ME 101: Materials Science and Technology

Module 4: Stress-Strain Relationships

Professor Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036

Strain Hardening
u y e
Yield Point Elastic Limit Proportionality Limit

Necking begins

Elastic Plastic

0.2%

Permanent Deformation

Strain Rates of 2x10-6

For very ductile material with no measurable linear portion, the elastic limit is measured using 0.5% strain. ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Contd..
Upper yield point

Stress

( )

Lower yield point

Strain ( ) The upper and lower yield point phenomenon exhibited by some materials such as carbon steels.
ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Brittle .vs. Ductile Materials

Ceramic Stress

( )

Metal

Strain

( )

A comparison of the

behavior for metals and ceramics

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Polymers - Stress Strain Plot

Stress

Region III

( )

Region II Region I Strain

( )

Stress-strain curves for polymers showing two types of general behavior. The highly nonlinear type of behavior can be subdivided into three regions.
ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Compression Properties
Engineering stress, Engineering strain,
F e = Ao h ho e= ho
Barreling due to the friction At the contact surfaces. Use K and n from tensile tests

= K
ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Ceramics Stress Strain Plot

Stress

( )

Ceramic in compression

Stress

( )

Ceramic in tension

Strain

( )

Strain

( )

The influence of the state of stress (tension or compression) on the response of a ceramic.
ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Ductility
Extent to which the material can be deformed without undergoing fracture. Useful for manufacturing processes such as rolling, extrusion, etc. Indicates ability of the material to resist fracture and hence avoid failure. Gage length dependent measurement.

ef = (Lf-L0)/L0

q = (Ao-Af)/A0

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Resilience

The ability of the material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and to return to its original form when unloaded is called resilience. (Modulus of Resilience strain energy per unit volume required to stress the material from zero stress to yield stress) UR = 0.5 = 2/2E
e is the strain at the yield point modulus of elasticity

so the ideal material for resisting energy loads is the one having high yield stress and low youngs

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Toughness
total area under the curve. toughness is the total amount of work that can be done on d material with out reaching the point of fracture.

The ability of the material to absorb energy in the plastic region. Usually difficult to pin down definition. Can be computed by the total area under the stress strain curve. For ductile UT = u f f For Brittle UT = 0.667*u f U = 0 d
a material may have high yield strength it comes to hardness. as it is the area under the curve which counts

but ductility also matters when

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Contd..

Stress

( )

Stress

( )

(a)
Strain

(b)

( )

Strain

( )

Stress-strain relationship for : (a) Brittle and (b) Ductile materials. The cross-hatched area represents (qualitatively) the energy absorbed per unit volume prior to fracture up to the point of homogeneous deformation in the specimen gage length.
ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Examples of stress-strain curves

Brittle

2 1 3

Brittle : Glass, Ceramic Ductile : Mild Steel, Copper

E:1>2>3 Yield Strength : 2 > 3 > 1 Ultimate Strength : 2 > 1 > 3 Fracture Energy : 2 > 1 > 3

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

A mental tensile specimen has an initial diameter of 10mm and is 50mm long. The yield strength is 400 MPa, the elastic modulus is 70 GPa, and the ultimate tensile strength is 500 MPa. Calculate the Solution yield point strain and the maximum load during the test.
During elastic deformation stress is linearly related to strain through the equation E = . Thus, at the yield point,

E = ys yp
Solving for gives :

yp and substituting the values in the problem statement

yp = ys E = ( 400 MPa ) ( 70 *103 MPa ) = 5.7 *103

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Example Contd..

Since, = F A0 , and since the maximum load corresponds to the Ultimate tensile stress, we find that

uts = Fmax A0
Solving for

Fmax

and substituting the appropriate value gives :

Fmax = uts * A0 = ( 500 MPa )( 4 )( 0.01m )

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Summary of Stress-Strain Relationships

Small Strains

Tension

Elastic E= tan
Energy = 2/2E Area under curve

Compr ession

In-Elastic
Energy = Area under curve

An-elastic

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Strength of Spider Web ???

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Example Quiz
The following figure shows stress-strain curves for three materials. A. Which material has the highest modulus ? B. Which material has the highest ductility ? C. Which material has the highest toughness ? D. Which material does not exhibit any significant plastic deformation prior to fracture ? Material I Stress

( )

Material II

Material III

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Strain ( )

Problem
A 13 mm dia tensile specimen has 50 mm gage length. The load corresponding to the 0.2 % offset is 6800 kg and the max load is 8400 kg. Fracture occurs at 7300 Kg. The dia after fracture is 8 mm and the gage length at fracture is 65 mm. Calculate (a) ultimate tensile strength, (b) 0.2% yield strength, c) fracture stress, (d) elongation, (f) reduction in area.

Solution (a) 620 MPa , (b) 502 MPa, 539 MPa, (d) 30%, (e) 62%
ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Tension Testing Applet

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers

Stress Strain Graph Applet

ME101: Materials Science for Mechanical Engineers