for small support elements$ 9y carryin& loads more efficiently than normal-stren&th concrete" hi&h-stren&th concrete also reduces the total amount of material placed and lo#er the o!erall cost of the structure$ 1.3.2.1 S(e#i!% )e$ho*' For )!+i"g HSC Seedin& Re!ibration 0i&h speed slurry mixin& =se of admixtures %nhibition of crac(s Sulphur impre&nation =se of cementitious a&&re&ate
See*i"g,)his in!ol!es addin& a small percenta&e of finely &round" fully hydrated 1ortland cement to the fresh concrete mix$ )his method may not hold much promise$ Re-i.r!$io",Concrete under &oes plastic shrin(a&e$ ;ixin& #ater creates continuous capillary channels" bleedin& and #ater accumulates at some selected places reducin& stren&th of concrete$ Controlled re!ibration remo!es all these defects and increases the stren&th of concrete$
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 High S(ee* S%&rr/ )i0i"g, %t in!ol!es the ad!anced preparation of cement #ater mixer #hich is then blended #ith a&&re&ate to produce concrete$ 0i&her compressi!e stren&th obtained is attributed to more efficient hydration of cement particle and #ater achie!ed in the !i&orous blendin& of cement paste$ U'e of A* i0$&re', =se of #ater reducin& a&ents are (no#n to produce increase compressi!e stren&th$ I"hi.i$io" of Cr!#+', Replacement of 2- G of fine a&&re&ate by polythene or polystyrene JlentculesK 0$02F mm thic( and -5 mm in diameter results in hi&her stren&th$ )hey appear to acts as crac( arresters #ithout re'uirin& extra #ater for #or(ability$ S&%(h&r I (reg"!$io", Satisfactory hi&h stren&th concrete ha!e been produced by impre&natin& lo# stren&th porous concrete by sulphur$ )he process consist of moist curin& the fresh concrete specimen for 25 hours" dryin& them at 1200 C for 25 hours" immersin& the specimen in molten sulphur under !acuum for 2hrs and then releasin& the !acuum and soa(in& them for an additional hour for further infiltration of sulphur$ )he sulphur infiltrated concrete has &i!en stren&th up to FI;1a$ U'e of Ce e"$i$io&' Aggreg!$e, %t has been found that use of cementitious a&&re&ate has yielded hi&h stren&th$ Cement fondu is a (ind of clin(er$ )his &lassy clin(er #hen finely &round results in a (ind of cement$ When coarsely crushed" it ma(es a (ind of a&&re&ate (no#n as L/D/-M$ =sin& /D/- as a&&re&ate stren&th up to 12F;1a has been obtained #ith #?c ratio 0$ 2$
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Fi& 1$2 )he )#o =nion S'uare buildin& in Seattle used 0i&h 1erformance concrete
Fi&$ 1$ 0i&h 1erformance Concrete
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Fi&$1$5 .$. Flyo!er at ;umbai usin& 0i&h 1erformance Concrete
1.3.3 Re!#$i-e Po1*er Co"#re$e 2RPC341F6

Reacti!e 1o#der Concrete 2R1C3 is the last step in the de!elopment of so-called hi&h performance concrete 201C3$ )he stren&th of this type of concrete is usually abo!e 120 N?mm2$ %ts name" reacti!e po#der concrete is actually only a more precise expression than the name used in technical literature - =01C - =ltra 0i&h 1erformance Concrete" because to ma(e this concrete" !ery fine" reacti!e dry components li(e crushed silica sand" micro-silica" fly ash etc$ #ith a &rain si>e of 00 N 0"2Om are used$ )he production of this (ind of concrete is impossible #ithout special (no#led&e of the used components and manufacturin& technolo&y and curin&$ )echnical literature claims that R1C can reach !alues of stren&th as hi&h as I00 N?mm2 #ith !ery lo# !alue of #?c ratio$ Defi"i$io" of RPC Reacti!e 1o#der Concrete 2R1C3 is a de!elopin& composite material that #ill allo# the concrete industry to optimi>e material use" &enerate economic benefits" and build structures that are stron&" durable" and sensiti!e to en!ironment$ 1.3.3.1 RPC Pro(er$ie' 1$ Compressi!e Stren&th* =p to 120"000 psi 2200 to I0;1a3 2$ 1F"000 psi 2100;1a3 or &reater 25 hours after initial set$
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 $ )ensile Stren&th* 000 to A000 psi 220 to F0;1a" t#ice as stron& as normal concrete in compression3 5$ @-1 ;1a tensile stren&th after first crac(in&$ F$ Flexural Stren&th* P15000 psi 2100;1a3 flexural stren&th at first crac(in& is hi&her than ultimate flexural stren&th of normal concrete$ @$ Qoun&Ms ;odulus F0 to AF -1/ A$ Fracture ener&ies ran&in& from 1F"000 to 50"000 .?mR 2plastic failure rather than brittle3 1.3.3.2 A((%i#!$io" of RPC 1$ R1CMs properties" especially its hi&h stren&th characteristic su&&ests the material mi&ht be &ood for thin&s needin& lo#er structural #ei&ht" &reater structural spans" and e!en in seismic re&ions" it outperforms normal concrete$ 9elo# are a fe# examples of real-#orld applications" thou&h the future possibilities are endless$ 2$ First brid&e that used R1C #as a pedestrian brid&e in Sherbroo(" Buebec" Canada$ 2 "000 psi P2 0;1a3 %t #as used durin& the early days of R1C production$ 0as prompted brid&e buildin& in North /merica" Europe" /ustralia" and /sia$ $ 1ortu&al has used it for sea#all anchors 5$ /ustralia has used it in a !ehicular brid&e F$ France has used it in buildin& po#er plants @$ Bin&hai-)ibet Rail#ay 9rid&e A$ Sha#nessy Di&ht Rail )ransit Station$
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Fi& 1$F /pplications of R1C 9asically" structures needin& li&ht and thin components" thin&s li(e roofs for stadiums" lon& brid&e spans" and anythin& that needs extra safety or security such as blast resistant structures$
1.3.4 Se%f Co (!#$i"g Co"#re$e

Self-compactin& concrete #as first de!eloped in 1HII to achie!e durable concrete structure$ Self-compactin& concrete #as defined as follo#s at the three sta&es of concrete$ 1$ Fresh* self-compactable 2$ Early a&e* a!oidance of initial defects $ /fter hardenin&* protection a&ainst external factors Self-compactin& concrete has e!ol!ed as an inno!ati!e technolo&y" capable of achie!in& the status of bein& an understandin& ad!ancement in the field of concrete technolo&y$ No !ibration is necessary for SCC #hich can flo# around obstructions" encapsulate the reinforcement and fill up the form#or( completely under its o#n self
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 #ei&ht$ With re!olutionary de!elopment" the construction en&ineer is no# reli!ed of t#o annoyin& problems* 1$ )he difficulty in ensurin& throu&h compaction employin& uns(illed labour$ 2$ )he necessity deal #ith repairs and ma(in& &ood finish #or( )he reduce man po#er re'uired for castin& and finishin& leads to increase in the speed of construction$ SCC compacts by itself #ithout the need of !ibration$ Enhanced fillin& capacity of hi&hly con&ested structural members" impro!ed health and safety at site" faster construction time" reduced form#or(" less manpo#er" reduced e'uipment cost" li&hter and more slender structure and impro!ed durability are the ad!anta&es of SCC$ 9y the early 1HH0Ms".apan has de!eloped and used SCC that does not re'uire !ibration to achie!e full compaction$ 9y the year 2000" the SCC has become popular in .apan for prefabricated products and ready mixed concrete$ SCC can be classified in to three types* 1$ 1o#der type SCC 2$ :iscosity a&ent type SCC $ Combination type SCC
1.4FRC 2FI5RE REINFORCED CONCRETE3

%n con!ectional concrete" micro crac(s de!elop e!en before loadin& because of dryin& shrin(a&e and other causes of !olume chan&e$ When the structure is loaded" the micro crac(s open up and propa&ate$ )he de!elopment of such micro-crac(s is the main reason of inelastic deformation in concrete$ )he #ea(ness can be remo!ed by inclusion of small" closely spaced and uniformly dispersed fibres in concrete$ )he addition of fibres in concrete substantially impro!es its static and dynamic properties$ )hese fibres offer increased resistance to crac(
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 &ro#th" throu&h a crac( arrestin& mechanism and impro!e tensile stren&th and ductility of concrete$ Fibre reinforced concrete 2FRC3 can be defined as a composite material consistin& of concrete and discontinuous" discrete" uniform dispersed fine fibres$ )he continuous meshes" #o!en fabrics and lon& #ires or rods are not considered to be discrete fibres$ )he inclusion of fibres in concrete and shotcrete &enerally impro!es material properties li(e ductility" flexural" stren&th" tou&hness impact resistance and fati&ue stren&th$ )here is little impro!ement in compressi!e stren&th$ )he type and amount of impro!ement is dependent upon the fibre type" si>e" stren&th and confi&uration and amount of fibre$ Se!eral different types of fibres ha!e been used to reinforce the cement- based matrices$ )he choice of fibres !aries from synthetic or&anic materials such as polypropylene or carbon" synthetic inor&anic such as steel or &lass" natural or&anic such as cellulose or sisal to natural inor&anic asbestos$ Currently the commercial products are reinforced #ith steel" &lass" polyester and polypropylene fibres$ )he selection of the type of fibres is &uided by the properties of the fibres such as diameter" specific &ra!ity" youn&Ms modulus" tensile stren&th etc$ and the extent these fibres affect the properties of the cement matrix$ %n relation to the elastic modulus" fibres are di!ided into t#o types* )hose #here the elastic modulus of fibres is less than the elastic modulus of the matrix* i$e$ Cellulose fibre" polypropylene fibre" poly acrylonitrile fibre" etc$ )hose #here the elastic modulus of fibres is &reater than the elastic modulus of the matrix* i$e$ -lass fibre" steel fibre" carbon fibre" aramid fibre" asbestos fibres" etc$ ;any of the current applications of fibre reinforced concrete in!ol!e the use of fibres ran&in& around 1$0 per cent by !olume of concrete$
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Fi&$ 1$@ )ypical Stress-Strain Cur!es For Fibre-Reinforced Concrete 4116
1.4.1 A*-!"$!ge' of FRC

Reduction in shrin(a&e and crac(in&$ %mpro!ement in bond stren&th$ Enhancement of fati&ue stren&th and endurance limit$ 9etter tou&hness$ Do#er permeability of concrete$
1.4.2 A((%i#!$io" of FRC P!-e e"$ !"* F%oor', )he most extensi!e use of FRC has been for pa!ements"
floors and o!erlays to ta(e ad!anta&e of increased stren&th" reduced crac(in& and thic(ness reduction$
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6!$er Re$!i"i"g S$r&#$&re, <!erhead #ater tan(s" under&round sumps need to

be #aterti&ht$ Fibres contribute to control plastic and dry shrin(a&e crac(s" resultin& in #ater ti&htness$ )he steel fibre concrete has been successfully used in the repair of spillin& basin at )arbela ,am in 1a(istan$
5%!'$ Re'i'$!"$ S$r&#$&re, )he blast #a!e #ill cause complex stressin& of
structure in compression" tension and shear$ Fibres in con+unction #ith con!entional reinforcement pro!ide the necessary stren&th to structure to resist blast$
Pre#!'$ Pro*&#$', )he FRC can also be used for the fabrication of precast
products li(e pipes" boats" beams" #all panels" stair case steps" roof panels" manhole co!ers etc$
6e!ri"g S&rf!#e $o E0i'$i"g 5ri*ge'?C&%-er$, FRC has been used as a #earin&

surface to existin& brid&es and cul!erts in areas especially troubled by de&radation caused throu&h abrasion by studded tyres$
Re(!ir' !"* Reh!.i%i$!$io" 6or+', FRC is cohesi!e and easy to #or( pro!ide
fibres are thorou&hly mixed in the cement matrix$ %t is an ideal material for repair and rehabilitation #or(s$
1.7 TYPES OF FI5RES

Natural Fibre$ Steel Fibre$ -lass Fibre$ Carbon Fibre$ Synthetic Fibre$
1.7.1 S$ee% Fi.re
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Steel fibres ha!e been used in concrete since the early 1H00s$ )he early fibres #ere round and smooth and the #ire #as cut or chopped to the re'uired len&ths$ )he use of strai&ht" smooth fibres has lar&ely disappeared and modern fibres ha!e either rou&h surfaces" hoo(ed ends or are crimped or undulated throu&h their len&th$ ;odern commercially a!ailable steel fibres are manufactured from dra#n steel #ire" from slit sheet steel or by the melt-extraction process #hich produces fibres that ha!e a crescent-shaped cross section$ )ypically steel fibres ha!e e'ui!alent diameters 2based on cross sectional area3 of from 0"1F mm to 2 mm and len&ths from A to AF mm$ /spect ratios &enerally ran&e from 20 to 100$ 2/spect ratio is defined as the ratio bet#een fibre len&th and its e'ui!alent diameter" #hich is the diameter of a circle #ith an area e'ual to the cross-sectional area of the fibre3$ Steel Fibre )echnolo&y is #idely recommended in Shotcretin& of )unnels" Slope Stabili>ation" ;ine Roof Support" 1re Cast for )unnel Dinin&s" Foundation Slabs" Roads" 9rid&es" Run#ays" )axi#ays" Factory Floorin&" 1re Cast #alls" Concrete 1ipes" ;anhole Co!ers" and !arious other concrete applications$
Fi&$ 1$A ,ifferent )ypes of Steel Fibre A*-!"$!ge' of S$ee% Fi.re
Steel Fibres result in more homo&enous mix in concrete$ Flexural strain capacity is enhanced /dds ductility to concrete Controls crac(s
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 .oint stability Narro# +oint #idth Shear load transfer Fati&ue and impact resistance 1ost crac( ductility Reduces material consumption and sa!es cost Don&er ser!ice life
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1.7.2 G%!'' Fi.re

%n the form first used" &lass fibres #ere found to be al(ali reacti!e and products in #hich they #ere used deteriorated rapidly$ /l(ali-resistant &lass containin& 1@G >irconia #as successfully formulated in the 1H@0Ss and by 1HA1 #as in commercial production in the =T$ <ther sources of al(ali-resistant &lass #ere de!eloped durin& the 1HA0Ss and 1HI0Ss in other parts of the #orld" #ith hi&her >irconia contents$ /l(ali-resistant &lass fibre is used in the manufacture of &lass-reinforced cement 2-RC3 products" #hich ha!e a #ide ran&e of applications$ -lass fibre has hi&h tensile stren&th 22 N 5-1a3 and elastic modulus 2A0 N I0-1a3 but has brittle stress-strain characteristics 22" F N 5" IG elon&ation at brea(3 and lo# creep at room temperature$ Claims ha!e been made that up to FG &lass fibre by !olume has been used successfully in sand-cement mortar #ithout ballin&$ -lass-fibre products exposed to outdoor en!ironment ha!e sho#n a loss of stren&th and ductility$ )he reasons for this are not clear and it is speculated that al(ali attac( or fibre embrittlement are possible causes$ 9ecause of the lac( of data on lon&-term durability" -RC has been confined to non-structural uses #here it has #ide applications$ %t is suitable for use in direct spray techni'ues and premix processes and has been used as a replacement for asbestos fibre in flat sheet" pipes and a !ariety of precast products$ -RC products are used extensi!ely in a&ricultureE for architectural claddin& and componentsE and for small containers$
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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Fi&$1$I ,ifferent )ypes of -lass Fibres
1.7.3 S/"$he$i# Fi.re

A variety of synthetic fibre materials have been developed since 1960s for use in fibre Reinforced concrete (FRC)s !hese include fibres such as polypropylene" nylon" carbon" aramid" polyethylene" acrylic and polyester #n current commercial and industrial concrete applications synthetic fibres are typically added to concrete at very lo$ dosa%e rates" typically in the ran%e of 0 06 to 0 &' by volume (ynthetic fibre reinforced concrete (()FRC) has found its lar%est commercial use to date in slabs on %rade" floor slabs and stay*in* place forms in multi*storey buildin% +Concrete #nstitute of Australia &00,-
Fi% 1 9.ifferent !ypes of (ynthetic Fibres
1.7.4 N!$&r!% Fi.re
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Fi& 1$10 Classifications of Natural Fibres Natural reinforcin& materials can be obtained at lo# cost and lo# le!els of ener&y usin& local manpo#er and technolo&y$ =tili>ation of natural fibres as a form of concrete reinforcement is of particular interest to less de!eloped re&ions #here con!entional construction materials are not readily a!ailable or are too expensi!e$ Sisal-fibre reinforced concrete has been used for ma(in& roof tiles" corru&ated sheets" pipes" silos and tan(s$ Elephant-&rass-reinforced mortar has been used for lo#-cost housin& pro+ects$ Woodcellulose fibre reinforced cement has commercial applications in the manufacture of flat and corru&ated sheet and non-pressure pipes$ Natural fibres can be either =nprocessed or 1rocessed$ 1. U"(ro#e''e* Fi.re 1roducts made #ith unprocessed natural fibres such as coconut coir" sisal" su&arcane ba&asse" bamboo" +ute" #ood and !e&etable fibres ha!e been tested in a number of countries$ 1roblems ha!e been reported #ith the lon&-term durability of some of the products$ )he properties of concrete made usin& unprocessed natural fibres depend on a number of factors includin& the type and len&th of fibre as #ell as the !olume fraction$ )o
1a&e 21
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 sho# some impro!ement in mechanical properties" the minimum fibre content is of the order of G by !olume$ 2. Pro#e''e* Fi.re Wood cellulose is the most fre'uently used natural fibre$ %t is most commonly obtained usin& the Traft process$ )his process in!ol!es coo(in& #ood chips in a solution of sodium hydroxide" sodium carbonate and sodium sulphide$ ,ifferent &rades of #ood-cellulose fibre containin& more or less of the three main constituents" cellulose" hemi cellulose and li&na can be obtained by bleachin&$ Wood-cellulose fibre has relati!ely &ood mechanical properties compared #ith many man-made fibres such as polypropylene" polyethylene" polyester and acrylic$ ,eli&nified cellulose fibre can be produced #ith tensile stren&ths up to approximately 2"0-1a from selected &rades of #ood" and usin& suitable pulpin& processes$ Fibre tensile stren&ths of F00;1a can be routinely obtained usin& a chemical pulpin& process and the more common" less expensi!e" &rades of #ood$ Ce%%&%o'e N!$&r!% Fi.re Wood cellulose is the most fre'uently used natural fibre$ %t is most commonly obtained usin& the Traft process$ )his process in!ol!es coo(in& #ood chips in a solution of sodium hydroxide" sodium carbonate and sodium sulphide$ ,ifferent &rades of #ood-cellulose fibre containin& more or less of the three main constituents" cellulose" hemicellulose and li&na can be obtained by bleachin&$ Wood-cellulose fibre has relati!ely &ood mechanical properties compared #ith many man-made fibres such as polypropylene" polyethylene" polyester and acrylic$ ,eli&nified cellulose fibre can be produced #ith tensile stren&ths up to approximately 2$0-pa from selected &rades of #ood" and usin& suitable pulpin& processes$ Fibre tensile stren&ths of F00;1a can be routinely obtained usin& a chemical pulpin& process and the more common" less expensi!e" &rades of #ood$
1a&e 22
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 =sin& con!entional mixin& techni'ues" the amount of fibre that can be incorporated into the cement matrix at lo# #ater contents is limited by the capacity of the fibres to be mixed uniformly into the matrix$ Fabrication techni'ues that in!ol!e mixin& fibre #ith the matrix at initially hi&h #ater contents and then usin& de#aterin& procedures are therefore effecti!e and common$ Wood-cellulose fibre that has not been ,eli&nified can ad!ersely affect the curin& of the cement matrix$ )his is because leachin& of su&ar and other or&anic impurities into the cement matrix can retard or completely inhibit cement set$ Results obtained from autocla!ed #ood-cellulose cement composites indicatethat such products can be sensiti!e to moisture content$
Fi& 1$11)ypes of Natural Fibre A*-!"$!ge' of N!$&r!% Fi.re Co (o'i$e' )he main ad!anta&es of natural fibre composite are* Do# specific #ei&ht" resultin& in a hi&her specific stren&th and stiffness than &lass fibre$ %t is a rene#able source" the production re'uires little ener&y" and C<2 is used #hile oxy&en is &i!en bac( to the en!ironment$ 1roducible #ith lo# in!estment at lo# cost" #hich ma(es the material an interestin& product for lo# #a&e countries$ 9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar 1a&e 2
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Reduced #ear of toolin&" healthier #or(in& condition" and no s(in irritation$ )hermal recyclin& is possible #hile &lass causes problem in combustion furnaces$ -ood thermal and acoustic insulatin& properties$
1.8 T/(e' of S&((%e e"$!r/ Ce e"$i$io&' )!$eri!%'

)he most commonly used supplementin& cementitious materials?mineral admixtures for achie!in& 01C are* 1$ Silica Fume 2$ --9FS 2-round -ranulated 9last Furnace Sla&3 $ R0/ 2Rise 0us( /sh3 5$ Fly /sh
1.8.1 Si%i#! F& e

Silica fume also referred as micro silica or condensed silica fume is another material that is used as an artificial po>>olanic admixture$ %t is a product resultin& from reduction of hi&h purity 'uart> #ith coal in an electric arc furnace in the manufacture of silicon or ferrosilicon alloy$ When 'uart> are sub+ected to 20000C reduction ta(es place and Si< !apours &et into fuels$ %n the course of exit" oxidation ta(es place and the product is condensed in lo# temperature >ones$ %n the course of exit" Silica fume rises as an oxidised !apour" oxidation ta(es place and the product is condensed in lo# temperature >ones$ When the silica is condensed" it attains non-crystalline state #ith ultra-fine particle si>e$ )he super fine particles are collected throu&h the filters$ %t cools" condenses and is collected in ba&s$ %t is further processed to remo!e impurities and to control particle si>e$ Condensed silica fume is essential silicon dioxide 2Si< 23 more than H0G in non-crystalline form$ Since it is an airborne material li(e fly ash" it has spherical shape$ %t is extremely fine #ith particle si>e less than 1 micron and #ith
1a&e 25
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 an a!era&e diameter of about 0$1 micron" about 100 times smaller than a!era&e cement particles$ Silica fume has specific surface area of about 20"000m2?(&" as a&ainst 2 0 to 00 m2?(&$ )he use of silica fume in con+unction #ith super plastici>er has been bac( bone of modern hi&h performance concrete$ 0i&h fineness" uniformity" hi&h po>>olanic acti!ity and compatibility #ith other in&redients are of primary importance in selection of mineral admixture$ Finer the particle of po>>olana" hi&her #ill be the modulus of elasticity" #hich enhances the durability characteristics of the 0i&h performance concrete$
Fi& 1$12 Silica Fume Production Silica fume is a by-product of producin& silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys in smelters usin& electric arc furnaces$ )hese metals are used in many industrial applications to include aluminium and steel production" computer chip fabrication" and production of silicones" #hich are #idely used in lubricants and sealants$ While these are !ery !aluable materials" the by-product silica fume is of more importance to the concrete industry$
1a&e 2F
Fi&$ 1$1 1roduction of Silica Fume Fi&ure 1$1 sho#s a smelter in the days before silica fume #as bein& captured for use in concrete and other applications$ )he Jsmo(eK lea!in& the plant is actually silica fume$ )oday in the =nited States" no silica fume is allo#ed to escape to the atmosphere$ / schematic of silica fume production is sho#n in Fi&ure 1$15 and a schematic of a smelter is sho#n in Fi&ure 1$15$ )he silica fume is collected in !ery lar&e filters in the ba& house and then made a!ailable for use in concrete directly or after additional processin&
1a&e 2@
Fi& 1$15 1roduction 1lant of Silica Fume )able 1 Chemical Composition of Silica Fume in G
Si<2 /l2< Ca< Fe2< ;&< Na2< T2< S<
H2 0$5 1$2 0$2 1$2 0$1 1$1 0$
1a&e 2A
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 A*-!"$!ge' of Si%i#! F& e 0i&h stren&th concrete made #ith silica fume pro!ides hi&h
abrasion?corrosion resistance$ Silica fume influences the rheolo&ical properties of fresh concrete" the stren&th" porosity and durability of hardened mass$ Silica fume concrete #ith lo# #ater content is hi&hly resistant to penetration of chloride ions$ )he extreme fineness of silica fume allo#s it to fill or pac( the microscopic !oids bet#een cement particle and especially in the !oids at the surface of the a&&re&ate particles #here the cement particles cannot fully co!er the surface of the a&&re&ate and fill the a!ailable space$ Silica fume can also be proportioned as a #ater reducer #ith the reduction in #ater cementitious material ratio" so it is hydrophilic in nature" thus super plastici>er demand for additional #ater can be minimised$ Silica fume reduces bleedin& se&re&ation of fresh concrete si&nificantly$ )his effect is caused due to hi&h surface area$ 0i&hly durable concrete can be obtained by impro!in& the electrical resisti!ity of concrete by the addition of silica fume$
1.8.2 GG5S 2Gro&"* Gr!"&%!$e* 5%!'$ F&r"!#e S%!g3

-round-ranulated9lastfurnacesla&2--9S3isa sla& produced#hichisinstantaneouslytappedand'uenchedby#ater$)hisrapid'uenchin& ofmolten sla& facilitatesformationofJ-ranulatedsla&K$ -round-ranulated9lastfurnace Sla& 2--9S3 is processedfrom -ranulated sla&$ )hereplacementofcement#ith--9S#illreducetheunit#atercontent toobtainthe necessary by-productformanufactureofpi& is
ironand obtainedthrou&hrapidcoolin&by #ateror 'uenchin&molten sla&$0erethemolten
1a&e 2I
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 sameslump$)hisreductionof#atercontentismorepronounced#ithincreaseinsla& contentand alsoonthefinenessofsla&$)hisisbecauseofthesurfaceconfi&urationandparticle ofsla& slo#erthanthatof cement$Reductionofbleedin& shape bein&differentthancementparticle$Surfacehydrationofsla&issli&htly isnotsi&nificant#ithsla&
of5000cm2?&finenessbutsi&nificant #hen sla&fineness of @000 cm2?&andabo!e$ -round&ranulatedblastfurnacesla&no#adaymostlyusedin%ndia$Recentlyformarine out fall#or(at9andra";umbai$%thasusedto more popularno# aday$ replace cementtoaboutA0G$Soithasbecome
Fi&$ 1$1 -round-ranulated 9last Furnace Sla& 2--9S3
1.8.2 RHA 2Ri'e H&'+ A'h3

Rice hus( ash is obtained by burnin& rice hus( in controlled manner #ithout causin& en!ironmental pollution$ When it is properly brunt it has hi&h Si<2 content and can be used as a concrete admixture$ Rice hus( ash exhibits hi&h po>>olanic characteristics and contributes to hi&h stren&th and hi&h impermeability of concrete$ Rice hus( ash essential consists of amorphous or non-crystalline silica #ith about IFH0G cellular particle" FG carbon and 2G T2<$ )he specific surface of R0/ is bet#een 50000-100000 m2?(&$ %ndia produces about 122 million ton of paddy e!ery day$ Each ton of paddy produces about 50 (& of R0/$ )here is a &ood potential to ma(e use of R0/ as a !aluable
1a&e 2H
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 po>>olanic material to &i!e almost the same properties as that of micro silica$ it &reatly enhances the #or(ability and impermeability of concrete$
Fi &$ 1$15 R0/ 2Rise 0us(/sh3
1.8.4 F%/ A'h

Fly ash is the residue from the combustion of pul!eri>ed coal collected by the mechanical or electrostatic precipitator from the flue &ases of thermal po#er plants$ %t consists mainly of spherical &lassy particles ran&in& from 1 to 1F0 micron in diameter of #hich the bul( passes throu&h a AF micron %S sie!e$ )he fly ash obtained from electrostatic precipitators may ha!e a specific surface of about F00 to F000 cm2?&m$ %n =$T$ the fly ash is referred as pul!erised fuel ash 21F/3$ Fly ash is the most #idely use po>>olanic material all o!er the #orld$ )he fly ash contains silicon oxide" aluminium oxide" unburnt carbon but the amount of calcium oxide is cPrsiderably less$ )he carbon content in fly ash should be as lo# as possible #hereas the silica content should be as hi&h as possible$
1a&e 0
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Fi&$ 1$1F Fly ash
Ch!($er 2 RE9IE6 OF LITERATURE 2.1 EARLIER RESEARCHES

Some of the early research #or(s are completed to de!elop concrete by usin& different types of po>>olonic materials li(e Fly /sh" R0/" Silica Fume etc$ #ith the replacement of cement usin& super plastici>er$ ;any fibres ha!e been used for concrete reinforcement and some are #idely a!ailable for commercial application$ )hey include steel" &lass"natural cellulose" carbon" nylon" and polypropylene" amon& others #hich are addin& #ith po>>olonic material to de!elop concrete$ )he literature bein& re!ie#ed is &i!en under$
2.2 LIST OF LITERATURE TA5LE

Sr. No. 1$ 2$ $ 5$ F$ @$ A&$hor N! e Qo&endran et al$ -room 0amous and El-0a#ary /uchey and ,utta Naaman et al$ Shanna& 1aulo A$ 9$ Cachim a"V" Ye!r 1HIA 1HH 1HH5 1HH@ 1HH@ 2000 Ti$%e of Re'e!r#h P!(er Effect of silica fume and admixtures on properties of concrete$ .ournal of materials in ci!il ci!il ci!il ci!il
en&ineerin&?No!ember 2000 .ournal of materials in en&ineerin&?No!ember 2000 .ournal of materials in en&ineerin&?No!ember 2000U .ournal of materials in
en&ineerin&?No! 2000 9eha!iour study of natural po>>olana and silica fume$ Fati&ue beha!iour of fibre-reinforced concrete in compression ,urability of bamboo &lass fibre hybrid
.oa'uim /$ Fi&ueiras b" 2001 1aulo /$/$ 1ereira c
I$
;oe ;oe)h#ea and Tin Diaob
2002 reinforced composites$
polymer
matrix
1a&e 1
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 S$:$.oshi"D$)$,ra>alb"/$T$ H$ ;ohantyb" S$/rorac 1reeti1$1atel" 10$ -eor&e" ,eepa/$Sinha ;$shi!ra+a"Tandasamy"N$! 11$ eimani" ;$sudha(aranpillai Elica##ad" 12$ ;ounirmabsout"9ilalhamad "0elmi(hatib T$ C$ 9is#al1 and Suresh Chandra Sadan&i2 2010 Eli>abeth 200 /re natural fibre composites
en!ironmentally superior to &lass fibre reinforced compositesW Effect of silica fume on properties of
200I concrete$ Study on beha!iour on natural fibre 200H concrete composites usin& mechanical stren&th Xmicrostructure properties$ 1reliminary study on the use of natural fibre in sustainable concrete$ Effect of Superplastici>er and Silica fume on properties of concrete$ Experimental Study on the 9eha!iour of 0i&h Stren&th Concrete #ith Silica Fume under ;onotonic and Repeated Compressi!e Doads$
1 $
2011
15$
Eman T$ .allo
2011
1F$
,$
Chandramohan1VX$T$
;arimuthu2 ;$/sho(TumarV " 1
2011 / re!ie# on natural fibre$ Fabrication and performance of natural fibres* Sanse!ieriacylindrica" Waste sil("
1@$
-$RammachandraReddy et$el
2011 +ute
and
drumstic(
!e&etable
fibres2;orin&a<leifera3 reinforced #ith Tandasamy

1
1A$
R$
and
R$
;uru&esan2 )araSen"0$N$ .a&annathaReddy :i(as Sri!asta!a1" Ra(esh
2011
rubber?polyester composites$ Fibre reinforced concrete
usin&
domestic #aste plastic as fibres$ /pplication ofSisal"9amboo" Coir and &radation$
1I$
2011 .ute NaturalComposites in Structural =p
1H$
Tumar2"
/&ar#al
:$C " 2012
Effect on silica fume and meta(aolin combination on concrete$ =tili>ation of silica fume to enhance the tensile stren&th of concrete$ Experimental in!esti&ation of natural fibre reinforced polymer$
20$ 21$
;ehta 1$ T2 :$R$Ram(umar"-$;urali"/ $1ratheeban %reeneS$Fahim"Salah;$Elha &&ar"0etemelayat
2012 2012
1a&e 2
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Experimental %n!esti&ation on 0i&h 22$ 1$ :inaya&am 2012 1erformance Concrete usin& Silica Fume and Super plastici>er$
2.3 LITERATURE RE9IE6 Co"#re$e Rei"for#e e"$ 1i$h Re#/#%e* Fi.re' ./ H! o&' !"* E%: H!1!r/21;;43 456
)hey studied the use of chic(en feathers from poultry processin& as fibres in concrete$ )hey conducted flexural" splittin&" and compressi!e tests on a 1ortland cement concrete mix #ith a #ater-to-cement ratio of 0$@ and fibre !olume fractions of 1" 2" and G$ Do# #or(ability of fresh concrete #as obser!ed so a pro&ressi!ely lar&er amount of super plastici>er had to be added #ith the increase of Vf$ / moderate increase in the flexural stren&th #as obser!ed for the 1G Vfreinforcement at 15 and 2I days" and a decrease in the stren&th for the 2 and G reinforcements$ %n the compressi!e and splittin& tensile tests" the stren&ths decreased sharply as the fibre dosa&e rate increased$ )he authors attributed the ad!erse effect to the se!ere decay of the feather fibres in concrete$
Effe#$ o" Si%i#! F& e !"* )e$!+!o%i" Co .i"!$io" o" Co"#re$e ./ 9i+!' Sri-!'$!-!1< R!+e'h =& !r2< Ag!r1!% 9.C3<)eh$! P.=222>123 4106
)hey carried out experimental research on Effect of Silica Fume and ;eta(aolin combination on concrete$ 9y addition of some po>>olanic materials" the !arious properties of concrerte!i>" #or(ability" durability" stren&th" resistance to crac(s and permeability can be impro!ed$ Silica fume is (no#n to impro!e both the mechanical characteristics and durability of concrete$ )he principle physical effect of silica fume in concrete is that of filler" #hich because of its fineness can fit into space bet#een cement &rains in the same #ay that sand fills the space bet#een particles of coarse a&&re&ates and cement &rains fill the space bet#een sand &rains$ /s for chemical
1a&e
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 reaction of silica fume" because of hi&h surface area and hi&h content of amorphous silica in silica fume" this hi&hly acti!e po>>olana reacts more 'uic(ly than ordinary po>>olana$ ;eta(aolin is also one of such #aste? non - con!entional material #hich can be utili>ed beneficially in the construction industry$ )his paper presents the results of an experimental in!esti&ations carried out to find the suitability of silica fume and meta(aolin combination in production of concrete$ )he optimum doses of silica fume and meta(aolin in combination #ere found to be @G and 1FG 2by #ei&ht3 respecti!ely" #hen used as part replacement of ordinary portland cement$ )hey conclude that the optimum dose of Silica fume and ;eta(aolin in combination is found to be @G and 1FG 2by #ei&ht3 respecti!ely at both A and 2I day compressi!e stren&th$ )he slump is found to decreases #ith increase in ;eta(aolin content at all the Silica fume contents considerably
Fi.re Rei"for#e* Co"#re$e &'i"g *o e'$i# 1!'$e (%!'$i# !' Fi.re' ./ R. =!"*!'! /1 !"* R. )&r&ge'!"2 4H6
Fibre Reinforced Concrete 2FRC3 is a composite material consistin& of cement based matrix #ith an ordered or random distribution of fibre #hich can be steel" nylon" polythene etc$ )he addition of steel fibre increases the properties of concrete" !i>$" flexural stren&th" impact stren&th and shrin(a&e properties to name a fe#$ / number of papers ha!e already been published on the use of steel fibres in concrete and a considerable amount of research has been directed to#ards studyin& the !arious properties of concrete as #ell as reinforced concrete due to the addition of steel fibres$ 0ence" an attempt has been made in the present in!esti&ations to study the influence of addition of polythene fibres 2domestic #aste plastics3 at a dosa&e of 0$FG by #ei&ht of cement$ )he properties studied include compressi!e stren&th and flexural stren&th$ )he studies #ere conducted on a ;20 mix and tests ha!e been carried out as per recommended procedures of rele!ant codes$ )he results are compared and conclusions are made$
1a&e 5
Fi& 2$1 Waste ,omestic 1lastics Fibre
Co"#%&'io" )he follo#in& conclusions are presented based on experimental results from the present in!esti&ation$ /ddition of 0$FG of polythene 2domestic #aste polythene ba&s3 fibre to concrete$ %ncreases the cube compressi!e stren&th of concrete in A days to an extent of 0$@IGE %ncreases the cube compressi!e stren&th of concrete in 2I days to an extent of F$12GE %ncreases the cylinder compressi!e stren&th of concrete in 2I days to an extent of $I5GE %ncreases the split tensile stren&th to an extent of 1$@ GE )he increase in the !arious mechanical properties of the concrete mixes #ith polythene fibres is not in same lea&ue as that of the steel fibres$
1a&e F
Fi& 2$2 Comparison of 2I days cube 2left3 and cylinder 2ri&ht3 compressi!e stren&th test results$
Effe#$ of Si%i#! F& e o" Co"#re$e ./ Pree$i P. P!$e%< E%i?!.e!$h George< Dee(! A. Si"h!22>>@3 4I6
)he stren&th of concrete at early a&es is a considerable si&nificance in recent years due to se!eral specific re'uirements of the modern construction techni'ues$0o#e!er" silica fume concrete are (no#n to ha!e early a&e stren&th and there ha!e been many efforts to predict to impro!e this in recent years$)he #or( #as carried out for t#o &rades ;20 and ; 0 of concrete$ For the &rades of concrete the cement content" sand" &rit" coarse a&&re&ate and #?c ratio is (ept constant$ <nly the percenta&e of silica fume has been chan&ed 0G" A$FG" 10G and 12$FG$)he results ha!e sho#n the considerable impro!ement in compressi!e stren&th" modulus of elasticity and durability #ith respect to sulphate$ Split tensile stren&th is obser!ed to be nearly same #ith or #ithout the use of silica fume for both the &rades$ )hey conclude that )he increase in stren&th of concrete may be attributed to thefact that #hen silica fume is mixed #ith cement" micro silica reacts #ith Ca2<03 2 liberated by the hydratin& 1ortlandcement$ When properly dispersed" thousands of reacti!emicro spheres surround each cement &rain" densifyin& thematrix" fillin& the !oids #ith stron& hydration
1a&e @
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 1roducts" impro!in& the bond #ith the a&&re&ates$ %t is found that the #or(ability !aries #ith G of silica fume$ /s the G of silica fume increases the #or(ability decreases$
Effe#$ of S&(er P%!'$i#i?er !"* Si%i#! F& e o" Pro(er$ie' of Co"#re$e ./ =. C. 5i'1!%1 !"* S&re'h Ch!"*r! S!*!"gi24F6
No#adays hi&h stren&th and hi&h performance concrete are #idely used in many ci!il en&ineerin& constructions$ )o produce them it is re'uired to reduce the #ater?po#der ratio and increase the binder content$ Super plastici>ers are commonly used to achie!e the #or(ability$ Silica fume is one of the popular po>>olanas used in concrete to &et impro!ed properties$ )he use of silica fume in con+unction #ith super plastici>ers has become the bac(bone of hi&h stren&th and hi&h performance concrete$ /n experimental pro&ram has been carried out to study the effect of super plastici>er alone and in con+unction #ith silica fume on some of the properties of fresh and harden of concrete$)hey conclude that use of both silica fume alon& #ith superplastici>ers increases #or(ability and stren&th$ )he #ater cement ratio reduces by 2 G in concrete by usin& super plastici>er 21G by #ei&ht of cement3 for a constant ran&e of slump I0mm to IFmm$)he compressi!e of concrete is increased by use of silica fume up to 20G replacement of cement$ )he flexural stren&th of concrete is increased by use of silica fume up to 1FG replacement of cement$
1a&e A
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Fi& 2$ :ariation of Compressi!e Stren&th 2left3 and Flexural Stren&th 2ri&ht3 #ith Silica Fume 1ercenta&e$
S$&*/ o" .eh!-io&r o" N!$&r!% Fi.re Co"#re$e Co (o'i$e' &'i"g )e#h!"i#!% S$re"g$h A )i#ro'$r&#$&re Pro(er$ie' ./ ).Shi-r!B!<=!"*!'! /<N.9ei !"i< ).S&*h!+!r!"(i%%!i.+6%n!esti&ations to o!ercome the brittle response and limitin& post-yield ener&y absorption of concrete led tothe de!elopment of fibre reinforced concrete usin& discrete fibres #ithin the concrete mass$ <ut of the commonly used fibres" easily a!ailable lo# cost natural fibres are rene#able source materials$ )hou&h these fibres are ecolo&ically ad!anta&eous" they ha!e some limitations such as lo#er durability and lesser stren&th$ 9ut recent research pro!ides se!eral treatment processes to enhance the durability of natural fibres$ %n this paper" the durability of natural fibres suchas coconut coir and su&arcane ba&asse has been reported by conductin& an experimental in!esti&ation$ )his in!esti&ation includes t#o parts$ )he first part focuses on the determination of mechanical stren&th properties such as compressi!e" tensile" modulus of rupture and flexural properties of natural fibre reinforced concrete specimens once e!ery months for a period for 2 years under alternate #ettin& and dryin& conditions$ -ain or loss in stren&th of composite concrete at H inter!als #ere computed and are reported here$ )he second part co!ers the microstructural properties of fresh natural fibres in as recei!ed condition and natural fibres reacted #ith concrete under accelerated curin& conditions for t#o years$ SE; and E,/C test results are discussed Co"#%&'io" %t is #ell (no#n that natural fibres enhance all the stren&th and flexural performance of concrete$ )he effect of curin& a&es on mechanical properties such as compressi!e stren&th" split tensile stren&th" modulus of rupture and flexural performance and microstructural properties ha!e been ascertained and discussed$ )he follo#in& conclusions are dra#n from this in!esti&ation/
1a&e I
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 /t all the curin& a&es" both the natural fibres such as coir and su&arcane fibres enhance all the three mechanical stren&th properties such as compressi!e stren&th" splittensile stren&th" modulus of rupture and flexural 1erformance$ )hou&h the natural fibres enhance the stren&th properties at earlier curin& a&es" the rate of increments are lo#er than con!entional concrete specimen at later curin& a&es$ SE; and E,S analyses confirmed that the boundary of fibreNmatrix transition >one ha!e excellent adhesion$ )he impre&nation of calcium content on the fibre #alls sho#ed better stren&th enhancement$ 9oth the natural fibre reinforced concretes #ere less susceptible a&ainst sulphate attac( in terms of mass loss and compressi!e stren&th deterioration$ Since the difference obser!ed #as lar&e" application of natural fibre reinforced concrete #ould be limited in marine areas$
Co"#re$e Rei"for#e e"$ 1i$h Re#/#%e* Fi.re' ./ A&#he/ !"* D&$$!21;;83416

Conducted a study on the use of recycled 0,1E fibres in concrete under extreme free>e-tha# conditions$ 0,1E is a plastic material often used for ma(in& containers for food and household chemicals$ )he fibres used in the study #ere cut from mil( containers #ith a typical dimension of 1HN I-mm lon&" 1$@-mm #ide" and 1-mm thic("and their tensile stren&th #as 5;1a$ / 2I;1a compressi!e stren&th concrete mix #as used and the fibres added #ere at 0$1" 0$2" and 0$5G by !olume$ /t 2I days after castin&" the cylinder specimens #ere sub+ected to the free>e-tha# cycles of repeated 1-h coolin& at 220AC follo#ed by a 1-h tha#in& at 20AC$ )he dynamic modulus of elasticity of the specimens #as monitored to indicate the internal dama&e$ )he authors found that it #as feasible to use recycled 0,1E fibres as a secondary reinforcement for temperature and shrin(a&e influences in concrete structures sub+ected to extreme free>e-tha# conditions$ )he recycled 0,1E fibre reinforced specimens pro!ided an e'ual or hi&her resistance to free>e-tha# than the control
1a&e H
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 specimens and specimens containin& commercial !ir&in polypropylene fibres at the same !olume fractions$
Pre%i i"!r/ S$&*/ o" $he U'e of N!$&r!% Fi.re i" S&'$!i"!.%e Co"#re$e ./ E%i#A11!*< )o&"ir)!.'o&$< 5i%!% H! !*< He% i=h!$i.426
9ased on the preliminary test results" the use of industrial or local hemp fibres in concrete mixes #ould result in promisin& compression and flexural stren&th !alues and beha!iour and reduction in the consumption of coarse a&&re&ates" as compared to the control samples in addition to the palm and banana samples$ 0o#e!er" due to the !ariation in the test results of the small specimens" it is recommended to conduct more research$ Further research shall include standard 1Fx 0 cm cylinder tests and standard 1Fx1FxF0 cm flexural beams$ )ests shall include Slump )est" ,ensity" 9rasilian )est" Flexural )est" Compression )est" and ;odulus of Elasticity )est$ 9esides" the )hermal Conducti!ity properties can be in!esti&ated usin& FxFx 0 cm bloc( )est$ )he preliminary test results for palm and banana fibres #ere acceptable but not as #ith the industrial hemp fibresE moreo!er" the preparation process of the fibres is not simple and needs to be updated to include mechanical processin& for lar&e 'uantities production$ /lso" it is #orth notin& that the palm and banana fibres are thic(er and less dense than the hemp fibres" #hich could be the main reason behind the better performance of industrial hempfibres samples$
E0(eri e"$!% S$&*/ o" $he 5eh!-io&r of High S$re"g$h Co"#re$e 1i$h Si%i#! F& e &"*er )o"o$o"i# !"* Re(e!$e* Co (re''i-e Lo!*' ./ E !" =. C!%%o4 6
)his paper determine the effect of silica fume on the compressi!e stren&th of concrete under t#o types of loadin&" monotonic and repeated compressi!e loads$ ;ixes #ere carried out by replacin& cement #ith different percenta&es of silica fume of 20" F" 10" 1F" 203 G by #t$ of cement #ith a constant #ater-binder ratios 0$2F$ )ests on standard cylinders 2 00V1F03 mm for the different ratios of silica fume #ere carried out to study the beha!iour of concrete under monotonic and repeated loads" the load #as applied for many cycles up to failure #ith rate of loadin& 20$ 3 N?mm2?sec$)he results
1a&e 50
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 indicated that the addition of silica fume impro!es the properties of concrete &i!in& hi&h compressi!e stren&th" hi&h stress and strain" stresses carried by the concrete increased by 25@$ "@I$I"@ $1"FA$F3G also the strain increased by 2FI$F"HA$I"F2$I"223G for silica fume percenta&es 2F"10"1F"203G$ for monotonic loadin&" and stresses increased by 255$5"@I$F"@ $A"F@$F3G and strain increased by 25F$I"@I$5"F1$F"2@$ 3G for the same percenta&es under repeated loads$ Compressi!e stren&th" dissipated ener&y" and modulus of elasticity also increased #ith increasin& silica fume percenta&e$
Co"#re$e Rei"for#e e"$ 1i$h Re#/#%e* Fi.re' ./ N!! !" e$ !%. 21;;83 4A6
0e in!esti&ated the effect of polypropylene fibre s from carpet #aste on the flexural and compressi!e beha!iour of concrete and mortar$ )he fibres #ere obtained from shredded carpet bac(in&$ )he fibre len&th ran&ed from near 0 2po#der3 to about 2F mm" and about 50G of the fibre #ere shorter than F mm$ Fi!e fibre !olume fractions #ere used* 0$1F" 1$0" 1$ " 2$@" and $HG$ )he matrices included concrete #ith coarse a&&re&ates" mortar #ith re&ular ri!er sand" and mortar #ith !ery fine silica sand$ )ype % 1ortland cement #as used #ith a #ater-to-cement ratio of 0$@0N0$@ $ )he study re!ealed that the #aste polypropylene fibres #ere more efficient in matrices #ith finer a&&re&ates$ )here #as a si&nificant impro!ement in the flexural properties #ith a 2$@G by !olume fibre reinforcement$ No si&nificant impro!ement in bendin& #as obser!ed for Vfbelo# 1$ G" and a sli&ht decrease in performance #as obser!ed #hen Vfincreased from 2$@ to $HG$ )he compressi!e stress strain beha!iour of concrete #as not impro!ed by the polypropylene fibres$
Cri$i#!% O.'er-!$io" fro

$he Li$er!$&re
Not properly defined the use of cellulose fibre #ith silica fume$ )he maximum G of silica fume to be used$ =se of silica fume #ith super plastici>er increases #or(ability and stren&th of concrete$
1a&e 51
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 Silica fume is used #ith nylon" polypropylene" natural fibre as different percenta&e$ /s the increase in the fibre content there is decrease in the split tensile stren&th" compression stren&th and shrin(a&e rates$
Ch!($er 3 AI) AND O5CECTI9ES OF STUDY 3.1AI)

JExperimental study on the effect of silica fume #ith natural cellulose fibre in fibre reinforced concreteK
3.2 O5CECTI9ES
1$ )o study the rheolo&ical properties throu&h compaction factor test$ 2$ )o study the mechanical properties on hardened concrete throu&h follo#in& test for A" 2I" F@ days$ a$ Compression Stren&th2%S F1@-1HFH3 b$ Flexural Stren&th2%S F1@-1HHH3 c$ Splittin& )ensile Stren&th2%S FI1H-1HHH3 d$ )o study the durability throu&hSorpiti!ity )est method$
1a&e 52
CHAPTER 4 )ATERIAL AND EDPERI)ENTAL SET UP
4.1 )ATERIAL 4.1.1 Ce e"$

Cement is a material that has cohesi!e and adhesi!e properties in the presence of #ater$ Such cements are called hydraulic cements$ )hese consist primarily of silicates and aluminates of lime obtained from limestone and clay$ OPC 2Or*i"!r/ Por$%!"* #e e"$3 )his is by far most common cement in use* about A0G of all cement used in %ndia is the ordinary type$ 1rior to 1HIA" there #as introduced one &rade of <1C by %S 2@H*1HA@$ /fter 1HIA hi&her &rade cement #ere introduced in %ndia$ )he <1C #as classified into three &rades are " 5 " F and their minimum compressi!e stren&th at 2I days as per %S N?mm2" 5 N?mm2" F N?mm2$ 50 1*1HII is respecti!ely
%n the modern construction acti!ities" hi&her &rade cement become so popular that &rade cement is almost out of mar(et )he <1C is used for &eneral concrete construction #hen there is no exposure to sulphate in the soil or &round #ater$ )he ra# material used for the manufacture of <1C contains mainly lime" silica"alumina"and iron oxide$ )hese oxides interact #ith one another in the (iln at hi&h temperature to form more complex compounds$ )he relati!e proportion of these oxide compounds is responsible for !arious physical properties of cement$ Rate of coolin& and fineness of &rindin& also affect the properties of cement$
1a&e 5
)able 2 <xide composition of <1C O0i*e Dime" Ca< Silica" Si<2 /lumina" /l2< %ron oxide" Fe2< ;a&nesia" ;&< /l(alies" T2<" Na2< Sulphates" S< Co"$e"$ E @0-@A 1A-2F -I 0$F-@ 0$F-5 0$ -1$2 1$0- $0
4.1.2 Aggreg!$e
/&&re&ate properties &reatly influence the beha!iour of concrete" since they occupy about I0G of the total !olume of concrete$ )he a&&re&ate are classified as %$ Fine a&&re&ate
%%$ Coarse a&&re&ate Fine a&&re&ate are material passin& throu&h an %S sie!e that is less than 5$AFmm &au&e beyond #hich they are (no#n as coarse a&&re&ate$ Coarse a&&re&ate form the main matrix of the concrete" #hereas fine a&&re&ate form the filler matrix bet#een the courses a&&re&ate$ )he most important function of the fine a&&re&ate is to pro!ide #or(ability and uniformity in the mixture$ )he fine a&&re&ate also helps the cement paste to hold the coarse a&&re&ate particle in suspension$ /ccordin& to %S I *1HA0 the fine a&&re&ate is bein& classified in to four different >one" that is Yone-%" Yone-%%" Yone-%%%" Yone-%:$ /lso in case of coarse a&&re&ate maximum 20 mm coarse a&&re&ate is suitable for concrete #or($ 9ut #here there is
1a&e 55
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 no restriction 50 mm or lar&e si>e may be permitted$ %n case of close reinforcement 10mm si>e also used$
Fi& 5$1 Fine /&&re&ate and Coarse /&&re&ate
4.1.3 6!$er
Water fit for drin(in& is &enerally considered fit for ma(in& concrete$ Water should be free from acids" oils" al(alis" !e&etables or other or&anic %mpurities$ Soft #aters also produce #ea(er concrete$ Water has t#o functions in a concrete mix$ Firstly" it reacts chemically #ith the cement to form a cement paste in #hich the inert a&&re&ates are held in suspension until the cement paste has hardened$ Secondly" it ser!es as a !ehicle or lubricant in the mixture of fine a&&re&ates and cement$
4.1.4 S&(er P%!'$i#i?er

)here are t#o types of admixtures i$e$ ;ineral admixtures and Chemical admixtures$ 13 )i"er!% A* i0$&re' Silica fume -round &ranulated blast furnace sla& Rice hus( ash Fly ash
1a&e 5F
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 23 Che i#!% A* i0$&re /cceleratin& admixture Retardin& admixture Water-reducin& admixture /ir enterin& admixture Super- plastici>in& admixture
Po%/#!r.o0/%!$e S&(er P%!'$i#i?er

1C-D is a hi&h performance" 100G poly carboxylate based polymer" specifically de!eloped based polymer" specifically de!eloped as an effecti!e dispersant" fluid fire and hi&h ran&e #ater reducin& a&ent for concrete and other mineral materials$ 1C-D is a neutral concentrate &radeE it is mainly used as a ra# material to produce different types of hi&h performance #ater reducers for tar&eted industrial$ %t complies #ith /S); C 5H5" )ype F specifications$
U'e'
1C-D is a plant- added super plastici>er that is formulated to impart impro!ed #or(ability to the concrete and to achie!e hi&h early compressi!e stren&th as re'uired by precast industry$ 1C-D can be applied in #ide !ariety industry" such as the production of selfconsolidatin& concrete in precast industry" con!entional concrete production industry e!en #ith lo# #?c ratios #hile maintainin& normal le!els of #or(ability and so on$
A*-!"$!ge'
13 1roduces concrete #ith hi&h le!els of #or(ability #ithout se&re&ation$
1a&e 5@
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 23 1ro!ides si&nificantly hi&her stren&ths and normal set time$ 3 0as excellent concrete rheolo&y and handlin& properties$ 53 1ro!ide impro!ed finish ability and surface finishes$ F3 0as superior air entrainment control$ @3 1ro!ides standard #ater reduction at normal addition rates and si&nificant #ater reduction at hi&her addition rates$ A3 0as no chloride ions and non-corrosion to steel bar$ I3 %mpro!e the frost resistance and carbonation resistance of the concrete$ Do#er dryin& shrin(a&e of the concrete by 20G or more compared to naphthalenebased admixture$
1a&e 5A
4.2 EDPERI)ENTAL SET UP 4.2.1 Te'$ o" Fre'h Co"#re$e

0ear" discussed the role of $ater and the 1uantity of $ater re1uired for chemical combination $ith cement and to occupy the %el pores 2e have seen that the theoretical $ater3cement ratiore1uired for these t$o purposes is about 0 ,4 but for hi%h performance concrete this ration isdifferent 5se of $ater3cement ratio more than this" $ill result in capillary cavities6 and less than this" $ill result in incomplete hydration and also lac7 of space in the system for the development of %el
4.2.2 )e!'&re e"$ of 6or+!.i%i$/ ./ Te'$'

!he follo$in% tests are commonly employed to measure $or7ability a) (lump !est b) Compactin% Factor !est c) Flo$ !est d) 8elly 9all !est e) :ee 9ee Consistometer !est
Co (!#$i"g F!#$or Te'$

Compactin& factor of fresh concrete is done to determine the #or(ability of fresh concrete by compactin& factor test as per %S* 11HH N 1HFH$ )he apparatus used is Compactin& factor apparatus$
1a&e 5I
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 )he compactin& factor test is defined as the ratio of the mass of the concrete compacted in the compaction factor apparatus to the mass of the fully compacted concrete$ %t in!ol!es droppin& a !olume of concrete from one hooper to another and measurin& the !olume of concrete in the final hooper to that a fully compacted !olume$ )he results of the compaction factor test can be correlated to slump" throu&h the relationship is not linear$ )his test is difficult to run in the field and is not practical for lar&e a&&re&ates compared to the slump test" the apparatus is bul(y and a balance is re'uired to perform$ S(e#ifi#!$io" %t consists of t#o ri&id conical hoopers and a cylinder mounted on a ri&id metal frame$ )he lo#er openin& of the hoopers are fitted #ith hin&ed trapdoors ha!in& a 'uic( release catches$ / circular metal plate is pro!ided to co!er the top of the cylinder$ Supplied complete #ith one plasterMs tro#el and tampin& rod" 1@mmdiaZ @00mm lon&" both end rounded$
Fi&$ 5$2 Compactin& Factor /pparatus 1rocedure
1a&e 5H
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 %3 1lace the concrete sample &ently in the upper hopper to its brim usin& the hand scoop and le!el it$ %%3 %%%3 Co!er the cylinder <pen the trap door at the bottom of the upper hopper so that concrete fall in to the lo#er hopper $1ush the concrete stic(in& on its sides &ently #ith the road$ %:3 <pen the trap door of the lo#er hopper and allo# the concrete to fall in to the cylinder belo#$ :3 Cut of the excess of concrete abo!e the top le!el of cylinder usin& tro#els and le!el it$ :%3 :%%3 Clean the outside of the cylinder$ Wei&ht the cylinder #ith concrete to the nearest 10 &$ )his #ei&ht is (no#n as the #ei&ht of partially compacted concrete 2W13$ :%%%3 Empty the cylinder and then refill it #ith the same concrete mix in layers approximately Fcm deep" each layer bein& hea!ily rammed to obtain full compaction$ %[3 [3 De!el the top surface$ Wei&h the cylinder #ith fully compacted$ )his #ei&ht is (no#n as the #ei&ht of fully compacted concrete 2W23$ [%3 Find the #ei&ht of empty cylinder 2W3$
C!%#&%!$io" Compactin& Factor 7 2Wei&ht of partially compacted concrete3? 2Wei&ht of fully compacted concrete3 2W1-W2 ? W2-W3
4.2.3 Te'$' for H!r*e"e* Co"#re$e

)he !arious tests for hardened concrete are*
1a&e F0
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 1 & $ Compressi!e test$ (#(*;16/ 19;9) )ensile stren&th test$ (#(*;16/ 19;9) Flexural stren&th test$2%S-FI1@-1HHH3
5$2$ $1 Co (re''i-e Te'$ 2%S F1@* 1HFH3 41F6 Compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete" partly because itis an easy test to perform" and partly because most of the desirable characteristic properties of concrete are 1ualitatively related to its compressive stren%th !he compression test is carried out on specimens cubical or cylindrical in shape <rism is also sometimes used" but it is not common in our country (ometimes" the compression stren%th of concrete is determined usin% parts of a beam tested in fle=ure !he end parts of beam are left intact after failure in fle=ure and" because the beam is usually of s1uare cross section" this part of the beam could be used to find out the compressive stren%th Si>e of )est Specimens\ )est specimens cubical in shape shall be 1FZ 1FZ 1F cm$ %f the lar&est nominal si>e of the a&&re&ate does not exceed 2 cm" 10 cm cubes may be used as an alternati!e$ Cylindrical test specimens shall ha!e a len&th e'ual to t#ice the diameter$ )hey shall be 1F cm in diameter and 0 cm lon&$ Smaller test specimens shall ha!e a ratio of diameter of specimen to maximum si>e of a&&re&ate of not less than to 1" except that the diameter of the specimen shall be not less than A$F cm for mixtures containin& a&&re&ate more than FG of #hich is retained on %S Sie!e 5I0$ A((!r!$&' )estin& ;achine \ )he testin& machine may be of any reliable type" of sufficient capacity for the tests and capable of applyin& the load &radually$ )he permissible error shall be not &reater than ] 2G of the maximum load$ )he testin& machine shall be e'uipped #ith t#o steel bearin& platens #ith hardened faces$ <ne of the platens
1a&e F1
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 2preferably the one that normally #ill bear on the upper surface of the specimen3 shall be fitted #ith a ball seatin& in the form of a portion of a sphere" the centre of #hich coincides #ith the central point of the face of the platen$ )he other compression platen shall be plain ri&id bearin& bloc($ )he bearin& faces of both platens shall be at least as lar&e as" and preferably lar&er than the nominal si>e of the specimen to #hich the load is applied$ )he bearin& surface of the platens" #hen ne#" shall not depart from a plane by more than 0$01 mm at any point" and they shall be maintained #ith a permissible !ariation limit of 0$02 mm$ 1rocedure - Specimens stored in #ater shall be tested immediately on remo!al from the #ater and #hile they are still in the #et condition$ Surface #ater and &rit shall be #iped off the specimens and any pro+ectin& fins remo!ed$ Specimens #hen recei!ed dry shall be (ept in #ater for 25 hours before they are ta(en for testin&$ )he dimensions of the specimens to the nearest 0$2 mm and their #ei&ht shall be noted before testin&$ 1lacin& the Specimen in the )estin& ;achine - )he bearin& surfaces of the testin& machine shall be #iped clean and any loose sand or other material remo!ed from the surfaces of the specimen #hich are to be in contact #ith the compression platens$ %n the case of cubes" the specimen shall be placed in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to opposite sides of the cubes as cast" that is" not to the top and bottom$ )he axis of the specimen shall be carefully ali&ned #ith the centre of thrust of the spherically seated platen$ No pac(in& shall be used bet#een the faces of the test specimen and the steel platen of the testin& machine$ /s the spherically seated bloc( is brou&ht to bear on the specimen" the mo!able portion shall be rotated &ently by hand so that uniform seatin& may be obtained$ )he load shall be applied #ithout shoc( and increased continuously at a rate of approximately 150(&?s'$cm?min until the resistance of the specimen to the increasin& load brea(s do#n and no &reater load can be sustained$ )he maximum load applied to the specimen shall then be recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure shall be noted$ Calculation\ )he measured compressi!e stren&th of the specimen shall be calculated by di!idin& the maximum load applied to the specimen durin& the test by the crosssectional area" calculated from the mean dimensions of the section and shall be 9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar 1a&e F2
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 expressed to the nearest (& per s'$cm$ /!era&e of three !alues shall be ta(en as the representati!e of the batch pro!ided the indi!idual !ariation is not more than ] 1FG of the a!era&e$ <ther#ise repeat tests shall be made$
Fi& 5$ Compression )est for Cubes 5$2$ $2 F%e0&r!% S$re"g$h 2%S F1@* 1HFH3 41F6 Concrete as #e (no# is relati!ely stron& in compression and #ea( in tension$ %n reinforced concrete members" little dependence is placed on the tensile stren&th of concrete since steel reinforcin& bars are pro!ided to resist all tensile forces$ 0o#e!er" tensile stresses are li(ely to de!elop in concrete due to dryin& shrin(a&e" rustin& of steel reinforcement" temperature &radients and many other reasons$ )herefore" the (no#led&e of tensile stren&th of concrete is of importance ,irect measurement of tensile stren&th of concrete is difficult$ Neither specimens nor testin& apparatus ha!e been desi&ned #hich assure uniform distribution of the JpullK applied to the concrete$ While a number of in!esti&ations in!ol!in& the direct measurement of tensile stren&th ha!e been made" beam tests are found to be dependable to measure flexural stren&th property of concrete$ )he !alue of the modulus of rupture 2extreme fibre stress in bendin&3 depends on the dimension of the beam and manner of loadin&$ )he systems of loadin& used in findin& out the flexural tension are central point loadin& and third point loadin&$ %n the central point loadin&" maximum fibre stress #ill come belo# the point of loadin& #here the bendin& moment is maximum$ %n case of symmetrical t#o point loadin&" the critical crac( may 9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar 1a&e F
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 appear at any section" not stron& enou&h to resist the stress #ithin the middle third" #here the bendin& moment is maximum$ %t can be expected that the t#o point loadin& #ill yield a lo#er !alue of the modulus of rupture than the centre point loadin&$ %$S$ F1@-1HFH" specifies t#o point loadin&$ A((!r!$&' )he testin& machine may be of any reliable type of sufficient capacity for the tests and capable of applyin& the load at the rate specified in belo#$ )he permissible errors shall be not &reater than ] 0$FG of the applied load #here a hi&h de&ree of accuracy is re'uired and not &reater than ] 1$FG of the applied load for commercial type of use$ )he bed of the testin& machine shall be pro!ided #ith t#o steel rollers" I mm in diameter" on #hich the specimen is to be supported" and these rollers shall be so mounted that the distance from centre to centre is @0 cm for 1F$0 cm specimens or 50 cm for 10$0 cm specimens$ )he load shall be applied throu&h t#o similar rollers mounted at the third points of the supportin& span" that is" spaced at 20 or 1 $ cm centre to centre$ )he load shall be di!ided e'ually bet#een the t#o loadin& rollers" and all rollers shall be mounted in such a manner that the load is applied axially and #ithout sub+ectin& the specimen to any torsional stresses or restraints$ <ne suitable arran&ement #hich complies #ith these re'uirements is indicated in Fi&$ 1rocedure \ )est specimens stored in #ater at a temperature of 25^ to 0^C for 5I hours before testin&" shall be tested immediately on remo!al from the #ater #hilst they are still in a #et condition$ )he dimensions of each specimen shall be noted before testin&$ No preparation of the surfaces is re'uired$ 1lacin& the Specimen in the )estin& ;achine \ )he bearin& surfaces of the supportin& andloadin& rollers shall be #iped clean" and any loose sand or other material remo!ed from the surfaces of the specimen #here they are to ma(e contact #ith the rollers$ )he specimen shallthen be placed in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied to the uppermost surface as cast in the mould" alon& t#o lines spaced 20$0 or 1 $ cm apart$ )he axis of the specimen shall be carefully ali&ned #ith the axis of the loadin& de!ice$ No pac(in& shall be used bet#een the bearin& surfaces of the specimen and the rollers$ )he load shall be applied #ithout shoc( and increasin& continuously at a rate such that the extreme fibre stress increases at
1a&e F5
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 approximately A (&?s' cm?min" that is" at a rate of loadin& of 500 (&?min for the 1F$0 cm specimens and at a rate of 1I0 (&?min for the 10$0 cm specimens$ )he load shall be increased until the specimen fails" and the maximum load applied to the specimen durin& the test shall be recorded$ )he appearance of the fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure shall be noted$
Fi&ure 5$5 Flexural )est /rran&ements C!%#&%!$io" )he flexural stren&th of the specimen shall be expressed as the modulus of rupture fb" #hich" if LaM e'uals the distance bet#een the line of fracture and the nearer support" measured on the centre line of the tensile side of the specimen" in cm" shall be calculated to the nearest 0$F (&?s'$cm as follo#s* fb7 p Vl? bd2 #hen LaM is &reater than 20$0 cm for 1F$0 cm specimen" or &reater than 1 $ cm for a 10$0 cm specimen" or fb7 pVl? bd2 When LaM is less than 20$0 cm but &reater than 1A$0 cm for 1F$0 cm specimen or less than 1 $ cm but &reater than 11$0 cm for a 10$0 cm specimen Where"
1a&e FF
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 b 7 measured #idth in cm of the specimen" d 7 measured depth in cm of the specimen at the point of failure" l 7 len&th in cm of the span on #hich the specimen #as supported" and p 7 maximum load in (& applied to the specimen$ %f LaM is less than 1A$0 cm for a 1F$0 cm specimen" or less than 11$0 cm for a 10$0 cm Specimen" the results of the test shall be discarded$ 5$2$ $ S(%i$$i"g Te"'i%e S$re"g$h2%S FI1@-1HHH3 )he concrete cylinder specimen may be tested for A days and 2I days and shall be immerse in #ater for at least 25 hours before test$ / concrete cylinder si>e 1F0mm diameter and 00mm hei&ht is sub+ected to action of compressi!e force alon& t#o opposite ed&es$ )he cylinder is placed #ith its axis hori>ontal bet#een the platens of a testin& machine" and the load is increased until failure by splittin& alon& the !ertical diameter ta(es place$ 9y applyin& the force in this manner" the cylinder is sub+ected to compression near the loaded re&ion and the lar&er portion correspondin& to depth is sub+ected to a uniform tensile stress actin& hori>ontally$ %t is estimated that the compressi!e stress is actin& for 1?@ depth and the remainin& F?@ depth is sub+ected to tension$
Fi&ure 5$FSplittin& )ensile Stren&th )estin& on Cylinders$
1a&e F@
4.2.3.4
Sor($i-i$/ Te'$ )he Sorpti!ity of concrete is a 'uantity that measures the unsaturated flo# of fluids into the concrete 40all" 1HIH6$ Sorpti!ity is a measure of the capillary forces exerted by the pore structure causin& fluids to be dra#n in to the body of the material$ While theoretically possible to consider the flo# in any &eometry" it is too mathematically complex to be of any practical use except #here there are one dimensional flo# conditions$ For one dimensional flo#" it can be stated that 40all" 1HIH6* %7 St1?2 Where i is the cumulati!e #ater absorption per unit area of inflo# surface" S is the Sorpti!ity and t is the elapsed time$ %n a lab situation #here the concrete sample can be dried consistently and the flo# conditions can be #ell defined" is it relati!ely easy to &et a &ood fit line usin& least s'uares re&ression #hen plottin& i !s$ the s'uare root of time$ / field Sorpti!ity test has also been de!eloped 4,eSou>a" et al$" 1HHF6$ ,eterminin& the Sorpti!ity of a sample in the lab is a simple" lo# technolo&y techni'ue illustrated in Fi&ure 10$ /ccordin& to the /S); draft standard all that is re'uired is a scale" a stop#atch and a shallo# pan of #ater$ )he sample is preconditioned to a certain moisture condition" either by dryin& the sample for A days in a F0^C o!en or by dryin& for four days at F0^C and then allo#ed to cool in a sealed container for three days$ )he sides of the concrete sample are sealed" typically #ith electricianMs tape$ )he initial mass of the sample is ta(en and at time 0 is immersed to a depth of F-10 mm in the #ater$ /t selected times 2typically 1" 2" " 5" F" H" 12" 1@" 20 and 2F minutes3 the sample is remo!ed from the #ater" the stop#atch stopped" excess #ater blotted off #ith a damp paper to#el and the sample #ei&hed$ %t is then replaced in the #ater and the stop#atch started a&ain$ )he &ain in mass per unit area o!er the density of #ater is
1a&e FA
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 plotted !ersus the s'uare root of the elapsed time$ )he slope of the line of best fit of these points 2i&norin& the ori&in3 is reported as the Sorpti!ity$
4.3EDPERI)ENTAL PROGRA))E )ETHEODOLOGY
)able$ ;2F-radeExperimental1ro&ramme G of Gof -rade of Silica Cellulose Concrete Fume =se Fibre =se No$ of No$ of No$ of Cubes 9eams Cylinders for )est for )est for Split )ensile )est Comp$ Flexural )otal Specimen for A days )est )otal for 2I days )est H )otal for F@ days )est H
Specimen Specimen
AG
0$FG
AG )27 HG HG 12G 12G
1$0G 0$FG 1$0G 0$FG 1$0G
H H H H H
H H H H H
H H H H H
1a&e FI
)able$5; 0-radeExperimental1ro&ramme No$ of No$ of No$ of Gof Cubes 9eams Cylinders for )est for Split )est Cellulose for )est 0$FG 1$0G 0$FG 1$0G 0$FG 1$0G )otal for 2I days )est H H H H H H )otal for F@ days )est H H H H H H
G of -rade of Silica Concrete Fume =se
)otal Specimen for A days )est
Specimen Specimen
Fibre =se Comp$ Flexural )ensile
AG )3> AG HG HG 12G 12G
H H H H H H
1a&e FH
CHAPTER 7 6OR= PLAN 7.1 6OR= PLAN
COMPL E#TION PRES OF TEST EN# E!P" RESULT IN TATIO WORK ANAL$SI E!P" N S AND STARTWO COMPARI IN OF SION E!PER MATE IMENT RIAL S ORDE R SCPOE & DESI OF WORK N MI! & LITERA OBJECT SELECT TURE IVES ION OF REVIE TOPIC W & LITRAT URE TOPI COLLEC C SEA TION
RCH
SUBMISSI ON & DISSERT ATION DEFENCE
Fi& F$1 Wor( 1lan
1a&e @0
CHAPTER 8 REFERANCES 8.1 REFERANCES P!(er'
416 /uchey and ,utta21HH@3 JConcrete reinforcement #ith recycled fibresK by Qou+ian& Wan&"1 0$ C$ Wu"2 and :ictor C$ Di in .<=RN/D <F ;/)ER%/DS %N C%:%D EN-%NEER%N- ? N<:E;9ER 2000 426 Elic/##ad" ;ounir;absout" 9ilal 0amad" 0elmiThatib J1reliminary study on the use of natural fiber in sustainable concreteK Debanese Science .ournal" :ol$ 12" No$ 1" 2011 4 6 Eman T$ .allo JExperimental Study on the 9eha!iour of 0i&h Stren&th Concrete #ith Silica Fume under ;onotonic and Repeated Compressi!e DoadsK /lRafidain En&ineerin& :ol$20 No$ 2 ;arch 2012 456 0amous and El-0a#ary21HH53KConcrete reinforcement #ith recycled fibresK by Qou+ian& Wan&"1 0$ C$ Wu"2 and :ictor C$ Di in .<=RN/D <F ;/)ER%/DS %N C%:%D EN-%NEER%N- ? N<:E;9ER 2000 4F6 T$ C$ 9is#al1 and Suresh Chandra Sadan&i2 J Effect of super plastici>er and silica fume on properties of concreteK 1aper presented in the Conference on Effect of Super plastici>er and Silica Fume on 1roperties of Concrete")ri!andrum"Terala" ;arch 1@th" 2011 4@6 ;$shi!ra+a" Tandasamy"N$!eimani" ;$sudha(aranpillai JStudy on durability of natural fibre concrete composites usin& mechanical stren&th and microstructural propertiesK 9ull$ ;ater$ Sci$" :ol$ %ndian /cademy of Sciences$ " No$ @" ,ecember 2010" pp$ A1HNA2H$ V
1a&e @1
Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201 4A6 Naamanet$el 21HH@3 JConcrete reinforcement #ith recycled fibresK by Qou+ian& Wan&"1 0$ C$ Wu"2 and :ictor C$ Di in .<=RN/D <F ;/)ER%/DS %N C%:%D EN-%NEER%N- ? N<:E;9ER 2000 4I6 1reeti 1$ 1atel" Eli>abeath -eor&e" ,eepa /$ Sinha2200I3 JEFFEC) <F S%D%C/ F=;E <N 1R<1ER)%ES <F C<NCRE)EK 4H6 R$ Tandasamy1 and R$ ;uru&esan2 JFibre reinforce concrete usin& domestic #aste plastic as fibresK :<D$ @" N<$ " ;/RC0 2011 %SSN 1I1H-@@0I /R1N .ournal of En&ineerin& and /pplied Sciences 4106 :i(as Sri!asta!a1" Ra(esh Tumar2" /&ar#al :$C ";ehta 1$T2220123K JEffect on Silica fume and ;eta(aolin combination on concreteK %N)ERN/)%<N/D .<=RN/D <F C%:%D /N, S)R=C)=R/D EN-%NEER%N- :olume 2" No " 2012
Co&r"!%' A The'i'
4116 / research paper of Cement and Concrete institute" JFibre reinforced concreteK 4126 JConcrete X%tMs BualityK by S$C$;/%)% and Ra+ T$/&ra#al" %ndian Concrete .ournal-September 200 41 6 JEffect <f1o>>olanas <n Fibre Reinforced ConcreteKN/)%<N/D %NS)%)=)E <F )EC0N<D<-Q R<=RTED/-A@H00I 4156 JSome trends in the use of concrete* %ndian scenarioK by 1ra!een Tumar X S$T$Taushi($ %ndian Concrete .ournal- ,ecember 200 41F6 JStudy )he En&ineerin& 1roperty <f R1C With =se <f %nno!ati!e Supplementary Cementitious ;aterialK 9:; EN-%NEER%N- C<DDE-E" :$:$N/-/R$
1a&e @2
S$!"*!r*' A IS Co*e'
/C% Report Committee F55" J;ethods of )est for %mpact Stren&th"K /C%" /merica$
%ndian Standard ,esi&nation %S F1@-1HFH" J;ethods of )est for Stren&th of Concrete"K 9%S"Ne# ,elhi" 2002$
%S
I * 1HA0" JSpecification for Coarse a&&re&ate and Fine a&&re&ate from
Natural Sources for ConcreteK" 9ureau of %ndian Standard" Ne# ,elhi %S FI1@* 1HHH" JSplittin& )ensile Stren&th of Concrete ;ethod of )estK" 9ureau of %ndian Standard" Ne# ,elhi
1a&e @

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Experimental Study on Effect of Silica Fume With Natural Cellulose Fibre in FRC 2012-201

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL

1.2 CONCRETE AND ITS QUALITY

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.3.1 High Perfor !"#e Co"#re$e

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1$ $2 High S$re"g$h Co"#re$e41 6

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Fi&$ 1$ 0i&h 1erformance Concrete

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Fi&$1$5 .$. Flyo!er at ;umbai usin& 0i&h 1erformance Concrete

1.3.3 Re!#$i-e Po1*er Co"#re$e 2RPC341F6

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.3.4 Se%f Co (!#$i"g Co"#re$e

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.4FRC 2FI5RE REINFORCED CONCRETE3

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Fi&$ 1$@ )ypical Stress-Strain Cur!es For Fibre-Reinforced Concrete 4116

1.4.1 A*-!"$!ge' of FRC

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

6!$er Re$!i"i"g S$r&#$&re, <!erhead #ater tan(s" under&round sumps need to

6e!ri"g S&rf!#e $o E0i'$i"g 5ri*ge'?C&%-er$, FRC has been used as a #earin&

1.7 TYPES OF FI5RES

1.7.1 S$ee% Fi.re

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Fi&$ 1$A ,ifferent )ypes of Steel Fibre A*-!"$!ge' of S$ee% Fi.re

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.7.2 G%!'' Fi.re

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.7.3 S/"$he$i# Fi.re

Fi% 1 9.ifferent !ypes of (ynthetic Fibres

1.7.4 N!$&r!% Fi.re

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.8 T/(e' of S&((%e e"$!r/ Ce e"$i$io&' )!$eri!%'

1.8.1 Si%i#! F& e

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Si<2 /l2< Ca< Fe2< ;&< Na2< T2< S<

H2 0$5 1$2 0$2 1$2 0$1 1$1 0$

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

1.8.2 GG5S 2Gro&"* Gr!"&%!$e* 5%!'$ F&r"!#e S%!g3

ironand obtainedthrou&hrapidcoolin&by #ateror 'uenchin&molten sla&$0erethemolten

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Fi&$ 1$1 -round-ranulated 9last Furnace Sla& 2--9S3

1.8.2 RHA 2Ri'e H&'+ A'h3

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Fi &$ 1$15 R0/ 2Rise 0us(/sh3

1.8.4 F%/ A'h

9:; En&&$ Colle&e" :$:$Na&ar

Ch!($er 2 RE9IE6 OF LITERATURE 2.1 EARLIER RESEARCHES

2.2 LIST OF LITERATURE TA5LE

.oa'uim /$ Fi&ueiras b" 2001 1aulo /$/$ 1ereira c

4.2.3 Te'$' for H!re"e Co"#re$e