Basin and Petroleum System Modeling

Gabriele Martinelli
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

December 9th, 2010

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Introduction

What, where and why

What: Course Introduction in PetroMod. Where: in Aachen, Germany, at the the Schlumberger Aachen Technology Center (AaTC), former IES (Integrated Exploration Systems), founded in 1984 by two professors of the Aachen University of Technology and later become leader in Petroleum Systems Modeling. Bought by Schlumberger in 2008.

Why: studying if and eventually how is it possible to integrate this technology with our Bayesian Network model, in order to create a more reliable and trustable network. The project has been suggested by prof. Mukerji, from the the BPSM (Basin and Petroleum System Modeling) group at Stanford.

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Introduction

Petroleum System Modeling

The principle geologic risk factors in oil and gas exploration are commonly dened as the trap (consisting of trap geometry, reservoir and seal), the oil and gas charge, and the timing relationship between the charge and the potential traps. These risk factors apply to basin, play or prospect scale assessments.

Petroleum Systems Modeling (PSM) is a vital component of exploration risk assessment and is applicable during all stages of exploration, from frontier basins with no well control to well-explored areas.
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Introduction

The importance of Basin and Petroleum System Model

Over the last decade, three-dimensional (3D) imaging and modeling of the subsurface through time (4D) have co-evolved and emerged as a major research focus of the petroleum industry. Virtually all major oil companies have independently recognized the need for 4-D petroleum system models (also called basin models) because they: Organize data, allowing deciencies or inconsistencies to be identied (examine data, appraise the reliability of geological concepts, models, or geochemical input, and extract needed information). Facilitate visualization of geologic processes and communication with stakeholders (developing predictive exploration and reservoir models, integrating sequence stratigraphy and assessment units, predicting the extent and timing of petroleum generation in source rocks, structural deformation that disturbs basin architecture, migration pathways, and locations of potential traps and accumulations,). Add value by converting static data into dynamic processed data and interpretations.

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PetroMod

What is PetroMod
PetroMod petroleum systems modeling software combines seismic, well, and geological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. PetroMod software will predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons, including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities, and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.

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PetroMod

What is PetroMod
PetroMod petroleum systems modeling software combines seismic, well, and geological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin. PetroMod software will predict if, and how, a reservoir has been charged with hydrocarbons, including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation, migration routes, quantities, and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at surface conditions.

1D, 2D, or 3D large-scale geologic petroleum systems models cover areas ranging from a single charge area for a prospect to mega-regional studies of entire basins. The models are dynamic, which means they provide a complete record of the generation, migration, accumulation, and loss of oil and gas in a petroleum system through geologic time. Properties such as gas/oil ratios and API gravities can be analyzed, understood, and predicted.
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PetroMod

The simulator
The simulator is the heart of the PetroMod software suite, simulating the entire history of a sedimentary basin from the deposition of the bottom layer onwards.

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PetroMod

The simulator
The simulator is the heart of the PetroMod software suite, simulating the entire history of a sedimentary basin from the deposition of the bottom layer onwards. Petroleum generation: Reaction kinetics, to predict the phases and properties of hydrocarbons generated from source rocks of various types. Adsorption models, to describe the release of generated hydrocarbons into the free pore space of the source rock.

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PetroMod

The simulator
The simulator is the heart of the PetroMod software suite, simulating the entire history of a sedimentary basin from the deposition of the bottom layer onwards. Petroleum generation: Reaction kinetics, to predict the phases and properties of hydrocarbons generated from source rocks of various types. Adsorption models, to describe the release of generated hydrocarbons into the free pore space of the source rock. Petroleum migration: Fluid analysis (Darcy ow, ow path analysis, and invasion percolation.) Source-rock track (risks of charging from dierent source units or areas) Accumulation analysis (gas/oil ratios and API gravities)
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PetroMod

The model, input

PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:
1

Model geometry (From about 10 up to 1000 km and to a depth of 10 km)

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PetroMod

The model, input

PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:
1

Model geometry (From about 10 up to 1000 km and to a depth of 10 km)

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PetroMod

The model, input

PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:
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Layers: sequence of geological layers, deposited in a given stratigraphical event and subdivided into regions of similar facies. (Millions of years)

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PetroMod

The model, input

PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:
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Facies: lithological rock type and the organic facies, including quantities such as permeability, compaction parameters, heat capacities, thermal conductivities.

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PetroMod

The model, input

PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:
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Boundary conditions: paleo-water depth, heat ow, water interface temperature.

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PetroMod

The model, input

PetroMod software receives the following (and many others...) inputs:
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Special submodels: fault properties, cementation, thermal calibration parameters, salt movement, erosion, intrusions, uid phase properties, secondary cracking, . . .

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PetroMod

The model, output

PetroMod software determines: 1 Generation: the burial of source rocks through geological time, from their deposition at the surface until they reach sucient depth to generate rst oil and eventually gas as they descend deeper into the earth.

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PetroMod

The model, output

PetroMod software determines: 2 Migration: Whether oil and gas have been generated, where and how much, when migration occurred, and whether it lled the trap.

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PetroMod

The model, output

PetroMod software determines: 3 Accumulation: PetroMod software predicts the location of oil and gas accumulations, as well as important properties such as the API gravity of the oil, gas/oil ratio, and viscosity.

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PetroMod

The model, output

PetroMod software determines also the distribution of the characteristic variables of the model:
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Porosity: primary or secondary pore space or voids within a rock Temperature: distribution with respect to the heat ow history, thermal conductivity of the rocks, and sediment water interface temperature variation through time Vitrinite reectance Transformation Ratio: quantitative transformation ratio related to total organic carbon and production index for source rocks referring to the expulsion of oil and gas Expulsion onset: rst time of expulsion, which depends primarily on heat ow history and assigned kinetics Saturation: relative allotment of oil and/or gas and/or water in the pores of a rock as a percentage of volume.

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PetroMod

The model, managing uncertainties: PetroRisk

PetroRisk operates as a controlling framework on all PetroMod packages, assessing uncertainties and following the entire migration path to calculate probability estimates for accumulations:

Input uncertainty: you can dene uncertainties in the input data and quantify and statistically evaluate their eects on the simulation outcome. Calibration: PetroRisk allows users to dene well data for calibration, evaluate results, and shift desired parameters on the master model to achieve their targets.

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PetroMod

PetroMod 1D, 2D or 3D
PetroMod 1D: It enables single-point data (wells and pseudo-wells) to be constructed from scratch or extracted directly from PetroMod 2D and 3D models. PetroMod 1D provides 1D thermal, maturation, hydrocarbon generation, and pressure history modeling; quick 1D analysis with fast data access; a 1D viewer along wells and single cells of interest with sophisticated plots and multiplot handling.

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PetroMod

PetroMod 1D, 2D or 3D
PetroMod 1D: It enables single-point data (wells and pseudo-wells) to be constructed from scratch or extracted directly from PetroMod 2D and 3D models. PetroMod 1D provides 1D thermal, maturation, hydrocarbon generation, and pressure history modeling; quick 1D analysis with fast data access; a 1D viewer along wells and single cells of interest with sophisticated plots and multiplot handling. PetroFlow 2D: It is the most advanced and widely used PetroMod package, and uses the same multidimensional migration modeling simulator as the PetroMod 3D package. It is ideal for analyzing areas with sparse data and for rapid analyses, e.g., if the data is only sucient to construct a 2D geologic section.

Gabriele Martinelli (NTNU)

Basin and Petroleum System Modeling

December 9th, 2010

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PetroMod

PetroMod 1D, 2D or 3D
PetroMod 1D: It enables single-point data (wells and pseudo-wells) to be constructed from scratch or extracted directly from PetroMod 2D and 3D models. PetroMod 1D provides 1D thermal, maturation, hydrocarbon generation, and pressure history modeling; quick 1D analysis with fast data access; a 1D viewer along wells and single cells of interest with sophisticated plots and multiplot handling. PetroFlow 2D: It is the most advanced and widely used PetroMod package, and uses the same multidimensional migration modeling simulator as the PetroMod 3D package. It is ideal for analyzing areas with sparse data and for rapid analyses, e.g., if the data is only sucient to construct a 2D geologic section. PetroFlow 3D: It includes the full 3D temperature/pressure simulator and the most advanced 3D petroleum migration modeling technology, and enables dierent migration modeling methods to be applied to the same 3D data model.

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PetroMod

References
Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling, 2009, Thomas Hantschel and Armin Kauerauf, Springer. Basin Analysis: Principles and Applications, 2004, Allen and Allen, Wiley. The Petroleum System: From Source to Trap, 1994, Leslie B. Magoon and Wallace G. Dow, AAPG memoir 60. PetroMod software page http://www.slb.com/services/software/geo/petromod_modeling_software.aspx IES page: http://www.ies.de/ Basin Modeling page on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_modelling Sintef page on Basin Modeling: http://www.sintef.no/Home/SINTEF-Petroleum-Research/Basin-Modelling/ Stanford BPSM group http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/groups/bpsm/index.php

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