XXVIIth ICPIG, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 18-22 July, 2005

16

Absolute line intensity measurements of the density distribution of Dy in a metal-halide lamp

T. Nimalasuriya1 , N.B.M. Pupat2 , A.J. Flikweert1 , W.W. Stoels1 , M. Haverlag1 , J.J.A.M. van der Mullen1
1

Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , the Netherlands 2 ENSCP, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

Preliminary ndings of absolute line intensity measurements, performed on an HID lamp containing Hg and DyI3 , show separate regions of ions and atoms. The ASDF constructed from previous results indicates deviations from local Saha equilibrium.

where (Epq =Eq -Ep ) and q is the state density of the upper level q and p is the state density of the 2. Segregation lower level p. The state density = n/g equals the 2.1. Radial Segregation Because of the large temperature gradient between number density n of an atom in a particular level the wall ( 1200 K) and the center of the burner divided by the statistical weight g of that level. The ( 5500 K) a multi-step process of dissociation of DyI3 molecules near the center and association of atoms into molecules at the wall takes place. At the hot center Dy atoms ionise and Dy ions are created. The smaller and lighter Dy atoms diuse faster than the larger and heavier molecules (DyI, DyI2 , DyI3 ) see Figure 1(b). This dierence in diusion velocity results, in a stationary state, in a hollow prole of the elemental density of Dy; this is called radial segregation. Elemental density includes contributions from all molecular, atomic and ionic species of a particular element. 2.2. Axial segregation Figure 1: (a) Colour separation. (b)Schematic view of an HID lamp; diusion and convection of atoms Convection in the lamp causes the hot gas (A) and molecules (M) are indicated by arrows in the center of the arc to move upwards and downwards along the cool wall. This movement

1. Introduction The search for a compact high-intensity light source with high luminous ecacy and good colour rendering properties has lead to the development of the metal-halide lamp. This type of lamp contains a buer gas of Hg and a relatively small amount of rare-earth additives that act as the prime radiators. Because of radial diusion and convection these additives are non-uniformly distributed over the lamp resulting in the segregation of colours [1], see Figure 1(a). In order to gain better understanding of the segregation phenomena and to validate computer models, absolute line intensity measurements are conducted so the density of the additives and the electron temperature that characterize the plasma can be determined.

drags the high concentration of Dy atoms near the wall downwards resulting in a high density of Dy in the bottom of the arc. This is called axial segregation. 3. Absolute Line Intensity measurements 3.1 Theory The density of several atoms and ions are measured. This leads to the construction of the ASDF of the atomic (Dy I) and ionic (Dy II) system. In thermodynamic equilibrium the energy levels of the atom are populated according to the Boltzmann distribution function q = p exp(Epq /kB Te ), (1)

Figure 3: Setup consisting of a Czerny-Turner 1 meter monochromator, image rotator with 10,0 mg of Hg, 4.08 mg of DyI3 . It is driven by a 115 Hz square voltage, and average input power of 100 W. The metal halide lamp [2] is mounted on an optical rail in vertical position together with a beamsplitter, image rotator and a lens (focal length 200 mm) which focuses the lamp-image onto the entrance slit of the monochromator, see Figure 3. The image rotator rotates the lamp image 900 so that the cross section of the lamp is imaged onto the CCD camera. In this way, a lateral prole can be constructed in one measurement. The CzernyTurner 1-meter monochromator contains a 1200 lines per mm grating for wavelength separation and an ST-2000 CCD camera for 2-D imaging. The CCD chip is 1600 pixels wide and 1200 pixels high. The Dy lines are calibrated with a Tungsten ribbon lamp with known spectral intensity. After selecting a number of Dy lines from the measured spectrum of 400 to 800 nm, the lateral prole is constructed by calculating the area of the lines as function of lateral position. The radial prole is obtained by applying the Abel inversion technique to the lateral prole. The Abel-inverted proles are then used to construct the ASDF using (1) and (2). Measurements were done at dierent axial positions in the lamp, the results reported here were found at 3 mm above the bottom electrode.

Figure 2: The ASDF for a plasma in LSE. At the transition from the atomic to the ionic system the state occupation shows a discontinuity. This is the so-called Saha jump and depends on the electron temperature and density, cf.3 Saha relation gives the electron temperature by ln p = Ip + ln( ), kB Te (2)

where (Ip = E+ Ep ); The ionisation potential of Dy is 5.93 eV. From the slope of the ASDF we then obtain the electron temperature Te , see gure 2. The electron density ne is found by calculating the Saha Jump, which is the dierence between the occupation of the highly excited state and the ionic ground state i and given by = e i h2 2me kB Te
3/2

(3)

By determining , i and Te from the ASDF, e can be calculated. Two atomic levels which are in Saha relation with the ionic ground state are related to each other by the Boltzmann law. This implies that both balances cooperate by moving the ASDF to a similar distribution. When the whole ASDF is consistent with Saha (and thus Boltzmann), the 4. Results and Discussion plasma is said to be in Local Saha Equilibrium An example of a lateral prole in Figure 4 shows the dierence in distribution of atomic and ionic (LSE)[3]. species. Atoms ionise in the hot center of the lamp, this is even more evident when looking at the radial 3.2 Experimental setup In the present experiment, emission spectroscopy proles in Figure 5. The ratio between the absolute is performed on a 150 W metal-halide lamp. The densities of the atomic and ionic states also show a lamp consists of a quartz burner of 18 mm in length higher amount of ions in the center and less atoms. An ASDF constructed from previous measureand 8 mm inner diameter and a transparent lowments (Figure 6) done on a nearly identical lamp expansion quartz vacuum jacket. The lamp is dosed

Figure 4: Lateral intensity proles of atomic and Figure 5: Radial intensity proles of atomic and ionic Dy. ionic Dy gives a Te of 5600 K in the atomic system and a Te of 3400 K. The line intensities were averaged over the diameter of the burner instead of Abel inverted. The dierent values for Te are not in agreement with the Saha-Boltzmann relation. This dierence in temperature indicates that the plasma is not in Local Saha Equilibrium. The ground state density found by extrapolating the atomic ASDF is n0 =51020 m3 (taking g0 =17). X-ray induced uorescence measurements done by Nimalasuriya et al.[5] show an elemental Dy density of about 1022 m3 . Flikweert et. al [4] also found a ground state density of 1022 m3 by means of laser absorption spectroscopy. This implies that the results of the ASDF are a factor of 20 too low. The electron density ne is found to be around 1.68 1019 m3 by determining the Saha Jump ln = 17.23 with Te = 5500 K and ge = 2. i The value for the occupation of the ionic ground state, found by extrapolation, i = 9 1021 seems unrealistic in comparison to the much lower value for e = 3.3 1019 . An explanation for this discrepancy has not yet been found. 5. Conclusions Radial proles show a clear separation between atomic and ionic regions in the plasma, the ionic region is in the hot center, the atomic region surrounds it. Ground state densities found with laser absorption and x-ray induced uorescence and ALI show a discrepancy and requires further study. Future study includes constructing an Abel-inverted ASDF at dierent axial positions in the lamp; and determination of the electron temperature and density.

Figure 6: ASDF for Dy in the wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm, emission lines are measured at the center of the lamp 2 mm above the electrode. These results have not been Abel inverted; and the atomic and ionic transition probabilities are taken from [6] 6. Acknowledgements Funding for this research is given by Technologiestichting STW (project ETF. 6093)

References
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greve, M. Haverlag, R. Keijser, A. Kuipers, contribution to this conference. [3] J.A.M. van der Mullen, Phys. Rep. 191 109 (1990) [4] A.J. Flikweert, T. Nimalasuriya, C.H.J.M. Groothuis, G.M.W. Kroesen, and W.W. Stoffels, submitted to J. Appl. Phys. (2005). [5] T. Nimalasuriya, J. J. Curry, C. J. Sansonetti, A.J. Flikweert, E. J. Ridderhof, W.W. Stoels, M. Haverlag, J. J. A. M. van der Mullen, contribution to this conference. [6] 1995 Atomic Line Data (R.L. Kurucz and B. Bell) Kurucz CD-ROM No. 23. Cambridge, Mass.: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.