Overview of Telecommunication Networks II Institutional mechanism and role Introduction: All industries operate in a specific environment which keeps

s changing and the firms in the business need to understand it to dynamically adjust their actions for best results. Like minded firms get together to form associations in order to protect their common interests. Other stake holders also develop a system to take care of their issues. Governments also need to intervene for ensuring fair competition and the best value for money for its citizens. This handouts gives exposure on the Telecom Environment in India and also dwells on the role of international bodies in standardizing and promoting Telecom Growth in the world. Lesson Plan Institutional Mechanism and role & Telecom Eco system o National DOT, TRAI,TDSAT, TEC,CDOT o International Standardisation bodies- ITU,APT,ETSI etc Licensed Telecommunication services of DOT Various Trade associations, Network Operators, Manufacturers, service providers, service provisioning and retailing, billing and OSS Job opportunities in telecom Market, government and statutory bodies Assignment: Explore designated websites of institutions and companies Institutional Framework: It is defined as the systems of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic activity and behaviour. In India, The Indian telegraph act of 1885 amended from time to time governs the telecommunications sector. Under this act, the government is in-charge of policymaking and was responsible for provisioning of services till the opening of telecom sector to private participation. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA). Major changes in telecommunications in India began in the 1980s. The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in 1986. The Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Further changes in the regulatory system took place with the TRAI Act of 2000 that aimed at restoring functional clarity and improving regulatory quality and a separate disputes settlement body was set up called Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to fairly adjudicate any dispute between licensor and licensee, between service provider, between service provider and a group of consumers. In October 2003, Unified Access Service Licenses regime for basic and cellular services was introduced. This regime enabled services providers to offer fixed and mobile services under one license. Since then, Indian telecom has seen unprecedented customer growth crossing 600 million connections. India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea. The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world and the second largest among emerging economies. A brief on telecom echo system and various key elements in institutional framework is given below:
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Department of Telecommunications: In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on behalf of government. Its basic functions are: Policy Formulation Review of performance Licensing Wireless spectrum management Administrative monitoring of PSUs Research & Development Standardization/Validation of Equipment International Relations Main wings within DoT: Telecom Engineering Center (TEC) USO Fund Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing (WPC) Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE) Public Sector Units Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL) Indian Telephone Industries Limited (ITI) Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL) Telecommunications Consultants India Limited(TCIL) R & D Unit Center for development of Telematics (C-DoT) The other key governmental institutional units are TRAI & TDSAT. Important units are briefed below: Telecom Engineering Center (TEC): It is a technical body representing the interest of Department of Telecom, Government of India. Its main functions are: Specification of common standards with regard to Telecom network equipment, services and interoperability.
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Generic Requirements (GRs), Interface Requirements (IRs) Issuing Interface Approvals and Service Approvals Formulation of Standards and Fundamental Technical Plans Interact with multilateral agencies like APT, ETSI and ITU etc. for standardisation Develop expertise to imbibe the latest technologies and results of R&D Provide technical support to DOT and technical advice to TRAI & TDSAT Coordinate with C-DOT on the technological developments in the Telecom Sector for policy planning by DOT www.tec.gov.in

Universal Service Obligation Fund (USO): This fund was created in 2002. This fund is managed by USO administrator. All telecom operators contribute to this fund as per government policy. The objective of this fund is to bridge the digital divide i.e. ensure equitable growth of telecom facilities in rural areas. Funds are allocated to operators who bid lowest for providing telecom facilities in the areas identified by USO administrator. WIRELESS PLANNING & COORDINATION (WPC) This unit was created in 1952 and is the National Radio Regulatory Authority responsible for Frequency Spectrum Management, including licensing and caters for the needs of all wireless users (Government and Private) in the country. It exercises the statutory functions of the Central Government and issues licenses to establish, maintain and operate wireless stations. WPC is divided into major sections like Licensing and Regulation (LR), New Technology Group (NTG) and Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation (SACFA). SACFA makes the recommendations on major frequency allocation issues, formulation of the frequency allocation plan, making recommendations on the various issues related to International Telecom Union (ITU), to sort out problems referred to the committee by various wireless users, Siting clearance of all wireless installations in the country etc. Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell: In order to ensure that service providers adhere to the licence conditions and for taking care of telecom network security issues, DoT opened these cells in 2004 and at present 34 cells are operating in various Circles and big districts in the country. Key functions of these units are Inspection of premises of Telecom and Internet Service Providers, Curbing illegal activities in telecom services, Control over clandestine / illegal operation of telecom networks by vested interests having no license, To file FIR against culprits, pursue the cases, issue notices indicating violation of conditions of various Acts in force from time to time, Analysis of call/subscription/traffic data of various licensees, arrangement for lawful interception / monitoring of all communications passing through the licensees network, disaster management, network performance monitoring, Registration of OSPs and Telemarketers in License Service Areas etc.. Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE): (www.tcoe.in) The growth of Indian Telecommunications sector has been astounding, particularly in the last decade. This growth has been catalysed by telecommunications sector liberalization and reforms. Some of the areas needing immediate attention to consolidate and maintain the growth are: Capacity building for industry talent pool Continuous adaptation of the regulatory environment to facilitate induction/ adoptation of high potential new technologies and business models Bridging of high rural - urban teledensity/digital divide Faster deployment of broadband infrastructure across the country

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Centres of Excellence have been created to work on (i) enhancing talent pool, (ii) technological innovation, (iii) secure information infrastructure and (iv) bridging of digital divide. These COEs are also expected to cater to requirements of South Asia as regional leaders. The main sponsor (one of the telecom operators), the academic institute where the Centers are located and the tentative field of excellence are enumerated in the table below: Field of Excellence in Telecom Next Generation Network & Network Technology Telecom Technology & Management Technology Integration, Multimedia & Computational Maths Telecom Policy, Regulation, Governance, Customer Care & Marketing Telecom Infrastructure & Energy Disaster Management of Info systems & Information Security Rural Application Spectrum Management (Proposed) Associated Institute IIT, Kharagpur IIT, Delhi IIT, Kanpur IIM, Ahmedabad IIT, Chennai IISc, Bangalore IIT Mumbai WPC, Chennai Sponsor Vodafone Essar Bharti Airtel BSNL IDEA Cellular Reliance Aircel Tata Telecom Govt with Industry consortium

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI): TRAI was established under TRAI Act 1997 enacted on 28.03.1997. The act was amended in 2000. Its Organization setup consists of One Chairperson, Two full-time members & Two part-time members. Its primary role is to deals with regulatory aspects in Telecom Sector & Broadcasting and Cable services. TRAI has two types of functions as mentioned below: Mandatory Functions o Tariff policies o Interconnection policies o Quality of Service o Ensure implementation of terms and conditions of license Recommendatory Functions o New license policies o Spectrum policies o Opening of sector www.trai.gov.in Telecom Dispute Settlement Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT): TDSAT was established in year 2000 by an amendment in TRAI act by transferring the functions of dispute handling to new entity i.e. TDSAT. The organization setup consists of one Chairperson & two full-time members. Its functions are: Adjudicate any dispute between o licensor and licensee o two or more licensees o group of consumers Hear & dispose off appeal against any direction, decision or order of the Authority under TRAI Act www.tdsat.nic.in

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Key International Standardization Bodies for Telecom sector:

ITU is the leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in developing networks and services. For nearly 145 years, ITU has coordinated the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, established the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range of communications systems and addressed the global challenges of our times, such as mitigating climate change and strengthening cybersecurity. Vast spectrum of its work area includes broadband Internet to latest-generation wireless technologies, from aeronautical and maritime navigation to radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology, from convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice and TV broadcasting to next-generation networks. ITU also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as ITU TELECOM WORLD, bringing together the most influential representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology for the benefit of the global community, and in particular the developing world. ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and its membership includes 191 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and Associates. On 1 January 2009, ITU employed 702 people from 83 different countries. The staff members are distributed between the Union's Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland and eleven field offices located around the world. www.itu.int Asia Pacific Telecommunity: Headquartered at Bangkok, the APT is a unique organization of Governments, telecom service providers, manufactures of communication equipment, research & development organizations and other stake holders active in the field of communication and information technology. APT serves as the focal organization for communication and information technology in the Asia Pacific region. The APT has 34 Members, 4 Associate Members and 121 Affiliate Members. The objective of the Telecommunity is to foster the development of telecommunication services and information infrastructure throughout the region with a particular focus on the expansion thereof in less developed areas. APT has been conducting HRD Programme for developing the skills of APT Members to meet the objectives of APT. The topics include Information Communication Technologies (ICT), Network and Information Security, Finance and Budget, Telecommunication Management, Mobile Communications, Multimedia, Satellite Communication, Telecommunications and ICT Policy and Regulation, Broadband Technologies, e-Applications, Rural Telecommunications Technologies, IP Networks and Services, Customer Relations, etc. www.aptsec.org The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) produces globallyapplicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies. It is officially recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization. ETSI is a not-forprofit organization with more than 700 ETSI member organizations drawn from 62 countries across 5 continents world-wide. ETSI unites Manufacturers, Network operators, National Administrations , Service providers, Research bodies, User groups , Consultancies. This cooperation has resulted in a steady stream of highly successful ICT standards in mobile, fixed, and radio communications and a range of other standards that cross these boundaries, including Security, Satellite, Broadcast, Human Factors, Testing & Protocols, Intelligent transport, Power-line telecoms, eHealth, Smart Cards, Emergency communications, GRID & Clouds, Aeronautical etc. ETSI is consensus-based and conducts its work through

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Technical Committees, which produce standards and specifications, with the ETSI General Assembly and Board. www.etsi.org BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limted was formed in year 2000 and took over the service providers role from DoT. Today, BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourth largest integrated telecom operator in the country. BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission network. BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom connectivity. Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai. MTNL: Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, formed in 1984 is the market leader in landline and broadband in its area of operation. www.mtnl.net.in TCIL: TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned Government of India Public Sector Enterprise. TCIL was set up in 1978 for providing Indian telecom expertise in all fields of telecom, Civil and IT to developing countries around the world. It has its presence in over 70 countries. www.tcil-india.com ITI: Indian telephone Industries is the oldest manufacturing unit for telephone instruments. To keep pace with changing times, it has started taking up manufacturing of new technology equipment such as GSM, OFC equipment, Invertors, Power plants, Defense equipments, Currency counting machines etc. www.itiltd-india.com Centre for Development of Telematics (CDoT): This is the R & D unit under DoT setup in 1984. The biggest contribution of this centre to Indian telecom sector is the development of low capacity (128 port) Rural automatic Exchange (RAX) which enabled provisioning of telephone in even the smallest village. This was specially designed to suit Indian environment, capable of withstanding natural temperature and dusty conditions. Prominent Licenses provided by DoT: o Access Service (CMTS & Unified Access Service): The Country is divided into 23 Service Areas consisting of 19 Telecom Circle Service Areas and 4 Metro Service Areas for providing Cellular Mobile Telephone Service (CMTS). Consequent upon announcement of guidelines for Unified Access (Basic& Cellular) Services licenses on 11.11.2003, some of the CMTS operators have been permitted to migrate from CMTS License to Unified Access Service License (UASL). No new CMTS and Basic service licenses are being awarded after issuing the guidelines for Unified access Service Licence(UASL). As on 31st March 2008, 39 CMTS and 240 UASL licenses operated. o 3G & BWA (Broadband Wireless Access): Department of Telecom started the auction process for sale of spectrum for 3G and BWA (WiMax) in April 2010 for 22 services areas in the country. BSNL & MTNL have already been given spectrum for 3G and BWA and they need to pay the highest bid amount as per auction results. BSNL & MTNL both are providing 3G services. BSNL has rolled out its BWA service by using WiMax technology. o Mobile Number Portability (MNP) Service: Licenses have been awarded to two operators to provide MNP in India. DoT is ensuring the readiness of all mobile operators and expects to start this service any time after June 2010. o Infrastructure Provider: There are two categories IP-I and IP-II. For IP-I the applicant company is required to be registered only. No license is issued for IP-I. Companies registered as IP-I can provide assets such as Dark Fibre, Right of Way, Duct space and Tower. This was opened to private sector with effect from 13.08.2000. An IP-II license
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can lease / rent out /sell end to end bandwidth i.e. digital transmission capacity capable to carry a message. This was opened to private sector with effect from 13.08.2000. Issuance of IP-II Licence has been discontinued w.e.f. 14.12.05 INMARSAT : INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organisation) operates a constellation of geo-stationary satellites designed to extend phone, fax and data communications all over the world. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd (VSNL) is permitted to provide Inmarsat services in India under their International Long Distance(ILD) licence granted by Department of Telecommunications(DoT). VSNL has commissioned their new Land Earth Station (LES) at Dighi, Pune compatible with 4th generation INMARSAT Satellites (I-4) and INMARSAT-B, M, Mini-M & M-4 services are now being provided through this new LES after No Objection Certificate (NOC) is issued by DoT on case by case basis. National Long Distance: There is no limit on number of operators for this service and license is for 20 years. International Long Distance: This was opened to private sector on 1st April 2002 with no limit on number of operators. The license period is 20 years. Resale of IPLC: For promoting competition and affordability in International Private Leased Circuits (IPLC) Segment, Government permitted the Resale of IPLC by introducing a new category of License called as Resale of IPLC Service License with effect from 24th September 2008. The Reseller can provide end-to-end IPLC between India and country of destination for any capacity denomination. For providing the IPLC service, the Reseller has to take the IPLC from International Long Distance (ILD) Service Providers licensed and permitted to enter into an arrangement for leased line with Access Providers, National Long Distance Service Providers and International Long Distance Service Providers for provision of IPLC to end customers. Sale of International Roaming SIM cards /Global Calling Cards in India: The cards being offered to Indian Customers will be for use only outside India. However, if it is essential to activate the card for making test calls/emergent calls before the departure of customer and /or after the arrival of the customer, the same shall be permitted for forty eight (48) hours only prior to departure from India and twenty four (24) hours after arrival in India. Internet without Telephony: The Internet Service Provider (ISP) Policy was announced in November, 98. ISP Licenses , which prohibit telephony on Internet ,are being issued starting from 6.11.98 on non-exclusive basis. Three category of license exist namely A,B and C. A is all India, B is telecom Circles, Metro Districts and major districts where as C is SSA wide. Internet with Telephony: Only ISP licensees are permitted, within their service area, to offer Internet Telephony service. The calls allowed are PC to PC in India, PC in India to PC/Telephone outside India, IP based calls from India to other countries. VPN: Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) Services. VPN shall be configured as Closed User Group(CUG) only and shall carry only the traffic meant for the internal use of CUG and no third party traffic shall be carried on the VPN. VPN shall not have any connectivity with PSTN / ISDN / PLMN except when the VPN has been set up using Internet access dial-up facility to the ISP node. Outward dialing facility from ISP node is not permitted. VSAT & Satellite Communication: There are two types of CUG VSAT licenses : (i) Commercial CUG VSAT license and (ii) Captive CUG VSAT license. The commercial VSAT service provider can offer the service on commercial basis to the subscribers by setting up a number of Closed User Groups (CUGs) whereas in the captive VSAT service only one CUG can be set up for the captive use of the licensee. The scope of the service is to provide data connectivity between various sites scattered within
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territorial boundary of India via INSAT Satellite System using Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs). However, these sites should form part of a Closed User Group (CUG). PSTN connectivity is not permitted. Radio Paging: The bids for the Radio Paging Service in 27 cities were invited in 1992, the licenses were signed in 1994 and the service was commissioned in 1995. There was a provision for a fixed license fee for first 3 years and review of the license fee afterwards. The license was for 10 years and in 2004 Govt offered a extended 10 years license with certain license fee waivers but with the wide spread use of mobile phones, this service has lost its utility. PMRTS: Public Mobile Radio Trunking service allows city wide connectivity through wireless means. This service is widely used by Radio Taxi operators and companies whose workforce is on the move and there is need to locate the present position of employee for best results. PSTN connectivity is permitted. INSAT MSS: INSAT Mobile Satellite System Reporting Service (INSAT MSS Reporting Service) is a one way satellite based messaging service available through INSAT. The basic nature of this service is to provide a reporting channel via satellite to the group of people, who by virtue of their nature of work are operating from remote locations without any telecom facilities and need to send short textual message or short data occasionally to a central station. Voice Mail/ Audiotex/ UMS (Unified Messaging Service): Initially a seprate license was issued for these services. For Unified Messaging Service, transport of Voice Mail Messages to other locations and subsequent retrieval by the subscriber must be on a nonreal time basis. For providing UMS under the licence, in addition to the licence for Voice Mail/Audiotex/UMS, the licensee must also have an ISP licence. The ISP licence as well as Voice Mail/Audiotex/ UMS licence should be for the areas proposed to be covered by UMS service. Since start of NTP-99, all access provider i.e. CMTS, UASL, Fixed service providers are also allowed to provide these services as Value Added Service (VAS) under their license conditions. Telemarketing: Companies intending to operate as Telemarketes need to obtain this license from DoT. Other Service Provider (including BPO): As per New Telecom Policy (NTP) 1999, Other Service Providers (OSP), such as tele-banking, tele-medicine, tele-trading, ecommerce, Network Operation Centers and Vehicle Tracking Systems etc are allowed to operate by using infrastructure provided by various access providers for non-telecom services.

Telecom Operators: Interested companies obtain license for various services to get authorization to provide licensed telecom services in India. While hundreds of license holders exists in India for various services, major operators are BSNL, Bharti (Airtel), Vodafone, Reliance, Aircel, Idea and Tata etc. There is a stiff competition in the market and operators struggle to provide innovative services earlier than others, at rates lower than rivals, continuously find ways to extend better customer care and improve profit margins by managing costs. A typical diagram depicting various macro level activities performed by a telecom service provider is given below:

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In todays fast growing customer base in telecom market, rising expectations of customers for prompt service support, very efficient & powerful software solutions are a must. For this purpose, over the years, OSS (Operations Support Systems) & BSS (Business Support Systems) software solutions have been developed to manage these activities. The term OSS most frequently describes "network systems" dealing with the telecom network itself, supporting processes such as maintaining network inventory, provisioning services, configuring network components, and managing faults. Business Support Systems or BSS typically refers to "business systems" dealing with customers, supporting processes such as taking orders, processing bills, and collecting payments. The two systems together are often abbreviated BSS/OSS or simply B/OSS. Many proprietary software solutions are available from different vendors. A standardization initiative has been taken up by Telecom Management forum, an international membership organization of communications service providers and suppliers to the communications industry. TM Forum is regarded as the most authoritative source for standards and frameworks in OSS. TM Forum has been active in proving a framework and discussion forum for advancements in OSS and BSS. A typical architecture of OSS/BSS application is given below:

Optical-OFC, DWDM etc., Transport-SDH,PDH, ATM,PSTN, DSL etc., IP-MPLS, Internet, IP TV, Multicast etc., Fixed/Wireless-PSTN, GSM, CDMA, WiMax, 3G etc., SystemWindows, Unix etc.

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Sector Specific industry associations:

The Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) was constituted in 1995 as a registered, non-profit, non-governmental society dedicated to the advancement of communication, particularly modern communication through Cellular Mobile Telephone Services. COAI represents Indian Cellular industry and on its behalf it interacts with the policy maker, the licensor, the regulator, the spectrum management agency and the industry (telecom /non-telecom) associations. www.coai.com Key Objectives of the COAI To improve standards and competitiveness in the Cellular Industry and attain the status of world class infrastructure. To facilitate affordable mobile telephony services for Indians. To study the best practices & research of the industry as well as to analyse the Cellular Experience worldwide. To assist relevant authorities by providing them information about the industry to help them formulate suitable policies for the industry's growth. To improve standards and quality of services in consultation with GSM India - the Indian chapter of the GSM Association. To maintain and upgrade services in terms of speech transmission, access, coverage, security etc, to enable expansion of cellular services. To help address problems of cellular operators relating to operational, regulatory, financial, or licensing through interaction with the Ministry of Communications & IT, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Commerce, Department of telecommunications, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, Financial Institutions etc. Association of Unified Telecom Service Providers of India (AUSPI) is the representative industry body of Unified Access Service Licensees providing CDMA & GSM Mobile Services, Fixed Line Services as well as Value Added Services throughout the length and breadth of the country. AUSPI is a registered society and works as a non-profit organization with the aim of delivering the promise of improved Access, Coverage and Teledensity in India. The objectives of the Association include collection and dissemination of knowledge and information for promotion and healthy growth of telecom services, enunciating a telecom vision for India, fueling unprecedented domestic investment, improving teledensity and bringing value for customers. The Association interacts on policy and regulatory issues with various Government bodies such as the Department of Telecommunications, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, apex industry organizations like ASSOCHAM, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI), technical institutions, financial analysts and other institutions of world repute. The Association formulates expert opinion on industry issues and submits whenever necessary, recommendations to the concerned authorities. www.auspi.in TEMA Established in 1990, Telecom Equipment Manufacturers Association of India (TEMA) is recognized by the Government of India as the National Apex body to represent telecom Technology Providers, Global and Indian, Private and Government owned companies. TEMA has membership of more than 150 member companies covering almost 80 per cent of Indian Telecom Equipment Manufacturing. Services offered to TEMA members include, interaction with Government, Policy makers, interaction with various National Confederations of Industries, overseas Delegations, Exhibition Organizers, Market Development Assistance Authorities, Tender Information, Excise and Customs Departments, Telecom Engineering Center for product specifications etc. Our members are exporting a variety of Telecom Equipments to South America, Middle-East, Africa, SAARC, CIS and
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South East Asian Countries. TEMA also has an Export Promotion Forum set up by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India to promote Export of Telecom Equipments and Services. The Forum also make various recommendations to the Government for making necessary changes in various policies and procedures for promotion of Exports and Services. Key Industry/ Trade Associations influencing the Telecom Market The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the growth of industry in India, partnering industry and government alike through advisory and consultative processes.CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry led and industry managed organisation, playing a proactive role in India's development process. Founded over 115 years ago, it is India's premier business association, with a direct membership of over 7800 organisations from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over 90,000 companies from around 396 national and regional sectoral associations. With 64 offices in India, 9 overseas in Australia, Austria, China, France, Germany, Japan, Singapore, UK, and USA, and institutional partnerships with 221 counterpart organisations in 90 countries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry and the international business community. www.cii.in The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), India's premier apex chamber covers a membership of over 2 lakh companies and professionals across the country. It was established in 1920 by promoter chambers, representing all regions of India. As an apex industry body, ASSOCHAM represents the interests of industry and trade, interfaces with Government on policy issues and interacts with counterpart international organizations to promote bilateral economic issues. ASSOCHAM is represented on all national and local bodies and is, thus, able to pro-actively convey industry viewpoints, as also communicate and debate issues relating to public-private partnerships for economic development. www.assocham.org FICCI: Established in 1927, FICCI is the largest and oldest apex business organisation in India. FICCI plays a leading role in policy debates that are at the forefront of social, economic and political change. Its publications are widely read for their in-depth research and policy prescriptions. FICCI works closely with the government on policy issues, enhancing efficiency, competitiveness and expanding business opportunities for industry through a range of specialised services and global linkages. It also provides a platform for sector specific consensus building and networking. www.ficci.com

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Job opportunities in Telecom Sector Government sector: Every year UPSC conducts Indian Engineering Services exam for recruitment to fill up vacancies notified by various departments such as Broadcasting, Military Engineering Service, Indian Telecom Service, Indian Railways, Wireless Planning etc. Numbers of vacancies vary year to year. Entry level engineers with Telecom Operators: All operators recruit thousands on fresh engineers every year owing to the high growth in telecom market. BSNL recruits of the order of thousand fresh graduates every year at Junior Telecom Officer level. Sales Engineers: Many Telecom solutions are very sophisticated and technical. Such sales need to be handled by telecom engineers. Manufacturing Sector: Most of the MNCs have set up factories in India for manufacturing telecom network equipment as well as Customer premises equipment. There is enough job potential with these firms. Support jobs in Non-Telecom sector: In todays scenario, all industries use many telecom facilities for faster and efficient communication. All such activities require maintenance professionals. Even in medical sector, growing use of telemedicine has created a new market for telecom professionals. Research & Development: Many MNCs have outsourced R & D in telecom to Indian firms. For example Nokia has outsourced its product design to M/s TCS. All such deals create job opportunities for telecom engineers. IT sector: The core of BPO sector is the telecom network. IT sectors generates huge telecom jobs. Education sector: Government of Indias mission mode project on Education such as Sarva shiksha Abhiyan, connecting all libraries in India, providing broadband to all schools etc. requires telecom professionals to install and manage this huge network. National E-Governance Project: The ambitions plan of India to network each nook & corner of the country and provide a citizen centric, single window service counter requires creation of vast telecom network across the country. Each State is implementing State Wide Area Network (SWAN). All such projects create demand for telecom professionals. Research executives with Consultancy Firms: Telecom growth impacts a countrys economy. Many consultancy firms thrive on generating reports on business models, future potential and extending guidance to existing and new entrants in telecom market. There is a significant need for telecom professionals with such firms also. Pay range: Entry level engineer can get a starting annual package ranging from 2-4 lakh depending on the nature of job & employer firm.

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