Bernoullis Law

Name: Christy Costanian

Partner: Marwa Bou Zein Eddine
Instructor: Ms. Amara al-Sayegh
Section: 6

A) Drag Coefficient:
What Happens when you give the ball a gentle sideways push? Why?
When we give the ball a push, it will rebound, returning to its initial
equilibrium position. According to the Bernoulli equation (and if height is the
same), when velocity decreases, pressure in the vicinity will increase. The
velocity of air from the fan is much greater than the velocity of the outside
air, which means that the pressure outside the fan is greater than the
pressure above it. Hence, when we give it a push away from the flow of air
from the fan, the ball will return to a low pressure area above the fan.
Determining the Drag Coefficient, Cw:
It is given that F = C w v 2 A

and therefore, C w =

2F
v 2 A

Air density: air = 1.3 kg/m3

Recorded air velocity: v = 5.0 0.5 m/s
Ball Area and Error on Area:
Ball diameter d= 6.730 0.005 cm = (6.730 0.005) 10-2 m
Ball radius r= 3.3650 0.0025 cm = (3.3650 0.0025) 10-2 m
Since, r = (

( d / 2)
0.005
d )2 = ( d )2 = d =
= 0.0025 cm
d
2
2
2

Ball area: A = r2 = (3.557 0.011) 10-3 m2

(2r 2 )
r ) 2 = 4r r
Since,
r
A = 4 3.3650 10 2 0.0025 10 2 = 1.0571 10 5 = 0.011 10 3 m 3

A = (

Ball Weight:
Ball mass: m = (3.90 0.05) 10-3 kg
W = mg = 3.90 10-3 Kg 9.78 N/Kg = (3.81 0.05) 10-2 N
Since, W = (

(mg )
m ) 2 = g m = 4.9 10 4 = 0.05 10 2 N
m

Note: The ball is in equilibrium in the air, and therefore Fresistance = Weight
Drag coefficient: C w =

2W
2 3.81 10 2 N
=
= 0.659
v 2 A 5.0 2 3.557 10 3 m 2 1.3Kg / m 3

W= (3.81 0.05) 10-2 N, v = 5.0 0.5 m/s,

A = (3.557 0.011) 10-3

m2
C = (

C w
C
C
W ) 2 + ( w v ) 2 + ( w A ) 2
W
v
A

C = (

2
4W
2W
W ) 2 + ( 3
v ) 2 + ( 2 2 A ) 2
v A
v A
v A

C = (

2 0.05 10 2
4 3.81 10 2 0.5 2
2 3.81 10 2 0.011 10 3 2
2
)
+
(
)
+
(
)
5 2 3.557 10 3 1.3
5 3 3.557 10 3 1.3
5 2 (3.557 10 3 ) 2 1.3

C = (8.650 10 3 ) 2 + (13 10 2 ) 2 + ( 2.03 10 3 ) 2 = 1.697 10 2 = 0.13

w

Drag Coefficient Cw = 0.659 0.13

B) Flow rate

- Determining the air flow rate in m 3/s along with its rms error:

Cross-sectional
Test
point

Diameter (m)

Area(m2)

1/A (m-2)

Velocity(m/s
)

4.5 10-2

1.589 10-3

6.293 102

7.5

6 10-2

2.826 10-3

3.538 102

4.0

8.5 10-2

5.674 10-3

1.762 102

3.0

0.10

7.853 10-3

1.273 102

2.0

Note: A=d2/4
According to the continuity equation, Flow rate k= Av = constant
Therefore, v = k(1/A) is in the form of y = ax + b, so we are dealing with a
linear relationship. We apply linear regression to find the slope k.
Slope = k = 0.0104

Y-intercept = b = 0.7766

Correlation Coeff = r =

0.98
xi = (1/A)

yi = v

xi2

ei

ei2

6.293 102

7.5

395641

0.17868

0.031926

3.538 102

4.0

124609

0.208045

0.45612
1.762 102

3.0

30976

0.39092

0.152818

1.273 102

2.0

16129

0.010104

0.10052
xi= 1.285 103

xi2= 5.67355
105

ei = y-kx-b

ei2= 0.067750

 = Nxi 2 ( xi ) = 4 5.67355 10 5 (1.285 10 3 ) 2 = 6.18195 10 5

2

k2 =

N ei 2 4
0.067750
=
= 1.0959325 10 7
5
N 2
2 6.18195 10

k = k2 = 1.0959325 10 7 = 3.3105 10 4 = 0.03 10 2

FLOW RATE k = (1.04 0.03) 10-2 m3/s

- Plotting v versus 1/A:

Veloci ty of air m/s

Velocity vs. 1/A

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

y = 0.0104x + 0.7766
2
R = 0.9769

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1/A
Series1

Linear (Series1)

Precision
The precision can be calculated using the formula ( A / A) 100 . The precision
level for k = (1.04 0.03) 10-2 m3/s is 0.3%. Our results are precise, but
we cant judge until we know the precision level of the instruments we have
used in the lab.