RFID Based Vehicle Authentication System

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY
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CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
This project e !"i#es po$ic% re&!r'i#& the e$ectro#ic !ppro!ches !#' 'e(e$op"e#ts to)!r's e$ectro#ic !*the#tic!tio#+ R!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# .RFID/ 'e(ices ,or Vehic$e
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!*the#tic!tio# !#' other e isti#& i'e#tit% 'oc*"e#ts !re 'isc*sse' !#' i"p$e"e#te' i# this project+ The RFID t!& is !tt!che' to the (ehic$e+ Whe#e(er the (ehic$e co"es the re!'er re!'s the '!t! ,ro" the t!& !#' co"p!res )ith the store' '!t! i# its '!t!0!se+ I, the '!t! is "!tche' i# the p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot the# o#$% the (ehic$e is !*thori1e' e$se it the s%ste" )i$$ 'isp$!% the "ess!&e !s !ccess ti"e o(er+ 1+1 Objective of the project The project 'e"!#'s the *ser to s*0"it his RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# s%ste"+ The project *ses the RFID tech#o$o&% !#' E"0e''e' S%ste"s to 'esi&# this !pp$ic!tio#+ The "!i# o0jecti(e o, this project is to 'esi&# ! s%ste" th!t pro(i'es !*the#tic!tio# to the (ehic$es )ithi# p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot+ The s%ste" re!'s the '!t! ,ro" the RFID t!& !#' (eri,ies this '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! i# its '!t!0!se+ I, the 'et!i$s prese#t i# the t!& "!tches )ith the store' '!t!2 the s%ste" !$$o)s the (ehic$e to e#ter+ I, the 'et!i$s o, the t!& 'o #ot "!tch )ith the store' '!t!2 the s%ste" i""e'i!te$% !cti(!tes the sire# !#' the sec*rit% !*thorities c!# co"e !#' t!3e the ,*rther !ctio#+ This project is ! 'e(ice th!t co$$ects '!t! ,ro" the t!& !#' co'es the '!t! i#to ! ,or"!t th!t c!# 0e *#'erstoo' 0% the co#tro$$i#& sectio#+ This s%ste" !$so co$$ects i#,or"!tio# ,ro" the "!ster 'e(ice !#' i"p$e"e#ts co""!#'s th!t !re 'irecte' 0% the "!ster+ The o0jecti(e o, the project is to 'e(e$op ! "icroco#tro$$er 0!se' sec*rit% !#' !$ert s%ste"+ It co#sists o, ! RFID re!'er2 "icroco#tro$$er2 the i#ter,!ci#& *#it to !$$o) the co""*#ic!tio# 0et)ee# the "icroco#tro$$er !#' RFID "o'*$e2 the 0*11er !#' the LCD+ 1+4 Background of the Project The so,t)!re !pp$ic!tio# !#' the h!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# he$p the "icroco#tro$$er re!' the '!t! ,ro" the RFID t!&2 (eri,% the '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! !#' t!3e the #e t !ctio#+ The s%ste" is tot!$$% 'esi&#e' *si#& RFID !#' e"0e''e' s%ste"s tech#o$o&%+
1.3 Organization of the Thesis I# (ie) o, the propose' thesis )or3 e p$!#!tio# o, theoretic!$ !spects !#' !$&orith"s *se' i# this )or3 !re prese#te' !s per the se-*e#ce 'escri0e' 0e$o)+
NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY Page 3

Ch!pter 1 'escri0es ! 0rie, re(ie) o, the o0jecti(es !#' &o!$s o, the )or3+ Ch!pter 4 'isc*sses the e isti#& tech#o$o&ies !#' the st*'% o, (!rio*s tech#o$o&ies i# 'et!i$+ Ch!pter 5 'escri0es the B$oc3 'i!&r!"2 Circ*it 'i!&r!" o, the project !#' its 'escriptio#+ The co#str*ctio# !#' 'escriptio# o, (!rio*s "o'*$es *se' ,or the !pp$ic!tio# !re 'escri0e' i# 'et!i$+ Ch!pter 6 e p$!i#s the So,t)!re too$s re-*ire' ,or the project2 the Co'e 'e(e$ope' ,or the 'esi&#+ Ch!pter 7 prese#ts the res*$ts2 o(er!$$ co#c$*sio#s o, the st*'% !#' proposes possi0$e i"pro(e"e#ts !#' 'irectio#s o, ,*t*re rese!rch )or3+
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CHAPT ! "
Overvie# of the techno$ogies
".1 %bedded &'ste%s( A# e"0e''e' s%ste" c!# 0e 'e,i#e' !s ! co"p*ti#& 'e(ice th!t 'oes ! speci,ic ,oc*se' jo0+ App$i!#ces s*ch !s the !ir8co#'itio#er2 VCD p$!%er2 DVD p$!%er2 pri#ter2 ,! "!chi#e2 "o0i$e pho#e etc+ !re e !"p$es o, e"0e''e' s%ste"s+ E!ch o, these !pp$i!#ces )i$$ h!(e ! processor !#' speci!$ h!r')!re to "eet the speci,ic re-*ire"e#t o, the !pp$ic!tio# !$o#& )ith the e"0e''e' so,t)!re th!t is e ec*te' 0% the processor ,or "eeti#& th!t speci,ic re-*ire"e#t+

The e"0e''e' so,t)!re is !$so c!$$e' 9,ir" )!re:+ The 'es3top;$!ptop co"p*ter is ! &e#er!$ p*rpose co"p*ter+ <o* c!# *se it ,or ! (!riet% o, !pp$ic!tio#s s*ch !s p$!%i#& &!"es2 word processi#&2 !cco*#ti#&2 so,t)!re 'e(e$op"e#t !#' soo#+ "." )o$$o#ing are the advantages of %bedded &'ste%s( 1+ The% !re 'esi&#e' to 'o ! speci,ic t!s3 !#' h!(e re!$ ti"e per,or"!#ce co#str!i#ts )hich "*st 0e "et+ 4+ The% !$$o) the s%ste" h!r')!re to 0e si"p$i,ie' so costs !re re'*ce'+ 5+ The% !re *s*!$$% i# the ,or" o, s"!$$ co"p*teri1e' p!rts i# $!r&er 'e(ices )hich ser(e ! &e#er!$ p*rpose+ 6+ The pro&r!" i#str*ctio#s ,or e"0e''e' s%ste"s r*# )ith $i"ite' co"p*ter h!r')!re reso*rces2 $itt$e "e"or% !#' s"!$$ or e(e# #o#8e iste#t 3e%0o!r' or scree#+ 4+5 *ntroduction to !)*+ Techno$og' I# rece#t %e!rs2 r!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# tech#o$o&% h!s "o(e' ,ro" o0sc*rit% i#to "!i#stre!" !pp$ic!tio#s th!t he$p spee' the h!#'$i#& o, "!#*,!ct*re' &oo's !#' "!teri!$s+ RFID e#!0$es i'e#ti,ic!tio# ,ro" ! 'ist!#ce !#' *#$i3e e!r$ier 0!r8co'e tech#o$o&%= it 'oes so )itho*t re-*iri#& ! $i#e o, si&ht+ RFID t!&s s*pport ! $!r&er set o, *#i-*e IDs th!# 0!r co'es !#' c!# i#corpor!te !''itio#!$ '!t! s*ch !s "!#*,!ct*rer2 pro'*ct t%pe !#' s%ste"s c!# 'iscer# "!#% 'i,,ere#t t!&s $oc!te' i# the s!"e &e#er!$ !re! )itho*t h*"!# !ssist!#ce+
)ig( Three different !)*+ tags the' co%e in a$$ shapes and sizes. "., +efinition of !)*+ techno$og'
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R!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# .RFID/ is ! &e#er!$ ter" th!t is *se' to 'escri0e ! s%ste" th!t tr!#s"its the i'e#tit% .i# the ,or" o, ! *#i-*e seri!$ #*"0er/ o, !# o0ject )ire$ess$% *si#& r!'io )!(es+ RFID tech#o$o&ies !re &ro*pe' *#'er the "ore &e#eric A*to"!tic I'e#ti,ic!tio# .A*to ID/ tech#o$o&ies+ ".- ar$ier scenario in identification strea%( The 0!rco'e $!0e$s th!t tri&&ere' ! re(o$*tio# i# i'e#ti,ic!tio# s%ste"s $o#& ti"e !&o !re i#!'e-*!te i# !# i#cre!si#& #*"0er o, c!ses+ The% !re che!p 0*t the st*"0$i#& 0$oc3 is their $o) stor!&e c!p!cit% !#' the ,!ct th!t the% c!##ot 0e repro&r!""e'+ A ,e!si0$e so$*tio# )!s p*tti#& the '!t! o# si$ico# chips+ The i'e!$ sit*!tio# is co#t!ct$ess tr!#s,er o, '!t! 0et)ee# the '!t! c!rr%i#& 'e(ice !#' its re!'er+ The po)er re-*ire' to oper!te the e$ectro#ic '!t! c!rr%i#& 'e(ice )o*$' !$so 0e tr!#s,erre' ,ro" the re!'er *si#& co#t!ct$ess tech#o$o&%+ These proce'*res &i(e RFID its #!"e+
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Chapter 3
Hard#are *%p$e%entation of the Project
This ch!pter 0rie,$% e p$!i#s !0o*t the H!r')!re I"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ It 'isc*sses the 'esi&# !#' )or3i#& o, the 'esi&# )ith the he$p o, 0$oc3 'i!&r!" !#' circ*it 'i!&r!" !#' e p$!#!tio# o, circ*it 'i!&r!" i# 'et!i$+ It e p$!i#s the ,e!t*res2 ti"er pro&r!""i#&2 seri!$ co""*#ic!tio#2 i#terr*pts o, AT>?S74 "icroco#tro$$er+ It !$so e p$!i#s the (!rio*s "o'*$es *se' i# this project+ 3.1 Project +esign The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi&# c!# 0e 'i(i'e' i# t)o p!rts+ H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# Fir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# 'e!$s i# 'r!)i#& the sche"!tic o# the p$!#e p!per !ccor'i#& to the !pp$ic!tio#2 testi#& the sche"!tic 'esi&# o(er the 0re!'0o!r' *si#& the (!rio*s IC@s to ,i#' i, the 'esi&# "eets the o0jecti(e2 c!rr%i#& o*t the PCB $!%o*t o, the sche"!tic teste' o# 0re!'0o!r'2 ,i#!$$% prep!ri#& the 0o!r' !#' testi#& the 'esi&#e' h!r')!re+

3.1.1 B$ock +iagra% of the Project and its +escription The 0$oc3 'i!&r!" o, the 'esi&# is !s sho)# i# Fi& 5+1+ It co#sists o, po)er s*pp$% *#it2 "icroco#tro$$er2 RFID "o'*$e2 Seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# *#it2 s)itches2 0*11er sectio# !#' LCD+ The 0rie, 'escriptio# o, e!ch *#it is e p$!i#e' !s ,o$$o)s+
3.2 Power Supply:

The i#p*t to the circ*it is !pp$ie' ,ro" the re&*$!te' po)er s*pp$%+ The !+c+ i#p*t i+e+2 45AV ,ro" the "!i#s s*pp$% is step 'o)# 0% the tr!#s,or"er to 14V !#' is ,e' to ! recti,ier+ The o*tp*t o0t!i#e' ,ro" the recti,ier is ! p*$s!ti#& '+c (o$t!&e+ So i# or'er to &et ! p*re '+c (o$t!&e2
Transfor%er(
Us*!$$%2 DC (o$t!&es !re re-*ire' to oper!te (!rio*s e$ectro#ic e-*ip"e#t !#' these (o$t!&es !re 7V2 ?V or 14V+ B*t these (o$t!&es c!##ot 0e o0t!i#e' 'irect$%+ Th*s the !+c i#p*t !(!i$!0$e !t the "!i#s s*pp$% i+e+2 45AV is to 0e 0ro*&ht 'o)# to the re-*ire' (o$t!&e $e(e$+ This is 'o#e 0% ! tr!#s,or"er+ Th*s2 ! step 'o)# tr!#s,or"er is e"p$o%e' to 'ecre!se the (o$t!&e to ! re-*ire' $e(e$+ !ectifier( The o*tp*t ,ro" the tr!#s,or"er is ,e' to the recti,ier+ It co#(erts A+C+ i#to p*$s!ti#& D+C+ The recti,ier "!% 0e ! h!$, )!(e or ! ,*$$ )!(e recti,ier+ I# this project2 ! 0ri'&e recti,ier is *se' 0ec!*se o, its "erits $i3e &oo' st!0i$it% !#' ,*$$ )!(e recti,ic!tio#+ )i$ter(

C!p!citi(e ,i$ter is *se' i# this project+ It re"o(es the ripp$es ,ro" the o*tp*t o, recti,ier !#' s"oothe#s the D+C+ O*tp*t recei(e' ,ro" this ,i$ter is co#st!#t *#ti$ the "!i#s (o$t!&e !#' $o!' is "!i#t!i#e' co#st!#t+ Ho)e(er2 i, either o, the t)o is (!rie'2 D+C+ (o$t!&e recei(e' !t this poi#t ch!#&es+ There,ore ! re&*$!tor is !pp$ie' !t the o*tp*t st!&e+ .o$tage regu$ator( As the #!"e itse$, i"p$ies2 it re&*$!tes the i#p*t !pp$ie' to it+ A (o$t!&e re&*$!tor is !# e$ectric!$ re&*$!tor 'esi&#e' to !*to"!tic!$$% "!i#t!i# ! co#st!#t (o$t!&e $e(e$+ I# this project2 po)er s*pp$% o, 7V !#' 14V !re re-*ire'+ I# or'er to o0t!i# these (o$t!&e $e(e$s2 B>A7 !#' B>14 (o$t!&e re&*$!tors !re to 0e *se'+ The ,irst #*"0er B> represe#ts positi(e s*pp$% !#' the #*"0ers A72 14 represe#t the re-*ire' o*tp*t (o$t!&e $e(e$s+
3.3 Microcontrollers:
Microprocessors !#' "icroco#tro$$ers !re )i'e$% *se' i# e"0e''e' s%ste"s pro'*cts+ Microcontroller is a programmable device+ A "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! CPU i# !''itio# to ! ,i e' !"o*#t o, RAM2 ROM2 I;O ports !#' ! ti"er e"0e''e' !$$ o# ! si#&$e chip+ The ,i e' !"o*#t o, o#8chip ROM2 RAM !#' #*"0er o, I;O ports i# "icroco#tro$$ers "!3es the" i'e!$ ,or "!#% !pp$ic!tio#s i# )hich cost !#' sp!ce !re critic!$+ +)eatures of AT/0&-"C >D B%tes o, Re8pro&r!""!0$e F$!sh Me"or%+ RAM is 47E 0%tes+ 6+AV to 7+7V Oper!ti#& R!#&e+ F*$$% St!tic Oper!tio#C A H1 to 55 MH1@s Three8$e(e$ Pro&r!" Me"or% Loc3+ 47E >80it I#ter#!$ RAM+
54 Pro&r!""!0$e I;O Li#es+ Three 1E80it Ti"er;Co*#ters+ Ei&ht I#terr*pt So*rces+ +escription( The AT>?s74 is ! $o)8(o$t!&e2 hi&h8per,or"!#ce CMOS >80it "icroco"p*ter )ith >D 0%tes o, F$!sh pro&r!""!0$e "e"or%+ The 'e(ice is "!#*,!ct*re' *si#&
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At"e$@s hi&h 'e#sit% #o#(o$!ti$e "e"or% tech#o$o&% !#' is co"p!ti0$e )ith the i#'*str%8st!#'!r' MCS871 i#str*ctio# set+ The o# chip ,$!sh !$$o)s the pro&r!" "e"or% to 0e repro&r!""e' i# s%ste" or 0% ! co#(e#tio#!$ #o# (o$!ti$e "e"or% pro&r!""er+ B% co"0i#i#& ! (ers!ti$e >80it CPU )ith F$!sh o# ! "o#o$ithic chip2 the At"e$ AT>?s74 is ! po)er,*$ "icroco"p*ter2 )hich pro(i'es ! hi&h$% ,$e i0$e !#' cost8e,,ecti(e so$*tio# to "!#% e"0e''e' co#tro$ !pp$ic!tio#s+ h!r
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Pin description( .cc Pi# 6A pro(i'es s*pp$% (o$t!&e to the chip+ The (o$t!&e so*rce is F7V+ 12+ Pi# 4A is the &ro*#'+ Port 3( Port A is !# >80it ope# 'r!i# 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port+ As !# o*tp*t port2 e!ch pi# c!# si#3 ei&ht TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to port A pi#s2 the pi#s c!# 0e *se' !s hi&h i"pe'!#ce i#p*ts+ Port A c!# !$so 0e co#,i&*re' to 0e the "*$tip$e e' $o)8 or'er !''ress;'!t! 0*s '*ri#& !ccesses to e ter#!$ pro&r!" !#' '!t! "e"or%+ I# this "o'e2 PA h!s i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ Port A !$so recei(es the co'e 0%tes '*ri#& Port 1 Port 1 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 1 o*tp*t 0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 1 pi#s2 the% !re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port
Port " Port 4 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 4 o*tp*t 0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 4 pi#s2 the% !re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port

4 pi#s th!t !re e ter#!$$% 0ei#& p*$$e' $o) )i$$ so*rce c*rre#t .IIL/ 0ec!*se o, the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps Port 3 Port 5 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 5 o*tp*t 0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 5 pi#s2 the% !re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port 5 pi#s th!t !re e ter#!$$% 0ei#& p*$$e' $o) )i$$ so*rce c*rre#t .IIL/ 0ec!*se o, the p*$$8*ps+ !eset input A hi&h o# this pi# ,or t)o "!chi#e c%c$es )hi$e the osci$$!tor is r*##i#& resets the 'e(ice+ This pi# 'ri(es hi&h ,or ?> osci$$!tor perio's !,ter the W!tch'o& ti"es o*t+ The DISRTO 0it i# SFR AUGR .!''ress >EH/ c!# 0e *se' to 'is!0$e this ,e!t*re+ I# the 'e,!*$t st!te o, 0it DISRTO2 the RESET HIHH o*t ,e!t*re is e#!0$e'+ A4 5P!O1 6Address 4atch nab$e7 is !# o*tp*t p*$se ,or $!tchi#& the $o) 0%te o, the !''ress '*ri#& !ccesses to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ This pi# is !$so the pro&r!" p*$se i#p*t .PROH/ '*ri#& F$!sh pro&r!""i#&+ P& 2 6Progra% &tore nab$e7 is the re!' stro0e to e ter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or%+ Whe# the AT>?S74 is e ec*ti#& co'e ,ro" e ter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or%2 PSEN is !cti(!te' t)ice e!ch "!chi#e c%c$e2 e cept th!t t)o PSEN !cti(!tio#s !re s3ippe' '*ri#& e!ch !ccess to e ter#!$ '!t! "e"or%+ A5.PP 6 8terna$ Access nab$e7 EA "*st 0e str!ppe' to HND i# or'er to
e#!0$e the 'e(ice to ,etch co'e ,ro" e ter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or% $oc!tio#s st!rti#& !t AAAAH *p to FFFFH+ Note2 ho)e(er2 th!t i, $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 EA )i$$ 0e i#ter#!$$% $!tche' o# reset+ EA sho*$' 0e str!ppe' to VCC ,or i#ter#!$ pro&r!" e ec*tio#s+ This pi# !$so recei(es the 148(o$t pro&r!""i#& e#!0$e (o$t!&e .VPP/ '*ri#& F$!sh pro&r!""i#&+ 9TA41 I#p*t to the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier !#' i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3 oper!ti#& circ*it+
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9TA4" O*tp*t ,ro" the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier+
GTAL1 !#' GTAL4 !re the i#p*t !#' o*tp*t2 respecti(e$%2 o, !# i#(erti#& !"p$i,ier th!t c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or *se !s !# o#8chip osci$$!tor+ Either ! -*!rt1 cr%st!$ or cer!"ic reso#!tor "!% 0e *se'+ To 'ri(e the 'e(ice ,ro" !# e ter#!$ c$oc3 so*rce 2 GTAL4 sho*$' 0e $e,t *#co##ecte' )hi$e GTAL1 is 'ri(e#+ There !re #o re-*ire"e#ts o# the '*t% c%c$e o, the e ter#!$ c$oc3 si&#!$2 si#ce the i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3i#& circ*itr% is thro*&h ! 'i(i'e80%8t)o ,$ip8,$op2 0*t "i#i"*" !#' "! i"*" (o$t!&e hi&h !#' $o) ti"e speci,ic!tio#s "*st 0e o0ser(e'+ &pecia$ )unction !egisters C A "!p o, the o#8chip "e"or% !re! c!$$e' the Speci!$ F*#ctio# Re&ister .SFR/ sp!ce is sho)# i# the ,o$$o)i#& t!0$e+ It sho*$' 0e #ote' th!t #ot !$$ o, the !''resses !re occ*pie' !#' *#occ*pie' !''resses "!% #ot 0e i"p$e"e#te' o# the chip+ Re!' !ccesses to these !''resses )i$$ i# &e#er!$ ret*r# r!#'o" '!t!2 !#' )rite !ccesses )i$$ h!(e !# i#'eter"i#!te e,,ect+User so,t)!re sho*$' #ot )rite 1s to these *#$iste' $oc!tio#s2 si#ce the% "!% 0e *se' i# ,*t*re pro'*cts to i#(o3e #e) ,e!t*res+ I# th!t c!se2 the reset or i#!cti(e (!$*es o, the #e) 0its )i$$ !$)!%s 0e A+

Ti%er " !egistersC Co#tro$ !#' st!t*s 0its !re co#t!i#e' i# re&isters T4CON !#' T4MOD ,or Ti"er 4+ The re&ister p!ir .RCAP4H2 RCAP4L/ is the C!pt*re;Re$o!' re&ister ,or Ti"er 4 i# 1E80it c!pt*re "o'e or 1E80it !*to8re$o!' "o'e+ *nterrupt !egisters( The i#'i(i'*!$ i#terr*pt e#!0$e 0its !re i# the IE re&ister+ T)o priorities c!# 0e set ,or e!ch o, the si i#terr*pt so*rces i# the I
+ua$ +ata Pointer !egistersC To ,!ci$it!te !ccessi#& 0oth i#ter#!$ !#' e ter#!$ '!t! "e"or%2 t)o 0!#3s o, 1E8 0it D!t! Poi#ter Re&isters !re pro(i'e'C DPA !t SFR !''ress $oc!tio#s >4H8>5H !#' DP1 !t >6H !#' >7H+ Bit DPS I A i# SFR AUGR1 se$ects DPA !#' DPS I 1 se$ects DP1+ The *ser sho*$' ALWA<S i#iti!$i1e the DPS 0it to the !ppropri!te (!$*e 0e,ore !ccessi#& the respecti(e D!t! Poi#ter Re&ister+ Po#er off )$agC The Po)er o,, F$!& .POF/ is $oc!te' !t 0it 6 .PCON+6/ i# the PCON SFR+ POF is set to 91: '*ri#& po)er *p+ It c!# 0e set !#' rest *#'er so,t)!re co#tro$ !#' is #ot !,,ecte' 0% reset+ :e%or' Organization MCS871 'e(ices h!(e ! sep!r!te !''ress sp!ce ,or Pro&r!" !#' D!t! Me"or%+ Up to E6D 0%tes e!ch o, e ter#!$ Pro&r!" !#' D!t! Me"or% c!# 0e !''resse'+ Progra% :e%or' I, the EA pi# is co##ecte' to HND2 !$$ pro&r!" ,etches !re 'irecte' to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ O# the AT>?S742 i, EA is co##ecte' to VCC2 pro&r!" ,etches to !''resses AAAAH thro*&h 1FFFH !re 'irecte' to i#ter#!$ "e"or% !#' ,etches to !''resses 4AAAH thro*&h FFFFH !re to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ +ata :e%or' The AT>?S74 i"p$e"e#ts 47E 0%tes o, o#8chip RAM+ The *pper 14> 0%tes occ*p% ! p!r!$$e$ !''ress sp!ce to the Speci!$ F*#ctio# Re&isters+ This "e!#s th!t the

*pper 14> 0%tes h!(e the s!"e !''resses !s the SFR sp!ce 0*t !re ph%sic!$$% sep!r!te ,ro" SFR sp!ce+
;atchdog Ti%er 6One<ti%e nab$ed #ith !eset<out7

The WDT is i#te#'e' !s ! reco(er% "etho' i# sit*!tio#s )here the CPU "!% 0e s*0jecte' to so,t)!re *psets+ The WDT co#sists o, ! 1680it co*#ter !#' the W!tch'o& Ti"er Reset .WDTRST/ SFR+ The WDT is 'e,!*$te' to 'is!0$e ,ro" e iti#& reset+ To e#!0$e the WDT2 ! *ser "*st )rite A1EH !#' AE1H i# se-*e#ce to the WDTRST re&ister .SFR $oc!tio# AAEH/+ =sing the ;+T To e#!0$e the WDT2 ! *ser "*st )rite A1EH !#' AE1H i# se-*e#ce to the WDTRST re&ister .SFR $oc!tio# AAEH/+ Whe# the WDT is e#!0$e'2 the *ser #ee's to ser(ice it re&*$!r$% 0% )riti#& A1EH !#' AE1H to WDTRST to !(oi' ! WDT o(er,$o)+ The 1680it co*#ter o(er,$o)s )he# it re!ches 1E5>5 .5FFFH/ !#' this )i$$ reset the 'e(ice+ Whe# the WDT is e#!0$e'2 it )i$$ i#cre"e#t e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e )hi$e the osci$$!tor is r*##i#&+ This "e!#s the *ser "*st reset the WDT !t $e!st ,or e(er% 1E5>5 "!chi#e c%c$es+ To reset the WDT2 the *ser "*st )rite A1EH !#' AE1H to WDTRST+ WDTRST is ! )rite8o#$% re&ister+ ;+T during Po#er<do#n and *d$e I# Po)er 'o)# "o'e the osci$$!tor stops2 )hich "e!#s the WDT !$so stops+ Th*s the *ser 'oes #ot #ee' to ser(ice the WDT i# Po)er 'o)# "o'e+ The i#terr*pt is he$' $o) $o#& e#o*&h ,or the osci$$!tor to st!0i$i1e+ Whe# the i#terr*pt is 0ro*&ht hi&h2 the i#terr*pt is ser(ice'+ To pre(e#t the WDT ,ro" resetti#& the 'e(ice )hi$e the i#terr*pt pi# is he$' $o)2 the WDT is #ot st!rte' *#ti$ the i#terr*pt is p*$$e' hi&h+ It is s*&&este' th!t the WDT 0e reset '*ri#& the i#terr*pt ser(ice ,or the i#terr*pt *se' to e it Po)er 'o)# "o'e+
=A!T
The At"e$ >A71 Microco#tro$$ers i"p$e"e#t three &e#er!$ p*rpose2 1E80it ti"ers; co*#ters+ The% !re i'e#ti,ie' !s Ti"er A2 Ti"er 1 !#' Ti"er 4 !#' c!# 0e i#'epe#'e#t$% co#,i&*re' tooper!te i# ! (!riet% o, "o'es !s ! ti"er or !s !# e(e#t co*#ter+ Whe# oper!ti#& !s ! ti"er2 the ti"er;co*#ter r*#s ,or ! pro&r!""e' $e#&th o, ti"e !#' the# iss*es !# i#terr*pt re-*est+ Whe#

oper!ti#& !s ! co*#ter2 the ti"er;co*#ter co*#ts #e&!ti(e tr!#sitio#s o# !# e ter#!$ pi#+ A,ter ! preset #*"0er o, co*#ts2 the co*#ter iss*es !# i#terr*pt re-*est+ The (!rio*s oper!ti#& "o'es o, e!ch ti"er;co*#ter !re 'escri0e' i# the ,o$$o)i#& sectio#s+ Ti%er 3 Ti"er A ,*#ctio#s !s either ! ti"er or e(e#t co*#ter i# ,o*r "o'es o, oper!tio#+ Ti"er A is co#tro$$e' 0% the ,o*r $o)er 0its o, the TMOD re&ister !#' 0its A2 12 6 !#' 7 o, the TCON re&ister+ TMOD re&ister se$ects the "etho' o, ti"er &!ti#& .HATEA/2 ti"er or co*#ter oper!tio# :ode 3 613<bit Ti%er7 Mo'e A co#,i&*res ti"er A !s ! 1580it ti"er )hich is set *p !s !# >80it ti"er .THA re&ister/ )ith ! "o'*$o854 presc!$er i"p$e"e#te' )ith the $o)er ,i(e 0its o, the TLA re&ister+ The *pper three 0its o, TLA re&ister !re i#'eter"i#!te !#' sho*$' 0e i&#ore'+ Presc!$er o(er,$o) i#cre"e#ts the THA re&ister+ :ode 1 61><bit Ti%er7 Mo'e 1 is the s!"e !s Mo'e A2 e cept th!t the Ti"er re&ister is 0ei#& r*# )ith !$$ 1E 0its+ Mo'e 1 co#,i&*res ti"er A !s ! 1E80it ti"er )ith the THA !#' TLA re&isters co##ecte' i# c!sc!'e+ The se$ecte' i#p*t i#cre"e#ts the TLA re&ister+ :ode " 6/<bit Ti%er #ith Auto<!e$oad7 Mo'e 4 co#,i&*res ti"er A !s !# >80it ti"er .TLA re&ister/ th!t !*to"!tic!$$% re$o!'s ,ro" the THA re&ister+ TLA o(er,$o) sets TFA ,$!& i# the TCON re&ister !#' re$o!'s TLA )ith the co#te#ts o, THA2 )hich is preset 0% so,t)!re+ Ti%er 1 Ti"er 1 is i'e#tic!$ to ti"er A2 e cept ,or "o'e 52 )hich is ! ho$'8co*#t "o'e+ The ,o$$o)i#& co""e#ts he$p to *#'erst!#' the 'i,,ere#cesC J Ti"er 1 ,*#ctio#s !s either ! ti"er or e(e#t co*#ter i# three "o'es o, oper!tio#+ Ti"er 1@s "o'e 5 is ! ho$'8co*#t "o'e+ :ode 3 613<bit Ti%er7 Mo'e A co#,i&*res Ti"er 1 !s ! 1580it ti"er2 )hich is set *p !s !# >80it ti"er .TH1 re&ister/ )ith ! "o'*$o854 presc!$er i"p$e"e#te' )ith the $o)er 7 0its o, the TL1 re&ister+ The *pper 5 0its o, the TL1 re&ister !re i&#ore'+ Presc!$er o(er,$o) i#cre"e#ts the TH1 re&ister+ :ode 1 61><bit Ti%er7

Mo'e 1 co#,i&*res Ti"er 1 !s ! 1E80it ti"er )ith the TH1 !#' TL1 re&isters co##ecte' i# c!sc!'e+ The se$ecte' i#p*t i#cre"e#ts the TL1 re&ister+ :ode " 6/<bit Ti%er #ith Auto !e$oad7 Mo'e 4 co#,i&*res Ti"er 1 !s !# >80it ti"er .TL1 re&ister/ )ith !*to"!tic re$o!' ,ro" the TH1 re&ister o# o(er,$o)+ TL1 o(er,$o) sets the TF1 ,$!& i# the TCON re&ister !#' re$o!'s TL1 )ith the co#te#ts o, TH12 )hich is preset 0% so,t)!re+ The re$o!' $e!(es TH1 *#ch!#&e'+
+ correspo#'i#& e ter#!$ i#p*t pi#2 T4+ I# this ,*#ctio#2 the e ter#!$ i#p*t is s!"p$e' '*ri#& S7P4 o, e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e+ Whe# the s!"p$es sho) ! hi&h i# o#e c%c$e !#' ! $o) i# the #e t c%c$e2 the co*#t is i#cre"e#te'+ The #e) co*#t (!$*e !ppe!rs i# the re&ister '*ri#& S5P1 o, the c%c$e ,o$$o)i#& the o#e i# )hich the tr!#sitio# )!s 'etecte'+ Capture :ode
Auto<re$oad 6=p or +o#n Counter7 Ti"er 4 c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to co*#t *p or 'o)# )he# co#,i&*re' i# its 1E80it !*to8re$o!' "o'e+ This ,e!t*re is i#(o3e' 0% the DCEN .Do)# Co*#ter E#!0$e/ 0it $oc!te' i# the SFR T4MOD+ Upo# reset2 the DCEN 0it is set to A so th!t ti"er 4 )i$$ 'e,!*$t to co*#t *p+ Whe#
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DCEN is set2 Ti"er 4 c!# co*#t *p or 'o)#2 'epe#'i#& o# the (!$*e o, the T4EG pi#+
The !0o(e ,i&*re sho)s Ti"er 4 !*to"!tic!$$% co*#ti#& *p )he# DCEN I A+ I# this "o'e2 t)o optio#s !re se$ecte' 0% 0it EGEN4 i# T4CON+ I, EGEN4 I A2 Ti"er 4 co*#ts *p to AFFFFH !#' the# sets the TF4 0it *po# o(er,$o)+ The o(er,$o) !$so c!*ses the ti"er re&isters to 0e re$o!'e' )ith the 1E80it (!$*e i# RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L+ Baud !ate 1enerator Ti"er 4 is se$ecte' !s the 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor 0% setti#& TCLD !#';or RCLD i# T4CON+ Note th!t the 0!*' r!tes ,or tr!#s"it !#' recei(e c!# 0e 'i,,ere#t i, Ti"er 4 is *se' ,or the recei(er or tr!#s"itter !#' Ti"er 1 is *se' ,or the other ,*#ctio#+ Setti#& RCLD !#';or TCLD p*ts Ti"er 4 i#to its 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e+ The 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e is si"i$!r to the !*to8re$o!' "o'e2 i# th!t ! ro$$o(er i# TH4 c!*ses the Ti"er 4 re&isters to 0e re$o!'e' )ith the 1E80it (!$*e i# re&isters RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L2 )hich !re preset 0% so,t)!re+ The 0!*' r!tes i# Mo'es 1 !#' 5 !re 'eter"i#e' 0% Ti"er 4@s o(er,$o) r!te !ccor'i#& to the ,o$$o)i#& e-*!tio#+
The Ti"er c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or either ti"er or co*#ter oper!tio#+ I# "ost !pp$ic!tio#s2 it is co#,i&*re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# .CP;T4 I A/+ The ti"er oper!tio# is 'i,,ere#t ,or Ti"er 4 )he# it is *se' !s ! 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor+ Nor"!$$%2 !s ! ti"er2 it i#cre"e#ts e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e .!t 1;14 the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c%/+ As ! 0!*' r!te

&e#er!tor2 ho)e(er2 it i#cre"e#ts e(er% st!te ti"e .!t 1;4 the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c%/+ The 0!*' r!te ,or"*$! is &i(e# Progra%%ab$e C$ock Out A 7AK '*t% c%c$e c$oc3 c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to co"e o*t o# P1+A2 !s sho)# i# the 0e$o) ,i&*re+ This pi#2 0esi'es 0ei#& ! re&*$!r I;O pi#2 h!s t)o !$ter#!te ,*#ctio#s+ It c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to i#p*t the e ter#!$ c$oc3 ,or Ti"er;Co*#ter 4 or to o*tp*t ! 7AK '*t% c%c$e c$oc3 r!#&i#& ,ro" E1 H1 to 6 MH1 .,or ! 1E -MH1 To co#,i&*re the Ti"er;Co*#ter 4 !s ! c$oc3 &e#er!tor2 0it C;T4 .T4CON+1/ "*st 0e c$e!re' !#' 0it T4OE .T4MOD+1/ "*st 0e set+ Bit TR4 .T4CON+4/ st!rts !#' stops the ti"er+ The c$oc38o*t ,re-*e#c% 'epe#'s o# the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c% !#' the re$o!' (!$*e o, Ti"er 4 c!pt*re re&isters .RCAP4H2 RCAP4L/2 !s sho)# i# the ,o$$o)i#& e-*!tio#+
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I# the c$oc38o*t "o'e2 Ti"er 4 ro$$8o(ers )i$$ #ot &e#er!te !# i#terr*pt+ This 0eh!(ior is si"i$!r to )he# Ti"er 4 is *se' !s ! 0!*'8r!te &e#er!tor+ It is possi0$e to *se Ti"er 4 !s ! 0!*'8r!te &e#er!tor !#' ! c$oc3 &e#er!tor si"*$t!#eo*s$%+ Note2 ho)e(er2 th!t the 0!*' r!te !#' c$oc38o*t ,re-*e#cies c!##ot 0e 'eter"i#e' i#'epe#'e#t$% ,ro" o#e !#other si#ce the% 0oth *se RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L+
*nterrupts
The AT>?S74 h!s ! tot!$ o, si i#terr*pt (ectorsC t)o e ter#!$ i#terr*pts .INTA !#' INT1/2 three ti"er i#terr*pts .Ti"ers A2 12 !#' 4/ !#' the seri!$ port i#terr*pt+ These i#terr*pts !re !$$ sho)# i# the 0e$o) ,i&*re+ The Ti"er A !#' Ti"er 1 ,$!&s2 TFA !#' TF12 !re set !t S7P4 o, the c%c$e i# )hich the ti"ers o(er,$o)+ The (!$*es !re the# po$$e' 0% the circ*itr% i# the #e t c%c$e+ Ho)e(er2 the Ti"er 4 ,$!&2 TF42 is set !t S4P4 !#' is po$$e' i# the s!"e c%c$e i# )hich the ti"er o(er,$o)s+
Po#er saving %odes of operation ( >A71 h!s t)o po)er s!(i#& "o'es+ The% !reC 1+ I'$e Mo'e

4+ Po)er Do)# "o'e+ The t)o po)er s!(i#& "o'es !re e#tere' 0% setti#& t)o 0its IDL !#' PD i# the speci!$ ,*#ctio# re&ister .PCON/ respecti(e$%+ The str*ct*re o, PCON re&ister is !s ,o$$o)s+ PCONC A''ress >BH
The sche"!tic 'i!&r!" ,or LPo)er 'o)#L "o'e !#' LI'$eL "o'e is &i(e# !s ,o$$o)sC
*d$e :ode( I'$e "o'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& IDL 0it to 1 .i+e+2 IDLI1/+ The c$oc3 si&#!$ is &!te' o,, to CPU2 0*t #ot to i#terr*pt2 ti"er !#' seri!$ port ,*#ctio#s+ The CPU st!t*s is preser(e' e#tire$%+ SP2 PC2 PSW2 Acc*"*$!tor !#' other re&isters "!i#t!i# their '!t! '*ri#& IDLE "o'e+ The port pi#s ho$' their $o&ic!$ st!tes the% h!' !t the ti"e I'$e )!s i#iti!$i1e'+ ALE !#' PSEN.0!r/ !re he$' !t $o&ic hi&h $e(e$s+ 1+ Po#er +o#n :ode( The Po)er Do)# Mo'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& the PD 0it to 1+ The i#ter#!$ c$oc3 to the e#tire "icroco#tro$$er is stoppe'+ Ho)e(er2 the pro&r!" is #ot 'e!'+ The Po)er 'o)# Mo'e is e ite' .PCON+1 is c$e!re' to A/ 0% H!r')!re Reset o#$%+ The CPU st!rts ,ro" the #e t i#str*ctio# )here the Po)er 'o)# Mo'e )!s i#(o3e'+
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Progra% :e%or' 4ock Bits The AT>?S74 h!s three $oc3 0its th!t c!# 0e $e,t *#pro&r!""e' .U/ or c!# 0e pro&r!""e' .P/ to o0t!i# the !''itio#!$ ,e!t*res $iste' i# the t!0$e+
Whe# $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 the $o&ic $e(e$ !t the EA pi# is s!"p$e' !#' $!tche' '*ri#& reset+ I, the 'e(ice is po)ere' *p )itho*t ! reset2 the $!tch i#iti!$i1es to ! r!#'o" (!$*e !#' ho$'s th!t (!$*e *#ti$ reset is !cti(!te'+ The $!tche' (!$*e o, EA "*st !&ree )ith the c*rre#t $o&ic $e(e$ !t th!t pi# i# or'er ,or the 'e(ice to ,*#ctio# proper$%+ Progra%%ing the )$ash ? Para$$e$ :ode The AT>?S74 is shippe' )ith the o#8chip F$!sh "e"or% !rr!% re!'% to 0e pro&r!""e'+ The pro&r!""i#& i#ter,!ce #ee's ! hi&h8(o$t!&e .148(o$t/ pro&r!" e#!0$e si&#!$ !#' is co"p!ti0$e )ith co#(e#tio#!$ thir'8p!rt% F$!sh or EPROM pro&r!""ers+ The AT>?S74 co'e "e"or% !rr!% is pro&r!""e' 0%te80%80%te+ Progra%%ing A$gorith%( Be,ore pro&r!""i#& the AT>?S742 the !''ress2 '!t! !#' co#tro$ si&#!$s sho*$' 0e set *p !ccor'i#& to the 9F$!sh Pro&r!""i#& Mo'es:+ To pro&r!" the AT>?S742 t!3e the ,o$$o)i#& stepsC 1+ I#p*t the 'esire' "e"or% $oc!tio# o# the !''ress $i#es+ 4+ I#p*t the !ppropri!te '!t! 0%te o# the '!t! $i#es+

5+ Acti(!te the correct co"0i#!tio# o, co#tro$ si&#!$s+ 6+ R!ise EA;VPP to 14V+ 7+ P*$se ALE;PROH o#ce to pro&r!" ! 0%te i# the F$!sh !rr!% or the $oc3 0its+ The 0%te )rite c%c$e is se$,8ti"e' !#' t%pic!$$% t!3es #o "ore th!# 7A Ms+ Repe!t steps 1 thro*&h 72 ch!#&i#& the !''ress !#' '!t! ,or the e#tire !rr!% or *#ti$ the e#' o, the o0ject ,i$e is re!che'+ !ead'5Bus'( The pro&ress o, 0%te pro&r!""i#& c!# !$so 0e "o#itore' 0% the RD<;BS< o*tp*t si&#!$+ P5+A is p*$$e' $o) !,ter ALE &oes hi&h '*ri#& pro&r!""i#& to i#'ic!te BUS<+ P5+A is p*$$e' hi&h !&!i# )he# pro&r!""i#& is 'o#e to i#'ic!te READ<+ Progra% .erif'C I, $oc3 0its LB1 !#' LB4 h!(e #ot 0ee# pro&r!""e'2 the pro&r!""e' co'e '!t! c!# 0e re!' 0!c3 (i! the !''ress !#' '!t! $i#es ,or (eri,ic!tio#+ The st!t*s o, the i#'i(i'*!$ $oc3 0its c!# 0e (eri,ie' 'irect$% 0% re!'i#& the" 0!c3+ Chip raseC I# the p!r!$$e$ pro&r!""i#& "o'e2 ! chip er!se oper!tio# is i#iti!te' 0% *si#& the proper co"0i#!tio# o, co#tro$ si&#!$s !#' 0% p*$si#& ALE;PROH $o) ,or ! '*r!tio# o, 4AA #s 8 7AA #s+I# the seri!$ pro&r!""i#& "o'e2+ Progra%%ing the )$ash ? &eria$ :ode The Co'e "e"or% !rr!% c!# 0e pro&r!""e' *si#& the seri!$ ISP i#ter,!ce )hi$e RST is p*$$e' to VCC+ The seri!$ i#ter,!ce co#sists o, pi#s SCD2 MOSI .i#p*t/ !#' MISO .o*tp*t/+ A,ter RST is set hi&h2 the Pro&r!""i#& E#!0$e i#str*ctio# #ee's to 0e e ec*te' ,irst 0e,ore other oper!tio#s c!# 0e e ec*te'+ Be,ore ! repro&r!""i#& se-*e#ce c!# occ*r2 ! Chip Er!se oper!tio# is re-*ire'+ &eria$ Progra%%ing A$gorith% To pro&r!" !#' (eri,% the AT>?S74 i# the seri!$ pro&r!""i#& "o'e2 the ,o$$o)i#& se-*e#ce is reco""e#'e'C
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1+ Po)er8*p se-*e#ceC !+ App$% po)er 0et)ee# VCC !#' HND pi#s+ 0+ Set RST pi# to 9H:+ I, ! cr%st!$ is #ot co##ecte' !cross pi#s GTAL1 !#' GTAL42 !pp$% ! 5 MH1 to 55 MH1 c$oc3 to GTAL1 pi# !#' )!it ,or !t $e!st 1A "i$$iseco#'s+ 4+ E#!0$e seri!$ pro&r!""i#& 0% se#'i#& the Pro&r!""i#& E#!0$e seri!$ i#str*ctio# to pi# MOSI;P1+7+ The ,re-*e#c% o, the shi,t c$oc3 s*pp$ie' !t pi# SCD;P1+B #ee's to 0e $ess th!# the CPU c$oc3 !t GTAL1 'i(i'e' 0% 1E+ 5+ The Co'e !rr!% is pro&r!""e' o#e 0%te !t ! ti"e i# either the B%te or P!&e "o'e+ The )rite c%c$e is se$,8ti"e' !#' t%pic!$$% t!3es $ess th!# A+7 "s !t 7V+ 6+ A#% "e"or% $oc!tio# c!# 0e (eri,ie' 0% *si#& the Re!' i#str*ctio# )hich ret*r#s the co#te#t !t the se$ecte' !''ress !t seri!$ o*tp*t MISO;P1+E+ 7+ At the e#' o, ! pro&r!""i#& sessio#2 RST c!# 0e set $o) to co""e#ce #or"!$ 'e(ice oper!tio#+ Po#er<off se@uence 6if needed/C 1+ Set GTAL1 to 9L: .i, ! cr%st!$ is #ot *se'/+ 4+ Set RST to 9L:+ 5+ T*r# VCC po)er o,,+ +ata Po$$ingC The D!t! Po$$i#& ,e!t*re is !$so !(!i$!0$e i# the seri!$ "o'e+ I# this "o'e2 '*ri#& ! )rite c%c$e !# !tte"pte' re!' o, the $!st 0%te )ritte# )i$$ res*$t i# the co"p$e"e#t o, the MSB o, the seri!$ o*tp*t 0%te o# MISO+ &eria$ Progra%%ing *nstruction &et The I#str*ctio# Set ,or Seri!$ Pro&r!""i#& ,o$$o)s ! 680%te protoco$ !#' is sho)# i# the t!0$e &i(e# 0e$o)+
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co#tro$ si&#!$s+ The )rite oper!tio# se$,82 A,ter Reset si&#!$ is hi&h2 SCD sho*$' 0e $o) ,or !t $e!st E6 s%ste" c$oc3s 0e,ore it &oes hi&h to c$oc3 i# the e#!0$e '!t! 0%tes+ No p*$si#& o, Reset si&#!$ is #ecess!r%+ SCD sho*$' 0e #o ,!ster th!# 1;1E o, the s%ste" c$oc3 !t GTAL1+
3., !)*+(
!)*+ princip$es M!#% t%pes o, RFID e ist2 0*t !t the hi&h active !#' passive+ Acti(e t!&s re-*ire ! po)er so*rce i+e+2 the% !re either co##ecte' to ! po)ere' i#,r!str*ct*re *se e#er&% store' i# !# i#te&r!te' 0!tter%+ I# the $!tter c!se2 ! t!&@s $i,eti"e is $i"ite' 0% the store' e#er&%2 0!$!#ce' !&!i#st the #*"0er o, re!' oper!tio#s the 'e(ice "*st *#'er&o+ Ho)e(er2 0!tteries "!3e the cost2 si1e2 !#' $i,eti"e o, !cti(e t!&s i"pr!ctic!$ ,or the ret!i$ tr!'e+ 1+ P!ssi(e RFID is o, i#terest 0ec!*se the t!&s 'o#@t re-*ire 0!tteries or "!i#te#!#ce+ The t!&s !$so h!(e !# i#'e,i#ite oper!tio#!$ $i,e !#' !re s"!$$ e#o*&h to ,it i#to ! pr!ctic!$ !'hesi(e $!0e$+ A p!ssi(e t!& co#sists o, three p!rtsC !# !#te##!2 ! se"ico#'*ctor chip !tt!che' to the !#te##! !#' so"e ,or" o, e#c!ps*$!tio#+ The t!& re!'er is respo#si0$e ,or po)eri#& !#' co""*#ic!ti#& )ith ! t!&
2. RFID Technology and Architecture


Be,ore RFID c!# 0e *#'erstoo' co"p$ete$%2 it is esse#ti!$ to *#'erst!#' ho) R!'io Fre-*e#c% co""*#ic!tio# occ*rs+ RF .R!'io Fre-*e#c%/ co""*#ic!tio# occ*rs 0% the tr!#s,ere#ce o, '!t! o(er e$ectro"!&#etic )!(es+ B% &e#er!ti#& ! speci,ic e$ectro"!&#etic )!(e !t the so*rce2 its e,,ect c!# 0e #otice' !t the recei(er ,!r ,ro" the so*rce2 )hich the# i'e#ti,ies it !#' th*s the i#,or"!tio#+ Th*s2 !# RFID S%ste" c!# 0e (is*!$i1e' !s the s*" o, the ,o$$o)i#& three co"po#e#tsC

RFID t!& or tr!#spo#'er RFID re!'er or tr!#scei(er D!t! processi#& s*0s%ste"
!)*+ )re@uencies M*ch $i3e t*#i#& i#to the ,!(o*rite r!'io st!tio#2 RFID t!&s !#' re!'ers "*st 0e t*#e' i#to the s!"e ,re-*e#c% to e#!0$e co""*#ic!tio#s+ RFID s%ste"s c!# *se ! (!riet% o, ,re-*e#cies to co""*#ic!te2 0*t 0ec!*se r!'io )!(es )or3 !#' !ct 'i,,ere#t$% !t 'i,,ere#t ,re-*e#cies2 ! ,re-*e#c% ,or ! speci,ic RFID s%ste" is o,te# 'epe#'!#t o# its !pp$ic!tio#+ Hi&h ,re-*e#c% RFID s%ste"s .>7A MH1 to ?7A MH1 !#' 4+6 HH1 to 4+7 HH1/ o,,er tr!#s"issio# r!#&es o, "ore th!# ?A ,eet2 !$tho*&h )!(e$e#&ths i# the 4+6 HH1 r!#&e !re !0sor0e' 0% )!ter2 )hich i#c$*'es the h*"!# 0o'% !#' there,ore h!s $i"it!tio#s+ !)*+ +esign Approach( T)o ,*#'!"e#t!$$% 'i,,ere#t RFID 'esi&# !ppro!ches e ist ,or tr!#s,erri#& po)er ,ro" the re!'er to the t!&C "!&#etic i#'*ctio# !#' e$ectro"!&#etic .EM/ )!(e c!pt*re+ These t)o 'esi&#s t!3e !'(!#t!&e o, the EM properties !ssoci!te' )ith !# RF !#te##!Nthe near field !#' the far field+ Both c!# tr!#s,er e#o*&h po)er to ! re"ote t!& to s*st!i# its oper!tio#Nt%pic!$$% 0et)ee# 1A OW !#' 1 "W2 'epe#'i#& o# the t!& t%pe+

2ear<fie$d !)*+ F!r!'!%@s pri#cip$e o, "!&#etic i#'*ctio# is the 0!sis o, #e!r8,ie$' co*p$i#& 0et)ee# ! re!'er !#' t!&+ A re!'er p!sses ! $!r&e !$ter#!ti#& c*rre#t thro*&h ! re!'i#& coi$2 res*$ti#& i# !# !$ter#!ti#& "!&#etic ,ie$' i# its $oc!$it%+ I, %o* p$!ce ! t!& th!t i#corpor!tes ! s"!$$er coi$ .see ,i&*re 5/ i# this ,ie$'2 !# !$ter#!ti#& (o$t!&e )i$$ !ppe!r !cross it+ I, this (o$t!&e is recti,ie' !#' co*p$e' to ! c!p!citor2 ! reser(oir o, ch!r&e !cc*"*$!tes2 )hich %o* c!# the# *se to po)er the t!& chip+ Th*s2 i, the t!&@s e$ectro#ics !pp$ies ! $o!' to its o)# !#te##! coi$ !#' (!ries it o(er ti"e2 ! si&#!$ c!# 0e e#co'e' !s ti#% (!ri!tio#s i# the "!&#etic ,ie$' stre#&th represe#ti#& the t!&@s ID+ The re!'er c!# the# reco(er this si&#!$ 0% "o#itori#& the ch!#&e i# c*rre#t thro*&h the re!'er
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coi$+
The r!#&e ,or )hich )e c!# *se "!&#etic i#'*ctio# !ppro i"!tes to c;4Pf2 )here c is ! co#st!#t .the spee' o, $i&ht/ !#' f is the ,re-*e#c%+ Th*s2 !s the ,re-*e#c% o, oper!tio# i#cre!ses2 the 'ist!#ce o(er )hich #e!r8,ie$' co*p$i#& c!# oper!te 'ecre!ses+ A ,*rther $i"it!tio# is the e#er&%

!(!i$!0$e ,or i#'*ctio# !s ! ,*#ctio# o, 'ist!#ce ,ro" the re!'er coi$+ The "!&#etic ,ie$' 'rops o,, !t ! ,!ctor o, 1;r52 )here r is the sep!r!tio# o, the t!& !#' re!'er2 !$o#& ! ce#ter $i#e perpe#'ic*$!r to the coi$@s p$!#e+ These 'esi&# press*res h!(e $e' to #e) p!ssi(e RFID 'esi&#s 0!se' o# ,!r8,ie$' co""*#ic!tio#+
)ar<fie$d !)*+ RFID t!&s 0!se' o# ,!r8,ie$' e"issio#s c!pt*re EM )!(es prop!&!ti#& ,ro" ! 'ipo$e !#te##! !tt!che' to the re!'er+ A s"!$$er 'ipo$e !#te##! i# the t!& recei(es this e#er&% !s !# !$ter#!ti#& pote#ti!$ 'i,,ere#ce th!t !ppe!rs !cross the !r"s o, the 'ipo$e+ A 'io'e c!# recti,% this pote#ti!$!#' $i#3 it to ! c!p!citor2 )hich )i$$ res*$t i# !# !cc*"*$!tio# o, e#er&% i# or'er to po)er its e$ectro#ics+ Ho)e(er2 *#$i3e the i#'*cti(e 'esi&#s2 the t!&s !re 0e%o#' the r!#&e o, the re!'er@s #e!r ,ie$'2 !#' i#,or"!tio# c!#@t 0e tr!#s"itte' 0!c3 to the re!'er *si#& $o!' "o'*$!tio#+
The tech#i-*e2 the 'esi&#ers *se ,or co""erci!$ ,!r8,ie$' RFID t!&s2 is back scattering+ I, !# !#te##! is 'esi&#e' )ith precise 'i"e#sio#s2 it c!# 0e t*#e' to ! p!rtic*$!r ,re-*e#c% !#' !0sor0 "ost o, the e#er&% th!t re!ches it !t th!t ,re-*e#c%+ Ho)e(er2 i, !# i"pe'!#ce "is"!tch occ*rs !t this ,re-*e#c%2 the !#te##! )i$$ re,$ect 0!c3 so"e o, the e#er&% .!s ti#% )!(es/ to)!r' the re!'er2 )hich c!# the# 'etect the e#er&% *si#& ! se#siti(e r!'io recei(er+ B% ch!#&i#& the !#te##!@s i"pe'!#ce o(er ti"e2 the t!& c!# re,$ect 0!c3 "ore or $ess o, the i#co"i#& si&#!$ i# ! p!tter# th!t e#co'es the t!&@s ID+ !)*+ :odu$e and Princip$e of #orking

RFID Re!'er Mo'*$e2 !re !$so c!$$e' !s i#terro&!tors+ The% co#(ert r!'io )!(es ret*r#e' ,ro" the RFID t!& i#to ! ,or" th!t c!# 0e p!sse' o# to Co#tro$$ers2 )hich c!# "!3e *se o, it+ RFID t!&s !#' re!'ers h!(e to 0e t*#e' to the s!"e ,re-*e#c% i# or'er to co""*#ic!te+ RFID s%ste"s *se "!#% 'i,,ere#t ,re-*e#cies2 0*t the "ost co""o# !#' )i'e$% *se' Q s*pporte' 0% o*r Re!'er is 147 DH1+
A# RFID s%ste" co#sists o, t)o sep!r!te co"po#e#tsC ! t!& !#' ! re!'er+ T!&s !re !#!$o&o*s to 0!rco'e $!0e$s !#' co"e i# 'i,,ere#t sh!pes !#' si1es+ The t!& co#t!i#s !# !#te##! co##ecte' to ! s"!$$ "icrochip co#t!i#i#& *p to t)o 3i$o0%tes o, '!t!+ The re!'er or sc!##er ,*#ctio#s si"i$!r$% to ! 0!rco'e sc!##er+ Ho)e(er2 )hi$e ! 0!rco'e sc!##er *ses ! $!ser 0e!" to sc!# the 0!rco'e2 !# RFID sc!##er *ses e$ectro"!&#etic )!(es+ To tr!#s"it these )!(es2 the sc!##er *ses !# !#te##! th!t tr!#s"its ! si&#!$ co""*#ic!ti#& )ith the t!&s !#te##!+ The t!&@s !#te##! recei(es '!t! ,ro" the sc!##er !#' tr!#s"its its p!rtic*$!r chip i#,or"!tio# to the sc!##er+ )eatures of !)*+( !eading co$ocated tags O#e co""erci!$ o0jecti(e o, RFID s%ste"s is to re!' !#' ch!r&e ,or !$$ t!&&e' &oo's i# ! st!#'!r' s*per"!r3et shoppi#& c!rt !s it is p*she' thro*&h !# i#str*"e#te' chec3o*t !is$e+ S*ch ! s%ste" )o*$' spee' *p the chec3o*t process !#' re'*ce oper!tio#!$ costs+ nab$ing a distributed %e%or' revo$ution A#other 'isti#&*ishi#& ,e!t*re o, "o'er# RFID is th!t t!&s c!# co#t!i# ,!r "ore i#,or"!tio# th!# ! si"p$e ID+ The% c!# i#corpor!te !''itio#!$ re!' o#$% or re!'8)rite "e"or%2 )hich !

re!'er c!# the# ,*rther i#ter!ct )ith+ Re!'8o#$% "e"or% "i&ht co#t!i# !''itio#!$ pro'*ct 'et!i$s th!t 'o#@t #ee' to 0e re!' e(er% ti"e ! t!& is i#terro&!te' 0*t !re !(!i$!0$e )he# re-*ire'+ For e !"p$e2 the t!& "e"or% "i&ht co#t!i# ! 0!tch co'e2 so i, so"e pro'*cts !re ,o*#' to 0e ,!*$t%2 the co'e c!# he$p ,i#' other ite"s )ith the s!"e 'e,ects+
!)*+ that incorporates sensing O#e o, the "ost i#tri&*i#& !spects o, "o'er# RFID t!&s is th!t the% c!# co#(e% i#,or"!tio# th!t e te#'s 0e%o#' '!t! store' i# !# i#ter#!$ "e"or% !#' i#c$*'e '!t! th!t o#0o!r' se#sors cre!te' '%#!"ic!$$%+ Co""erci!$ (ersio#s o, RFID tech#o$o&% c!# !$re!'% e#s*re th!t critic!$ e#(iro#"e#t!$ p!r!"eters h!(e#@t 0ee# e cee'e'+ For e !"p$e2 i, ! p!c3!&e is 'roppe' o# the ,$oor2 the i"p!ct "i&ht h!(e '!"!&e' the e#c$ose' pro'*ct+ A p!ssi(e ,orce se#sor c!# s*pp$% ! si#&$e 0it o, i#,or"!tio# th!t c!# 0e ret*r#e' !$o#& )ith !# RFID t!&@s ID2 !$erti#& the s%ste" !0o*t the pro0$e"+ Privac' concerns RFID h!s recei(e' "*ch !tte#tio# i# rece#t %e!rs !s jo*r#!$ists2 tech#o$o&ists !#' pri(!c% !'(oc!tes h!(e 'e0!te' the ethics o, its *se+ Pri(!c% !'(oc!tes !re co#cer#e' th!t e(e# tho*&h "!#% o, the corpor!tio#s co#si'eri#& RFID *se ,or i#(e#tor% tr!c3i#& h!(e ho#or!0$e i#te#tio#s2 )itho*t '*e c!re2 the tech#o$o&% "i&ht 0e *#)itti#&$% *se' to cre!te *#'esir!0$e o*tco"es ,or "!#% c*sto"ers+ App$ication Areas( RFID2 R!'io Fre-*e#c% I'e#ti,ic!tio# is ! tech#o$o&%2 )hich i#c$*'es )ire$ess '!t! c!pt*re !#' tr!#s!ctio# processi#&+ Pro i"it% .short r!#&e/ !#' Vici#it% .$o#& r!#&e/ !re t)o "!jor !pp$ic!tio# !re!s )here RFID tech#o$o&% is *se'+ Tr!c3 !#' tr!ce !pp$ic!tio#s !re $o#& r!#&e or (ici#it% !pp$ic!tio#s+ This tech#o$o&% pro(i'es !''itio#!$ ,*#ctio#!$it% !#' 0e#e,its ,or pro'*ct !*the#tic!tio#+ Access co#tro$ !pp$ic!tio#s !re Short r!#&e or pro i"it% t%pe o, !pp$ic!tio#s+ A&i$eSe#se Tech#o$o&ies is ,oc*se' o# 'e$i(eri#& i##o(!ti(e2 hi&h (!$*e RFID so$*tio#s !ssisti#& co"p!#%@s tr!c3 !ssets2 peop$e !#' 'oc*"e#ts+ A&i$eSe#se pro(i'es ro0*st !#' co"p$ete RFID so$*tio#s 0*i$t o# top o, its e te#si0$e "i''$e)!re;,r!"e)or3 ,or Ho(er#"e#t2 He!$thc!re2 M!#*,!ct*ri#& !#' Aerosp!ce i#'*stries+

Passports The ,irst RFID p!ssports .RE8p!ssportR/ )ere iss*e' 0% M!$!%si! i# 1??>+ I# !''itio# to i#,or"!tio# !$so co#t!i#e' o# the (is*!$ '!t! p!&e o, the p!ssport2 M!$!%si!# e8p!ssports recor'the tr!(e$ histor% .ti"e2 '!te !#' p$!ce/ o, e#tries !#' e its ,ro" the co*#tr%+ St!#'!r's ,or RFID p!ssports !re 'eter"i#e' 0% the I#ter#!tio#!$ Ci(i$ A(i!tio# Or&!#i1!tio# .ICAO/+ ICAO re,ers to the ISO;IEC 16665 RFID chips i# e8p!ssports !s Rco#t!ct$ess i#te&r!te' circ*itsR+ ICAO st!#'!r's pro(i'e ,or e8p!ssports to 0e i'e#ti,i!0$e 0% ! st!#'!r' e8p!ssport $o&o o# the ,ro#t co(er+ &ecurit' and Access Contro$ RFID h!s $o#& 0ee# *se' !s !# e$ectro#ic 3e% to co#tro$ )ho h!s !ccess to o,,ice 0*i$'i#&s or !re!s )ithi# o,,ice 0*i$'i#&s+ The ,irst !ccess co#tro$ s%ste"s *se' $o)8,re-*e#c% RFID t!&s+ Rece#t$%2 (e#'ors h!(e i#tro'*ce' 15+7E MH1 s%ste"s th!t o,,er $o#&er re!' r!#&e+ Peop$e Tracking( Peop$e tr!c3i#& s%ste" !re *se' j*st !s !sset tr!c3i#& s%ste"+ Hospit!$s !#' j!i$s !re "ost &e#er!$ tr!c3i#& re-*ire' p$!ces+ Hospit!$ *ses RFID t!&s ,or tr!c3i#& their speci!$ p!tie#ts+ I# e"er&e#c% p!tie#t !#' other esse#ti!$ e-*ip"e#t c!# e!si$% tr!c3+ It )i$$ 0e "!i#$% (er% *se,*$ i# "e#t!$ c!re hospit!$s )here 'octors c!# tr!c3 e!ch !#' e(er% !cti(it% o, the p!tie#t+ Hospit!$s !$so *se these RFID t!&s ,or $oc!ti#& !#' tr!c3i#& !$$ the !cti(ities o, the #e)$% 0or# 0!0ies+ +ocu%ent tracking( This is "ost co""o# pro0$e"+ A(!i$!0i$it% o, $!r&e !"o*#t o, '!t! !#' 'oc*"e#ts 0ri#&s $ots o, pro0$e" i# 'oc*"e#t "!#!&e"e#t s%ste"+ A# RFID 'oc*"e#t8tr!c3i#& s%ste" s!(es ti"e !#' "o#e% 0% s*0st!#ti!$$% re'*ci#&C 1overn%ent 4ibrar'( M!#% &o(er#"e#t $i0r!ries *se 0!rco'e !#' e$ectro"!&#etic strips to tr!c3 (!rio*s !ssets+ RFID tech#o$o&% *ses ,or re!'i#& these 0!rco'es *#$i3e the se$,80!rco'e re!'er RFID po)ere' 0!rco'e re!'er c!# re!' "*$tip$e ite"s si"*$t!#eo*s$%+ This re'*ces -*e*es !#' i#cre!ses the #*"0er o, c*sto"ers *si#& se$,8chec32 )hich i# t*r# )i$$ re'*ce the st!,, #ecess!r% !t the circ*$!tio# 'es3s+ &upp$' Chain :anage%ent
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RFID tech#o$o&% h!s 0ee# *se' i# c$ose' $oop s*pp$% ch!i#s or to !*to"!te p!rts o, the s*pp$% ch!i# )ithi# ! co"p!#%Ls co#tro$ ,or %e!rs+ As st!#'!r's e"er&e2 co"p!#ies !re i#cre!si#&$% t*r#i#& to RFID to tr!c3 ship"e#ts !"o#& s*pp$% ch!i# p!rt#ers+ The )uture of !)*+ RFID is s!i' 0% "!#% i# the i#'*str% to 0e the ,ro#tr*##er tech#o$o&% ,or !*to"!tic i'e#ti,ic!tio# !#' '!t! co$$ectio#+ The 0i&&est2 !s o, %et *#pro(e#2 0e#e,it )o*$' *$ti"!te$% 0e i# the co#s*"er &oo's s*pp$% ch!i# )here !# RFID t!& !tt!che' to ! co#s*"er pro'*ct co*$' 0e tr!c3e' ,ro" "!#*,!ct*ri#& to the ret!i$ store ri&ht to the co#s*"erLs ho"e+
3.- &eria$ Co%%unication(

The "!i# re-*ire"e#ts ,or seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# !reC 1+ Microco#tro$$er 4+ PC 5+ RS 454 c!0$e 6+ MAG 454 IC 7+ H%perTer"i#!$ +Ti%ers( The >A71 h!s t)o ti"ersC Ti"er A !#' Ti"er 1+ The% c!# 0e *se' either !s ti"ers to &e#er!te ! ti"e 'e$!% or !s co*#ters to co*#t e(e#ts h!ppe#i#& o*tsi'e the "icroco#tro$$er+ Both Ti"er A !#' Ti"er 1 !re 1E80it )i'e+ Si#ce the >A71 h!s !# >80it !rchitect*re2 e!ch 1E80it ti"er is !ccesse' !s t)o sep!r!te re&isters o, $o) 0%te !#' hi&h 0%te+ Lo)er 0%te re&ister o, Ti"er A is TLA !#' hi&her 0%te is THA+ Si"i$!r$% $o)er 0%te re&ister o, Ti"er1 is TL1 !#' hi&her 0%te re&ister is TH1+ T:O+ 6ti%er %ode7 register(Both ti"ers A !#' 1 *se the s!"e re&ister TMOD to set the (!rio*s oper!tio# "o'es+ TMOD is !# >80it re&ister i# )hich the $o)er 6 0its !re set !si'e ,or Ti"er A !#' the *pper 6 0its ,or Ti"er 1+ I# e!ch c!se2 the $o)er 4 0its !re *se' to set the ti"er "o'e !#' the *pper 4 0its to speci,% the oper!tio#+
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1AT E(er% ti"er h!s ! "e!#s o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#&+ So"e ti"ers 'o this 0% so,t)!re2 so"e 0% h!r')!re !#' so"e h!(e 0oth so,t)!re !#' h!r')!re co#tro$s+ The ti"ers i# the >A71 h!(e 0oth+ The st!rt !#' stop o, the ti"er !re co#tro$$e' 0% the )!% o, so,t)!re 0% the TR .ti"er st!rt/ 0its TRA !#' TR1+ These i#str*ctio#s st!rt !#' stop the ti"ers !s $o#& !s HATEIA i# the TMOD re&ister+ The h!r')!re )!% o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#& the ti"er 0% !# e ter#!$ so*rce is !chie(e' 0% "!3i#& HATEI1 i# the TMOD re&ister+ C5T Ti"er or co*#ter se$ecte'+ C$e!re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# !#' set ,or co*#ter oper!tio#+ :1 Mo'e 0it 1 :3 Mo'e 0it A :ode &e$ection :1 A A 1 :3 A 1 A :ode A 1 4 Operating :ode 1580it ti"er "o'e >80it ti"er;co*#ter TH )ith TL !s 780it presc!$er 1E80it ti"er "o'e 1E80it ti"er;co*#ters TH !#' TL !re c!sc!'e' >80it !*to re$o!' ti"er;co*#ter TH ho$'s ! (!$*e th!t is to 0e re$o!'e' i#to TL e!ch ti"e it o(er,$o)s 1 1 5 Sp$it ti"er As'nchronous and &'nchronous &eria$ Co%%unication

Co"p*ters tr!#s,er '!t! i# t)o )!%sC p!r!$$e$ !#' seri!$+ I# p!r!$$e$ '!t! tr!#s,ers2 o,te# > or "ore $i#es !re *se' to tr!#s,er '!t! to ! 'e(ice th!t is o#$% ! ,e) ,eet !)!%+ A$tho*&h ! $ot o, '!t! c!# 0e tr!#s,erre' i# ! short !"o*#t o, ti"e 0% *si#& "!#% )ires i# p!r!$$e$2 the 'ist!#ce c!##ot 0e &re!t+ To tr!#s,er to ! 'e(ice $oc!te' "!#% "eters !)!%2 the seri!$ "etho' is 0est s*it!0$e+
!&"3" CAB4 ( To !$$o) co"p!ti0i$it% !"o#& '!t! co""*#ic!tio# e-*ip"e#t2 !# i#ter,!ci#& st!#'!r' c!$$e' RS454 is *se'+ Si#ce the st!#'!r' )!s set $o#& 0e,ore the !'(e#t o, the TTL $o&ic ,!"i$%2 its i#p*t !#' o*tp*t (o$t!&e $e(e$s !re #ot TTL co"p!ti0$e+ For this re!so#2 to co##ect !#% RS454 to ! "icroco#tro$$er s%ste"2 (o$t!&e co#(erters s*ch !s MAG454 !re *se' to co#(ert the TTL $o&ic $e(e$s to the RS454 (o$t!&e $e(e$s !#' (ice (ers!+ :A9 "3"( M! 454 IC is ! speci!$i1e' circ*it )hich "!3es st!#'!r' (o$t!&es !s re-*ire' 0% RS454 st!#'!r's+ This IC pro(i'es 0est #oise rejectio# !#' (er% re$i!0$e !&!i#st 'isch!r&es !#' short circ*its+ MAG454 IC chips !re co""o#$% re,erre' to !s $i#e 'ri(ers+ To e#s*re '!t! tr!#s,er 0et)ee# PC !#' "icroco#tro$$er2 the 0!*' r!te !#' (o$t!&e $e(e$s o, Microco#tro$$er !#' PC sho*$' 0e the s!"e+ The (o$t!&e $e(e$s o, "icroco#tro$$er !re $o&ic1 !#' $o&ic A i+e+2 $o&ic 1 is F7V !#' $o&ic A is AV+
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&CO2 6seria$ contro$7 register( The SCON re&ister is !# >80it re&ister *se' to pro&r!" the st!rt 0it2 stop 0it !#' '!t! 0its o, '!t! ,r!"i#&+
SMA SM1 SM4 REN TB> RB> TI
SCON+B SCON+E SCON+7 SCON+6 SCON+5 SCON+4 SCON+1
Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier Use' ,or "*$tiprocessor co""*#ic!tio# Set;c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re to e#!0$e;'is!0$e receptio# Not )i'e$% *se' Not )i'e$% *se' Tr!#s"it i#terr*pt ,$!&+ Set 0% h!r')!re !t the 0e&i##i#& o, the stop 0it i# "o'e 1+ M*st 0e c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re+
RI
SCON+A
Recei(e i#terr*pt ,$!&+ Set 0% h!r')!re !t the

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A 1 1 1 A 1 Seri!$ Mo'e 12 >80it '!t!2 1 stop 0it2 1 st!rt 0it Seri!$ Mo'e 4 Seri!$ Mo'e 5
/3-1 *nterface #ith an' 8terna$ +evices using &eria$ Co%%unication(
3.> Buzzer<Audio *ndication

Di&it!$ s%ste"s !#' "icroco#tro$$er pi#s $!c3 s*,,icie#t c*rre#t to 'ri(e the circ*its $i3e re$!%s2 0*11er circ*its etc+ Whi$e these circ*its re-*ire !ro*#' 1A"i$$i !"ps to 0e oper!te'2 the "icroco#tro$$er@s pi# c!# pro(i'e ! "! i"*" o, 184"i$$i !"ps c*rre#t+ For this re!so#2 ! 'ri(er s*ch !s ! po)er tr!#sistor is p$!ce' i# 0et)ee# the "icroco#tro$$er !#' the 0*11er circ*it+
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The oper!tio# o, this circ*it is !s ,o$$o)sC The i#p*t to the 0!se o, the tr!#sistor is !pp$ie' ,ro" the "icroco#tro$$er port pi# P1+A+ The tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# )he# the 0!se to e"itter (o$t!&e is &re!ter th!# A+BV .c*t8i# (o$t!&e/+ Th*s )he# the (o$t!&e !pp$ie' to the pi# P1+A is hi&h i+e+2 P1+AI1 .SA+BV/2 the tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# !#' th*s the 0*11er )i$$ 0e ON+ Whe# the (o$t!&e !t the pi# P1+A is $o) i+e+2 P1+AIA .TA+BV/ the tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e i# o,, st!te !#' the 0*11er )i$$ 0e OFF+ Th*s the tr!#sistor !cts $i3e ! c*rre#t 'ri(er to oper!te the 0*11er !ccor'i#&$%+ B=AA ! *2T !)AC*21 ;*TH TH :*C!OCO2T!O44 !(
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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME 5+B &#itches and Pushbuttons
This is the si"p$est )!% o, co#tro$$i#& !ppe!r!#ce o, so"e (o$t!&e o# "icroco#tro$$er@s i#p*t pi#+ There is !$so #o #ee' ,or !''itio#!$ e p$!#!tio# o, ho) these co"po#e#ts oper!te+
This is !0o*t so"ethi#& co""o#$% *##otice!0$e )he# *si#& these co"po#e#ts i# e(er%'!% $i,e+ It is !0o*t co#t!ct 0o*#ce2 ! co""o# pro0$e" )ith "ech!#ic!$ s)itches+ I, co#t!ct s)itchi#& 'oes #ot h!ppe# so -*ic3$%2 se(er!$ co#sec*ti(e 0o*#ces c!# 0e #otice' prior to "!i#t!i# st!0$e st!te+ The re!so#s ,or this !reC (i0r!tio#s2 s$i&ht ro*&h spots !#' 'irt+ A#%)!%2 this )ho$e process 'oes #ot $!st $o#& .! ,e) "icro8 or "i$$iseco#'s/2 0*t $o#& e#o*&h to 0e re&istere' 0% the "icroco#tro$$er+ Co#cer#i#& the p*$se co*#ter2 error occ*rs i# !$"ost 1AAK o, c!ses+
The si"p$est so$*tio# is to co##ect si"p$e RC circ*it )hich )i$$ s*ppress e!ch -*ic3 (o$t!&e ch!#&e+ Si#ce the 0o*#ci#& ti"e is #ot 'e,i#e'2 the (!$*es o, e$e"e#ts !re #ot strict$% 'eter"i#e'+ I# the "ost c!ses2 the (!$*es sho)# o# ,i&*re !re s*,,icie#t+ &#itch *nterfacing #ith /3-1(

I# >A71 PORT 12 PORT 4 Q PORT 5 h!(e i#ter#!$ 1A3 P*$$8*p resistors )here!s this P*$$8*p resistor is !0se#t i# PORT A. He#ce PORT 12 4 Q 5 c!# 0e 'irect$% *se' to i#ter,!ce ! s)itch )here!s )e h!(e to *se !# e ter#!$ 1A3 p*$$8*p resistor ,or PORT A to 0e *se' ,or s)itch i#ter,!ci#& or ,or !#% other i#p*t+ Fi&*re 1 sho)s s)itch i#ter,!ci#& ,or PORT 12 4 Q 5+ Fi&*re 4 sho)s s)itch i#ter,!ci#& to PORT A+
For !#% pi# to 0e *se' !s !# i#p*t pi#2 ! HIHH .1/ sho*$' 0e )ritte# to the pi# i, the pi# )i$$ !$)!%s to 0e re!' !s LOW+ I# the !0o(e ,i&*re2 )he# the s)itch is #ot presse'2 the 1A3 resistor pro(i'es the c*rre#t #ee'e' ,or LOHIC 1 !#' c$os*re o, s)itch pro(i'es LOHIC A to the co#tro$$er PIN+
3./ ! A4 T*: C4OCB(

The re!$ ti"e c$oc3 .RTC/ is ! )i'e$% *se' 'e(ice th!t pro(i'es !cc*r!te ti"e !#' '!te ,or "!#% !pp$ic!tio#s+ The RTC chip prese#t i# the PC pro(i'es ti"e co"po#e#ts o, ho*r2 "i#*te !#' seco#' i# !''itio# to the '!te;c!$e#'!r co"po#e#ts o, %e!r2 "o#th !#' '!%+
Features:
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Re!$8Ti"e C$oc3 .RTC/ Co*#ts seco#'s2 "i#*tes2 ho*rs2 '!te o, the "o#th2 "o#th2 '!% o, the )ee32 !#' %e!r )ith Le!p8<e!r Co"pe#s!tio# (!$i' *p to 41AA+ 7E8B%te2 B!tter%8B!c3e'2 No#(o$!ti$e .NV/ RAM ,or D!t! Stor!&e+ I4C Seri!$ I#ter,!ce+ Pro&r!""!0$e S-*!re8W!(e O*tp*t Si&#!$+ A*to"!tic Po)er8F!i$ Detect !#' S)itch Circ*itr%+ Co#s*"es Less th!# 7AA#A i# B!tter%8B!c3*p Mo'e )ith Osci$$!tor R*##i#&+ Optio#!$ I#'*stri!$ Te"per!t*re R!#&eC86AUC to F>7UC+
Osci$$!tor Circ*itC The +&133C uses an e8terna$ 3".C>/ kHz cr'sta$. The osci$$ator circuit does not re@uire an' e8terna$ resistors or capacitors to operate. The be$o# tab$e specifies severa$ cr'sta$ para%eters for the e8terna$ cr'sta$. *f using a cr'sta$ #ith the specified characteristicsD the startup ti%e is usua$$' $ess than one second.
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Bit C( Output Contro$ 6O=T7. This 0it co#tro$s the o*tp*t $e(e$ o, the SVW;OUT pi# )he# the s-*!re )!(e o*tp*t is 'is!0$e'+ I, SVWE I A2 the $o&ic $e(e$ o# the SVW;OUT pi# is 1 i, OUT I 1 !#' is A i, OUT I A+ Bit ,( &@uare<;ave nab$e 6&E; 7. This 0it2 )he# set to $o&ic 12 e#!0$es the osci$$!tor o*tp*t+ The ,re-*e#c% o, the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t 'epe#'s *po# the (!$*e o, the RSA !#' RS1 0its+ With the s-*!re )!(e o*tp*t set to 1H12 the c$oc3 re&isters *p'!te o# the ,!$$i#& e'&e o, the s-*!re )!(e+ Bits 1D 3( !ate &e$ect 6!&1D !&37. These 0its co#tro$ the ,re-*e#c% o, the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t )he# the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t h!s 0ee# e#!0$e'+ The ,o$$o)i#& t!0$e $ists the s-*!re8)!(e ,re-*e#cies th!t c!# 0e se$ecte' )ith the RS 0its.
I4C D!t! B*s The +&133C supports the *"C protoco$. A device that sends data onto the bus is defined as a trans%itter and a device receiving data as a receiver. The device that contro$s the %essage is ca$$ed a %aster. The devices that are contro$$ed b' the %aster are referred to as s$aves. The bus %ust be contro$$ed b' a %aster device that generates the seria$ c$ock 6&C47D contro$s the bus accessD and generates the &TA!T and &TOP conditions. The +&133C operates as a s$ave on the *"C bus.
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+ata transfer %a' be initiated on$' #hen the bus is not bus'. +uring data transferD the data $ine %ust re%ain stab$e #henever the c$ock $ine is H*1H. Changes in the data $ine #hi$e the c$ock $ine is high #i$$ be interpreted as contro$ signa$s.
Accor'i#&$%2 the ,o$$o)i#& 0*s co#'itio#s h!(e 0ee# 'e,i#e'C Bus not bus'( Both '!t! !#' c$oc3 $i#es re"!i# HIHH+ &tart data transfer( A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" HIHH to LOW2 )hi$e the c$oc3 is HIHH2 'e,i#es ! START co#'itio#+ &top data transfer( A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" LOW to HIHH2 )hi$e the c$oc3 $i#e is HIHH2 'e,i#es the STOP co#'itio#+ +ata va$id( The st!te o, the '!t! $i#e represe#ts (!$i' '!t! )he#2 !,ter ! START co#'itio#2 the '!t! $i#e is st!0$e ,or the '*r!tio# o, the HIHH perio' o, the c$oc3 si&#!$+ The '!t! o# the $i#e "*st 0ech!#&e' '*ri#& the LOW perio' o, the c$oc3 si&#!$+ There is o#e c$oc3 p*$se per 0it o, '!t!+ E!ch '!t! tr!#s,er is i#iti!te' )ith ! START co#'itio# !#' ter"i#!te' )ith ! STOP co#'itio#+

The #*"0er o, '!t! 0%tes tr!#s,erre' 0et)ee# START !#' STOP co#'itio#s is #ot $i"ite'2 !#' is 'eter"i#e' 0% the "!ster 'e(ice Ackno#$edge( E!ch recei(i#& 'e(ice2 )he# !''resse'2 is o0$i&e' to &e#er!te !# !c3#o)$e'&e"e#t !,ter the receptio# o, e!ch 0%te+ The "!ster 'e(ice "*st &e#er!te !# e tr! c$oc3 p*$se )hich is !ssoci!te' )ith this !c3#o)$e'&e 0it+ A 'e(ice th!t !c3#o)$e'&es "*st p*$$ 'o)# the SDA $i#e '*ri#& the !c3#o)$e'&e c$oc3 p*$se i# s*ch ! )!% th!t the SDA $i#e is st!0$e LOW '*ri#& the HIHH perio' o, the !c3#o)$e'&e re$!te' c$oc3 p*$se+ O, co*rse2 set*p !#' ho$' ti"es "*st 0e t!3e# i#to !cco*#t+
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3.0 4*E=*+ C!F&TA4 +*&P4AF(

LCD st!#'s ,or 4i-*i' Cr%st!$ +isp$!%+ LCD is ,i#'i#& )i'e spre!' *se rep$!ci#& LEDs .se(e# se&"e#t LEDs or other "*$ti se&"e#t LEDs/ 0ec!*se o, the ,o$$o)i#& re!so#sC 1+ The 'ec$i#i#& prices o, LCDs+ 4+ The !0i$it% to 'isp$!% #*"0ers2 ch!r!cters !#' &r!phics+ This is i# co#tr!st to LEDs2 )hich !re $i"ite' to #*"0ers !#' ! ,e) ch!r!cters+ 5+ I#corpor!tio# o, ! re,reshi#& co#tro$$er i#to the LCD2 there0% re$ie(i#& the CPU o, the t!s3 o, re,reshi#& the LCD+ I# co#tr!st2 the LED "*st 0e re,reshe' 0% the CPU to 3eep 'isp$!%i#& the '!t!+
6+
E!se o, pro&r!""i#& ,or ch!r!cters !#' &r!phics+These co"po#e#ts !re 9speci!$i1e': ,or 0ei#&
*se' )ith the "icroco#tro$$ers2 )hich "e!#s th!t the% c!##ot 0e !cti(!te' 0% st!#'!r' IC circ*its+ The% !re *se' ,or )riti#& 'i,,ere#t "ess!&es o#! "i#i!t*re LCD+
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4C+ Basic Co%%ands A$$ '!t! tr!#s,erre' to LCD thro*&h o*tp*ts DA8DB )i$$ 0e i#terprete' !s co""!#'s or !s '!t!2 )hich 'epe#'s o# $o&ic st!te o# pi# RSC RS I 1 8 Bits DA 8 DB !re !''resses o, ch!r!cters th!t sho*$' 0e 'isp$!%e'+ B*i$t i# processor !''resses 0*i$t i# 9"!p o, ch!r!cters: !#' 'isp$!%s correspo#'i#& s%"0o$s+
Re!' ,ro" 1 1 DB DE CHRAM or DDRAM D6 D5 D4 D1 DA
6A*S Disp$!%i#& positio# is 'eter"i#e' 0% DDRAM !''ress+ This !''ress is either pre(io*s$% 'e,i#e' or the !''ress o, pre(io*s$% tr!#s,erre' ch!r!cter is !*to"!tic!$$% i#cre"e#te'+ RS I A 8 Bits DA 8 DB !re co""!#'s )hich 'eter"i#e 'isp$!% "o'e+ List o, co""!#'s )hich LCD reco&#i1es !re &i(e# i# the t!0$e 0e$o)(
)unction I;D S
.a$ue 1 A 1 A
Operation I#cre"e#t 0% 1 Decre"e#t 0% 1 Disp$!% shi,t o# Disp$!% shi,t o,,

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D U B R;L DL N 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A F 1 A D;C 1 A Disp$!% o# Disp$!% o,, C*rsor o# C*rsor o,, C*rsor 0$i#3 o# C*rsor 0$i#3 o,, Shi,t ri&ht Shi,t $e,t >80it i#ter,!ce 680it i#ter,!ce Disp$!% i# t)o $i#es Disp$!% i# o#e $i#e Ch!r!cter ,or"!t 7 1A 'ots Ch!r!cter ,or"!t 7 B 'ots Disp$!% shi,t C*rsor shi,t
4C+ Connection Depe#'i#& o# ho) "!#% $i#es !re *se' ,or co##ectio# to the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re >8 0it !#' 680it LCD "o'es+ The !ppropri!te "o'e is 'eter"i#e' !t the 0e&i##i#& o, the process i# ! ph!se c!$$e' 9i#iti!$i1!tio#:+ I# the ,irst c!se2 the '!t! !re tr!#s,erre' thro*&h o*tp*ts DA8DB !s it h!s 0ee# !$re!'% e p$!i#e'+ I# c!se o, 680it LED "o'e2 ,or the s!3e o, s!(i#& (!$*!0$e I;O pi#s o, the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re o#$% 6 hi&her 0its .D68DB/ *se' ,or co""*#ic!tio#2 )hi$e other "!% 0e $e,t *#co##ecte'+ 4C+ *nitia$ization O#ce the po)er s*pp$% is t*r#e' o#2 LCD is !*to"!tic!$$% c$e!re'+ This process $!sts ,or !ppro i"!te$% 17"S+ A,ter th!t2 'isp$!% is re!'% to oper!te+ The "o'e o, oper!ti#& is set 0% 'e,!*$t+ This "e!#s th!tC 1+ Disp$!% is c$e!re'

4+ Mo'e DL I 1 Co""*#ic!tio# thro*&h >80it i#ter,!ce N I A Mess!&es !re 'isp$!%e' i# o#e $i#e F I A Ch!r!cter ,o#t 7 5+ Disp$!%;C*rsor o#;o,, D I A Disp$!% o,, U I A C*rsor o,, B I A C*rsor 0$i#3 o,, 6+ Ch!r!cter e#tr% ID I 1 A''resses o# 'isp$!% !re !*to"!tic!$$% i#cre"e#te' 0% 1 S I A Disp$!% shi,t o,, > 'ots
A$&orith" !ccor'i#& to the i#iti!$i1!tio# is 0ei#& per,or"e' 'epe#'s o# )hether co##ectio# to the "icroco#tro$$er is thro*&h 68 or >80it i#ter,!ce+ A$$ $e,t o(er to 0e 'o#e !,ter th!t is to &i(e 0!sic co""!#'s !#' o, co*rse8 to 'isp$!% "ess!&es+
Page 50
Contrast Contro$( To h!(e ! c$e!r (ie) o, the ch!r!cters o# the LCD2 co#tr!st sho*$' 0e !'j*ste'+ To !'j*st the co#tr!st2 the (o$t!&e sho*$' 0e (!rie'+ For this2 ! preset is *se' )hich c!# 0eh!(e $i3e ! (!ri!0$e (o$t!&e 'e(ice+ As the (o$t!&e o, this preset is (!rie'2 the co#tr!st o, the LCD c!# 0e !'j*ste'+
Page 51
Potentio%eter V!ri!0$e resistors *se' !s pote#tio"eters h!(e !$$ three ter%ina$s co##ecte'+ This !rr!#&e"e#t is #or"!$$% *se' to var' vo$tage2 ,or e !"p$e to set the s)itchi#& poi#t o, ! circ*it )ith ! se#sor2 or co#tro$ the (o$*"e .$o*'#ess/ i# !# !"p$i,ier circ*it+ I, the ter"i#!$s !t the e#'s o, the tr!c3 !re co##ecte' !cross the po)er s*pp$%2 the# the )iper ter"i#!$ )i$$ pro(i'e ! (o$t!&e )hich c!# 0e (!rie' ,ro" 1ero *p to the "! i"*" o, the s*pp$%+
Presets These !re "i#i!t*re (ersio#s o, the st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor+ The% !re 'esi&#e' to 0e "o*#te' 'irect$% o#to the circ*it 0o!r' !#' !'j*ste' o#$% )he# the circ*it is 0*i$t+ For e !"p$e2 to set the ,re-*e#c% o, !# !$!r" to#e or the se#siti(it% o, ! $i&ht8se#siti(e circ*it2 ! s"!$$ scre)'ri(er or si"i$!r too$ is re-*ire' to !'j*st presets+ Presets !re "*ch che!per th!# st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistors so the% !re so"eti"es *se' i# projects )here ! st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor )o*$' #or"!$$% 0e *se'+ :u$titurn presets !re *se' )here (er% precise !'j*st"e#ts "*st 0e "!'e+ The scre) "*st 0e t*r#e' "!#% ti"es .1AF/ to "o(e the s$i'er ,ro" o#e e#' o, the tr!c3 to the other2 &i(i#& (er% ,i#e co#tro$+
4C+ interface #ith the %icrocontro$$er 6,<bit %ode7(

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Chapter , )ir%#are *%p$e%entation
This ch!pter 0rie,$% e p$!i#s !0o*t the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ The re-*ire' so,t)!re too$s !re 'isc*sse' i# sectio# 6+4+ Sectio# 6+5 sho)s the ,$o) 'i!&r!" o, the project 'esi&#+ Sectio# 6+6 prese#ts the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi&#+ ,.1 &oft#are Too$s !e@uired
Page 54

Dei$ M(52 Pro$o!' !re the t)o so,t)!re too$s *se' to pro&r!" "icroco#tro$$er+ The )or3i#& o, e!ch so,t)!re too$ is e p$!i#e' 0e$o) i# 'et!i$+ ,.1.1 Progra%%ing :icrocontro$$er A co"pi$er ,or ! hi&h $e(e$ $!#&*!&e he$ps to re'*ce pro'*ctio# ti"e+ To pro&r!" the AT>?S74 "icroco#tro$$er the Dei$ M(5 is *se'+ The pro&r!""i#& is 'o#e strict$% i# the e"0e''e' C $!#&*!&e+ Dei$ M(5 is ! s*ite o, e ec*t!0$e2 ope# so*rce so,t)!re 'e(e$op"e#t too$s ,or the "icroco#tro$$ers hoste' o# the Wi#'o)s p$!t,or"+
Bei$ Co%pi$er(
Dei$ co"pi$er is so,t)!re *se' )here the "!chi#e $!#&*!&e co'e is )ritte# !#' co"pi$e'+ A,ter co"pi$!tio#2 the "!chi#e so*rce co'e is co#(erte' i#to he co'e )hich is to 0e '*"pe' i#to the "icroco#tro$$er ,or ,*rther processi#&+ Dei$ co"pi$er !$so s*pports C $!#&*!&e co'e+
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Pro$oad(
Pro$o!' is so,t)!re )hich !ccepts o#$% he ,i$es+ O#ce the "!chi#e co'e is co#(erte' i#to he co'e2 th!t he co'e h!s to 0e '*"pe' i#to the "icroco#tro$$er !#' this is 'o#e 0% the Pro$o!'+ Pro$o!' is ! pro&r!""er )hich itse$, co#t!i#s ! "icroco#tro$$er i# it other th!# the o#e )hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ This "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! pro&r!" i# it )ritte# i# s*ch ! )!% th!t it !ccepts the he ,i$e ,ro" the Dei$ co"pi$er !#' '*"ps this he ,i$e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er )hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ As the Pro$o!' pro&r!""er 3it re-*ires po)er s*pp$% to 0e oper!te'2 this po)er s*pp$% is &i(e# ,ro" the po)er s*pp$% circ*it 'esi&#e' !0o(e+ It sho*$' 0e #ote' th!t this pro&r!""er 3it co#t!i#s ! po)er s*pp$% sectio# i# the 0o!r' itse$, 0*t i# or'er to s)itch o# th!t po)er s*pp$%2 ! so*rce is re-*ire'+ Th*s this is !cco"p$ishe' ,ro" the po)er s*pp$% 0o!r' )ith !# o*tp*t o, 14(o$ts+
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Features

S*pports "!jor At"e$ >? series 'e(ices A*to I'e#ti,% co##ecte' h!r')!re !#' 'e(ices Error chec3i#& !#' (eri,ic!tio# i#80*i$t Loc3 o, pro&r!"s i# chip s*pporte' to pre(e#t pro&r!" cop%i#& 4A !#' 6A pi# WIF soc3et o#80o!r' A*to Er!se 0e,ore )riti#& !#' A*to Veri,% !,ter )riti#& I#,or"!ti(e st!t*s 0!r !#' !ccess to $!test pro&r!""e' ,i$e Si"p$e !#' E!s% to *se Wor3s o# 7BEAA spee'
+escription It is si"p$e to *se !#' $o) cost2 %et po)er,*$ ,$!sh "icroco#tro$$er pro&r!""er ,or the At"e$ >? series+ It )i$$ Pro&r!"2 Re!' !#' Veri,% Co'e D!t!2 Write Loc3 Bits2 Er!se !#' B$!#3 Chec3+ A$$ ,*se !#' $oc3 0its !re pro&r!""!0$e+ This pro&r!""er h!s i#te$$i&e#t o#0o!r' ,ir")!re !#' co##ects to the seri!$ port+ It c!# 0e *se' )ith !#% t%pe o, co"p*ter !#' re-*ires #o speci!$ h!r')!re+ A$$ th!t is #ee'e' is ! seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# ports )hich !$$ co"p*ters h!(e+ pro&r!""i#& Li#te$$i&e#ceL is 0*i$t i#to the pro&r!""er so %o* 'o #ot #ee' !#% speci!$ h!r')!re to r*# it+ Pro&r!""er co"es )ith )i#'o) 0!se' so,t)!re ,or e!s% pro&r!""i#& o, the 'e(ices+
Page 57
Progra%%ing &oft#are Co"p*ter si'e so,t)!re c!$$e' GPro$oad .,.1G is e ec*te' th!t !ccepts the I#te$ HEG ,or"!t ,i$e &e#er!te' ,ro" co"pi$er to 0e se#t to t!r&et "icroco#tro$$er+ It !*to 'etects the h!r')!re co##ecte' to the seri!$ port+ It !$so !*to 'etects the chip i#serte' !#' 0%tes *se'+ So,t)!re is 'e(e$ope' i# De$phi B !#' re-*ires #o o(erhe!' o, !#% e ter#!$ DLL+
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Page 59
Chapter Coding and sche%atic diagra%
Page 60
Hinc$udeIreg-1.hJ Hinc$udeIintrins.hJ Hinc$udeIstring.h Hdefine $data P1


55 P1 =& + )O! 4C+ +ATA 55 !TC CO22 CT*O2 sbit &C4KP"L1M sbit &+AKP"L3M sbit rs KP1L"M 55 ! 1*&T ! & 4 CT of 4C+ sbit en KP1L3M 55 2AB4 O) 4C+ sbit enter K P3L,M sbit dec K P3L-M sbit inc K P3L>M 55sbit $ed K P"L3M sbit buz K P"LCM sbit accessNs# K P3LCM void $cdc%d6unsigned char 7M void de$a' 6unsigned int 7 M void $cddata6unsigned char 7 void %sgdisp$a'6unsigned char bOP7 void start6void7M void #rite6unsigned charDunsigned char7M unsigned char read6unsigned char7 void ptos6unsigned char 7M void stop6void7
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void de$a'6unsigned int 7M void setti%e6void7M unsigned char CO=2TDdatDaddDhrD%inD8Dbinb'teDB1DB"DB3DjK3De%pnoK3DcarddataO1-PDti%efindM unsigned int i void de$a'16unsigned int iti%e7M unsigned char ti%eOCPDte%pti%eOCPDda'K1Dt'peDstarthrDstart%inDendhrDend%inM bit p%K3Dp%1Dda'se$ectM void da'disp$a'6unsigned char7M code unsigned char e%p1OPKQ3 33+/C1 BQM code unsigned char e%p"OPKQ,C33A1ACB)QM code unsigned char e%p3OPKQ,C33A1AC)3Q void serintr6void7 interrupt , R if6!*KK17 R carddataOjPK&B=)M jKjS1M

!*K3M if6jJ1"7 jK3M T T void %ain67 unsigned char $cdco%OPKR38"D38"D38"/D38"/D383>D383cD3831D3TM unsigned char zDcardcountK3M unsigned char 8DaddrsM enterKincKdecK1M da'se$ectK3M for6zK3M$cdco%OzPUK3MzSS7 $cdc%d6$cdco%OzP7M
for6zK3M$cdco%OzPUK3MzSS7 $cdc%d6$cdco%OzP7M %sgdisp$a'6Q#e$co%eQ7
Page 64

T:O+K38"3M TH1K38)+M &CO2K38-3M 55 se$ect ti%er 1 in %ode"
55 $oad the ti%er for generating 0>33 baud rate
55 se$ect the seria$ co%%unication /bit data 1 start and 1 stop bit %ode T!1K1M 55 start the ti%er AK1M &K1M zKread637M if6zKK38/37 R start( $cdc%d638317M t'peK>M %sgdisp$a'6Q & T TH T*: Q7M setti%e67M #rite63D37M de$a'6137M #rite61Dte%pti%eO1P7M de$a'6137M
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#rite6"Dte%pti%eO3P7M de$a'6137M for6addK,MaddICMaddSS7 R #rite6addDte%pti%eOadd<1P7M de$a'6137M T da'se$ectK1M de$a'6137M T de$a'6137M $cdc%d638317M ti%edisp( starthrKread638"37M de$a'61337M start%inKread638"17M de$a'61337M endhrKread638""7M
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de$a'61337M end%inKread638"37M de$a'61337M jK3M $cdc%d638317M %sgdisp$a'6Q+t(Q7M #hi4e617 R $cdc%d6383,7M for6addK3MaddICMaddSS7 R ti%eOaddPKread6add7M zKti%eOaddPM if6addKK37 R $cdc%d6383,7M $cdc%d638C07M
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T if6addKK,7 R $cdc%d6383>7M $cdc%d638/,7M T if6addKK"7 R zKti%eO"PV638>37M if6zKK38,37 p%1K3M e$se p%1K1M zKti%eO"PV381fM T B1KzV383fM B"K6zV38f37JJ,M if6addI37
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R $cddata6B1S,/7M $cddata6B"S,/7M T if6addJ37 R $cddata6B"S,/7M $cddata6B1S,/7M T if6addI"7 $cddata6G(G7M if66addJ37VV6addI>77 $cddata6G5G7M de$a'6-7M $cdc%d638ca7M if6p%17 %sgdisp$a'6Qp%Q7M e$se
Page 69

%sgdisp$a'6Qa%Q7M if6da'se$ectKK17 R $cdc%d63817M %sgdisp$a'6Q& 4 CT +AF( &=2Q7M #hi$e6enterKK17 R $cdc%d638/d7M $cdc%d638e7M if6incKK37 R #hi$e6incKK37M if6da'I/7 da'Kda'S1M da'disp$a'6da'7M T if6decKK37 R
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#hi$e6decKK37M if6da'J17 da'Kda'<1M da'disp$a'6da'7M T T #rite63Dda'7M #hi$e6enterKK37M da'se$ectK3M $cdc%d6383c7M goto ti%edispM T $cdc%d638/d7M
da'disp$a'6ti%eO3P7M if6jJ137 R carddataO13PKGW3GM
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$cdc%d617M 55%sgdisp$a'6carddata7M de$a'613337M jK3M 55zKti%eO"PV381fM if66ti%eO"PKKstarthr7VV6ti%eO1PJKstart%in7VV6ti%eO1PIKend%in77 R if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p177 R $cdc%d617M %sgdisp$a'6Q; 4CO: =& !1Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d617M T e$se if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p"77 R $cdc%d617M
Page 72

%sgdisp$a'6Q; 4CO: =& !"Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d617M T e$se if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p377 R $cdc%d617M %sgdisp$a'6Q; 4CO: =& !3Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d617M T T e$se R buzK3M $cdc%d617M %sgdisp$a'6QACC && T*: O. !Q7M
Page 73

de$a'613337M buzK1M goto ti%edispM T T if6accessNs#KK37 R #hi$e6accessNs#KK37M addrsK38"3M $cdc%d638317M t'peK3M 55 to enter upto ti%e on$' 6no date7 for68K3M8I1M8SS7 R $cdc%d638317M %sgdisp$a'6Q 2T ! &TA!T O) Q7M $cdc%d638c37M %sgdisp$a'6QACC && T*: Q7M de$a'61-337M
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$cdc%d638317M setti%e67M #rite6addrsDte%pti%eO3P7M de$a'6137M addrsKaddrsS1M #rite6addrsDte%pti%eO1P7M addrsKaddrsS1M de$a'6-37M $cdc%d638317M %sgdisp$a'6Q 2T ! 2+ O) Q7M $cdc%d638c37M %sgdisp$a'6QACC && T*: Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d638317M setti%e67M #rite6addrsDte%pti%eO3P7M de$a'6137M addrsKaddrsS1M
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#rite6addrsDte%pti%eO1P7M addrsKaddrsS1M de$a'6137M T goto ti%edispM
if6enterKK37 R #hi$e6enterKK37M goto startM T T T void setti%e6void7 R unsigned char ke'countK3DhDgDd1Dd"Dc%dDup$i%itM $cdc%d638C37M if6t'peKK>7
Page 76

%sgdisp$a'6Qhh(%%A: dd5%%5'rQ7M e$se %sgdisp$a'6Qhh(%%A: Q7M $cdc%d6383e7M 55cursor b$inking
#hi$e6ke'countIt'pe7
55 to se$ect a$ar% or current ti%e R hK3M if6ke'countKK37 R c%dK38c3M up$i%itK1"M T e$se if6ke'countKK17 R c%dK38c3M up$i%itK-0M
Page 77

T e$se if6ke'countKK"7 R c%dK38c-M up$i%itK1M T e$se if6ke'countKK37 R c%dK38c/M up$i%itK31M T e$se if6ke'countKK,7 R c%dK38cbM up$i%itK1"M
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T e$se if6ke'countKK-7 R c%dK38ceM up$i%itK00M T e$seM
#hi$e6enterKK17 R $cdc%d6c%d7M #hi$e66incKK17VV6decKK17VV6enterKK177M de$a'6337M 55#ait ti$$ an' s#itch is pressed
if6incKK37 R de$a'6-37M
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#hi$e6incKK37M if6hKKup$i%it7 hK3M hKhS1M T if6decKK37 R de$a'6-37M #hi$e6decKK37M if6h7 hKh<1M e$se hKup$i%itM T if6ke'countKK"7 R if6h7 R
Page 80

%sgdisp$a'6Qp%Q7M p%K1M T e$se R %sgdisp$a'6Qa%Q7M p%K3M T T e$se R gKhM d1Kg513M d"KgX13M $cddata6d1S,/7M $cddata6d"S,/7M gK6d1II,7Y6d"X137M te%pti%eOke'countPKgM
Page 81

T T if6ke'countKK"7 $cddata6G G7M ke'countKke'countS1M de$a'6-37M #hi$e6enterKK37M T if6p%7 te%pti%eO3PK te%pti%eO3PY38>3M e$se te%pti%eO3PKte%pti%eO3PY38,3M $cdc%d638317M 55 c$ear the $cd $cdc%d6383c7M 55curser b$ink offM T void #rite6unsigned char addDunsigned char dat7 R start67M
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ptos639d37M 55device addr in #rite %ode55 ptos6add7M 55b'te addr55 ptos6dat7M 55data55 stop67M T 55XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ! A+*21 )=2CT*O2 XXXXXXXXXXXX unsigned char read6unsigned char add7 R unsigned char vDiM start67M ptos639d37M 55device addr in #rite %ode55 ptos6add7M 55b'te addr55 NnopN67M start67M ptos639d17M 55device addr in read %ode55 vK3M &+AK1M
XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

for6iK3MiIKCMiSS7 R &C4K3M NnopN67M NnopN67M &C4K1M vKvY&+AM if6iIK>7 vKvII1M T &C4K3M de$a'161337M stop67M return6v7M T 55 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH +ATA ! A+*21 )=2CT*O2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH void da'disp$a'6unsigned char da'7 R

if6da'KK17 %sgdisp$a'6Q&=2Q7M e$se if6da'KK"7 %sgdisp$a'6Q:O2Q7M e$se if6da'KK37 %sgdisp$a'6QT= Q7M e$se if6da'KK,7 %sgdisp$a'6Q; +Q7M e$se if6da'KK-7 %sgdisp$a'6QTH=Q7M e$se if6da'KK>7 %sgdisp$a'6Q)!*Q7M e$se
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if6da'KKC7 %sgdisp$a'6Q&ATQ7M e$seM T 55ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ &TA!T )=2CT*O2 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ T &C4K1M &+AK1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &+AK3M T 55aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa +ATA & 2+*21 TO ! A+ :O+ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA void ptos6unsigned char a7 R unsigned char iDcM P!A: *2 void start6void7
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for6iK3MiIKCMiSS7 R cKaV1"/M if6cKK37 &+AK3M e$se &+AK1M &C4K1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &C4K3M aKaII1M T &+AK1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &C4K1M NnopN67M
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NnopN67M &C4K3M
T 55&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &TOP )=2CT*O2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& void stop6void7 R &+AK3M &C4K1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &+AK1M &C4K3M T 55 ..................................... void de$a'6unsigned int s R + 4AF )=2CT*O2
...................................................
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unsigned int iDjM for6iK3MiIKsMiSS7 for6jK3MjIK"-3MjSS7M T 55[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[+ )*2 AT*O2 O) 4C+ CO::A2+ *2 )O=! B*T :O+ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ void $cdc%d6unsigned char va$ue7 R unsigned char nM nKva$ueM va$ueKva$ueV6383f37M $data K va$ueM rs K3M en K1M de$a'6-7M en K3M va$ueKnM va$ueKva$ueII,M va$ueKva$ue V6383f37M

$data K va$ueM rs K3M en K1M de$a'6-7M en K3M T 55[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[+ )*2 AT*O2 O) 4C+ +ATA *2 )O=! B*T :O+ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ void $cddata6unsigned char va$ue7 R unsigned char nM nKva$ueM va$ueKva$ueV6383f37M $data K va$ueM rs K1M en K1M de$a'637M en K3M va$ueKnM

va$ueKva$ueII,M va$ueKva$ue V6383f37M $data K va$ueM rs K1M en K1M de$a'6-7M en K3M T void de$a'16unsigned int iti%e7 R unsigned int iDjM for6iK3MiIiti%eMiSS7 for6jK3MjI3MjSS7M T void %sgdisp$a'6unsigned char bOP7 R for6iK3MbOiPUKGW3GMiSS7 R
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$cddata6bOiP7M T T
Chapter > !esu$ts and +iscussions

>.1 !esu$ts Asse"0$e the circ*it o# the PCB !s sho)# i# Fi& E+1+ A,ter !sse"0$i#& the circ*it o# the PCB2 chec3 it ,or proper co##ectio#s 0e,ore s)itchi#& o# the po)er s*pp$%+ >." Conc$usion The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# *si#& "icroco#tro$$er is 'o#e s*ccess,*$$%+ The co""*#ic!tio# is proper$% 'o#e )itho*t !#% i#ter,ere#ce 0et)ee# 'i,,ere#t "o'*$es i# the 'esi&#+ Desi&# is 'o#e to "eet !$$ the speci,ic!tio#s !#' re-*ire"e#ts+ So,t)!re too$s $i3e Dei$ U(isio# Si"*$!tor2 Pro$o!' to '*"p the so*rce co'e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er2 Orc!' Lite ,or the sche"!tic 'i!&r!" h!(e 0ee# *se' to 'e(e$op the so,t)!re co'e 0e,ore re!$i1i#& the h!r')!re+ ;orking procedure( RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# is 0!sic!$$% !# e"0e''e' s%ste" th!t pro(i'es !*the#tic!tio# to the (ehic$es+ The project *ses the )ire$ess tech#o$o&% RFID !#' E"0e''e' s%ste"s to i"p$e"e#t the !pp$ic!tio#+ The (ehic$e2 )hich h!s to e#ter the p!rtic*$!r !re! h!s the RFID t!&2 the '!t! prese#t i# this t!& sho*$' "!tch to &et the !*the#tic!tio#+
Page 93

Here the (ehic$e is #othi#& 0*t !# RFID t!& )hich stores the 'et!i$s o, the (ehic$e $i3e the (ehic$e #*"0er+ Whe# the (ehic$e co"es #e!r the RFID re!'er+ The RFID re!'er re!'s the '!t! prese#t i# the t!&+ Si#ce the !i" o, the project is to pro(i'e sec*rit% !#' "!3e the t!s3 e!s%2 the s%ste" i#iti!$$% stores the 'et!i$s o, the *sers )ho o)# this (ehic$e+ Th*s2 the s%ste" !,ter re!'i#& the (ehic$e #*"0er .RFID t!&/2 it co"p!res this '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! i# the s%ste"@s "e"or%+ The 'et!i$s prese#t i# the c!r' )i$$ 0e 'isp$!%e' o# the LCD+ I, this '!t! is prese#t i# the s%ste"@s '!t!0!se !#' "!tches )ith !#% o, the 'et!i$s2 the s%ste" reco&#i1es the (ehic$e !s !*thori1e' !#' !$$o)s the (ehic$e to to e#ter+ Here RTC is *se' to &i(e the p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot to the p!rtic*$!r (ehic$es+ I, the (ehic$e )i$$ #ot co"e i# th!t ti"e s$ot the# it )i$$ #ot 0e !$$o)e'+ Advantages Cost e,,ecti(e Lo) po)er co#s*"ptio# !eferences 1+ httpC;;)))+!i"&$o0!$+or&;tech#o$o&ies;r,i';)h!tOisOr,i'+!sp 4+ httpC;;)))+r,i'jo*r#!$+co";,!5+ httpC;;)))+tech#o(e$&%+co";ct;Tech#o$o&%8Artic$e+!sp 6+ httpC;;)))+per!'!+e*;'oc*"e#ts;!rtic$es8perspecti(es;!#8i#tro'*ctio#8to8r,i'8 tech#o$o&%+p', 7+ httpC;;csrc+#ist+&o(;p*0$ic!tio#s;#istp*0s;>AA8?>;SP>AA8?>ORFID84AAB+p', E+ )))+ieee+or& B+ httpC;;)))+1#t*+e'*+*!;0!se;$ectio#;rp,;$i0;1h1hA5;>A71Ot*tori!$+p', >+ httpC;;)))+!t"e$+co";'%#;reso*rces;pro'O'oc*"e#ts;'oc1?1?+p', ?+ httpC;;"icroco#tro$$ershop+co";pro'*ctOi#,o+phpXpro'*ctsOi'I1AB>
10. httpC;;)))+t!$tech+co";TALtechO)e0;reso*rces;i#tro8sc+ht"$
11+ httpC;;,oc*s+ti+co";$it;'s;s%"$i#3;"! 454+p', 14+ httpC;;)))+3"it$+!c+th;Y3s)ichit;>?pro&;i#'e +ht"$


15+ httpC;;)))+"icro'i&it!$e'+co";>A71;So,t)!re;3ei$Ot*tori!$+p',
Page 95

RFID Based Vehicle Authentication System

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RFID Based Vehicle Authentication System

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

3.2 Power Supply:

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

9TA4" O*tp*t ,ro" the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier+

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

;atchdog Ti%er 6One<ti%e nab$ed #ith !eset<out7

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

2. RFID Technology and Architecture

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID t!& or tr!#spo#'er RFID re!'er or tr!#scei(er D!t! processi#& s*0s%ste"

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

3.- &eria$ Co%%unication(

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

SMA SM1 SM4 REN TB> RB> TI

9TA4" Otpt ,ro" the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier+

3.0 4E=+ C!F&TA4 +*&P4AF(