Experiment Colour State Odour

Ignition Test

Observation White/Yellow/Brown etc. Solid/Liquid Fruity Pungent Carbolic/Phenolic Bitter Almond Kerosene Aromatic Odour Luminous, Sooty Flame Non-Luminous, Non-Sooty Darkens, Chars with smell of burnt sugar Melts, Vapourises, smells like NH3 Green flame [on a copper wire]

Tests for Unsaturation 1) Bromine Test 0.2g/0.2ml of compound in 2 cm Ccl4 + 2 % Br in Ccl4 (DropWise) (Blow across the mouth of the test tube) Decolourisation, No evolution of HBr Decolourisation, Evolution of HBr No Decolourisation 2) Baeyers Test: 0.2g/0.2ml of compound in H2O/acetone + Cold KMnO4 soln. (Drop Wise)

Decolourisation No Decolourisation

Litmus Test: Moist Litmus Paper in Compound

Blue to red Red to blue No colour change

Inference

Esters Volatile Acids Phenolic Compounds Nitrobenzene/Benzaldehyde Aromatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Compounds Aromatic (highly unsaturated) Saturated Aliphatic Sugars Amides/Urea Halogenated Compound

Unsaturated Compound Unsaturated Reactive Compound Saturated/Unreactive Aromatic Compound

Unsaturated or presence of easily oxidisable groups Saturated/Unreactive Aromatic Compound

Acidic Alkaline Neutral

Experiment Nitrogen: 2 cm SFE + 2 cm Fresh FeSO4 soln. Boil. + sufficient dil. H2SO4 to dissolve Fe Hydroxides. + drops of FeCl3

Observation Blue ppt. or Blue/green colouration

Sulphur: 2 cm SFE + dil. Acetic acid + Lead Acetate

Black ppt.

2 cm SFE + drops of 0.1% Sodium Nitroprusside soln.

Halogens 1) If N or S Absent: 2 cm SFE + dil. HNO3 + 1-2ml AgNO3 2) If N or S Present: 2 cm SFE + conc. HNO3 (Boil till 1/2 Volume) + 1-2ml AgNO3

White/Pale Yellow ppt. White/Pale Yellow ppt.

Distinguish Halogens: 2 cm SFE + dil. Hcl + few drops CCl4 + Cl2 Water, Shake

Colourless Globules Orange Globules Violet Globules

Inference

Nitrogen Present

Sulphur Present

Halogen Present Halogen Present

Chlorine Present Bromine Present Iodine Present

Experiment CARBOHYDRATES: 1) Ignition Test 2) Dehydration: 0.2g (dry)+ conc. H2SO4, warm 3) Molisch's Test: 0.1g in 2ml water + 2 drops -naphthol in Alcohol +2ml conc. H2SO4 (Slowly on sides of tube)

Observation

Inference

Non Luminous, Smell of Burnt Sugar, Black Residue Carbohydrate Charred, turns black Carbohydrate

Violet/Purple Colour @ Interface

Carbohydrate

4) Seliwanoff's Test: 0.1g + 2-3ml 0.1% Resorcinol in water + conc. H2SO4 Carefully without mixing

Red/Orange at junction of two layers

Carbohydrate

5) Fehling's Test: 4ml Fehling's soln (2ml A + 2ml B) + 0.1g in 2ml water. Boil 2 mins. Red ppt. Reducing Sugar

Experiment Amides 1) Hydrolysis: Boil 0.5g + 3ml 10% NaOH

Observation Smell of NH3, dense white fumes with conc. HCl, gas-> red litmus to blue

Inference Primary amide [unsubstituted]

Divide above soln. into 2 parts a)Cool 1 part, acidify with conc.HCl White ppt b) Other part, evaporate to dryness on china dish + 2-3ml Alcohol + conc. H2SO4 & Warm. Cool and pour into water. Fruity Odour 2) 3ml HgCl2 soln. + NaOH drop wise til yellow ppt. of HgO is formed. + 0.2g compound. Warm On Heating, yellow ppt. HgO dissolves. 2RCONH2 + HgO (RCONH)2Hg + H2O Pass H2S through soln. 3) Nitrous Acid test: 0.2g in 1ml dil. HCl + 1ml of cold fresh NaNO2 soln. 4) Hydroxamic acid Test: 0.1g + 1ml hydroxylamine hydrochloride in propylene glycol + 4-5 drops 10% NaOH soln. Boil, cool, acidify with HCl + 1-2 drops of FeCl3 Black ppt. Brisk Effervescence of Nitrogen Amide of aromatic acid Amide Amide Amide Primary Amide

Burgundy/Magenta Colour

Amide

Experiment Urea 1) 0.2g + 5ml 20% NaOH 2) Nitrous Acid Test: 0.2g+ 2-3ml dil. HCl + 3ml 5% NaNO2 3) Biuret Test: 0.5g in dry t.t + heat above M.P. 1-2min .. dissolve above residue + few ml 10% NaOH soln. Cool+ 1 drop of CuSO4
2 CO(NH2)2H2N-CO-NH-CO-NH2 + NH3

4) Urea Nitrate Test: 0.5g+ 3ml water+ 1ml of conc. HNO3

(NH2)2CO (aq) + HNO3(aq)(NH2)2COHNO3 (s)

Observation Pungent gas with smell of NH3. Gas-> Blue litmus to red Brisk effervescene of N2 and CO2

Inference

Urea Urea

Purple Colour

Urea

White Crystals

Urea

Experiment AMINES: 1) Carbyl amine test: compound in alcohol + 2ml of 10% alc. KOH + CHCl3 destroy the isocyanide adding dil. HCl or dil. NaOH

Observation

Inference

Offensive Odour

Primary Amine

2)Benzoylation 0.2g+ 2ml benzoyl chloride+ 2ml 10% NaOH, warm on water bath, pour into water or 0.2g+ 2ml benzoyl chloride + 5% NaOH in a conical flask & Cork shake until solid separates Schotten-Baumann Reaction:

Solid Derivative

Primary/Secondary Amine

3) Acetylation 0.2g+ Acetyl Chloride/ water+acetic anhydride. Drop Wise. Warm on water bath & pour into water, Stir RNH2 + ClOCCH3 ----> RNHOCCH3 -HCl R2 NH + ClOCCH3 ----> R2 NOCCH3 - HCl

White solid

Primary/Secondary Amine

4) Action of Nitrous Acid sub. + 5ml of (1:1 HCl), warm, if insoluble. Cool to 0degC in ice, add cooled soln. of NaNO2 slowly. Brisk evolution of N2 gas Little/no evolution of gas, clear soln. no evolution of gas but yellow oil separates slowly colored soln.

Alkyl primary amine Aromatic Primary Amine Secondary Amine Tert. Amine

a) Diazotization: 1 part of above solution + -naphthol in NaOH soln

Red Dye

Aromatic Primary Amine

b) Libermann's Rxn: 2nd part (oil) + wash with water to remove NaNO2+ few drops of conc. H2SO4+ Heat, cool pour into water. Add xs NaOH

Greenish-Blue colour, changes to pale red adding water, Deep blue adding alkali secondary amine

c) 3rd part + NaOH, after 5 mins + few ml of ether, shake 5) Substance + acetone + Sodium nitroprusside soln. 6) [In 1 testube Substance+water or dil.HCl]+ [In another testube: NiCl2--CS2 reagent 1ml + liq. NH3]

Green ppt., ether layer turns green Violet/ red White/Tan ppt.

tertiary amine primary Sec. aryl Amine

7) Compound in alcohol+ citric-acid-acetic anhydride reagent (2 drops)+ warm on water bath

Red/Purple

Tert. Amine

Experiment Carboxylic Acids: 1) Reaction with NaHCO3 substance+sat.aq soln. of NaHCO3. If no rxn takes place. Warm
CH3COOH + NaHCO3CH3COONa+ + CO2 + H2O

2) Litmus Test Compound in water. Dip Litmus 3) Ester Formation 0.5g+ 2ml Ethanol + 3-4 drops conc. H2SO4, heat for 2min., cool and pour into beaker containing Na2CO3 soln. RCO2H + R'OH ---> RCO2R' + H2O 4)Amide Formation compound+ Pcl5 on watch glass/mortar, mix well and add liquor ammonia
RCOOH SOCl R
2

C O

Cl + SO 2 + HCl

3 RCOOH

PCl 3

3R

C O

Cl + H 3 PO 3

RCOOH

PCl 5

C O

Cl + POCl

+ HCl

Observation

Inference

Effervescence of CO2

Carboxylic acid

Blue to red

Acidic substance

Fruity Odour of an ester

Carboxylic Acid

white solid
HCl

Carboxylic Acid

O3

+ HCl

Experiment Phenols: 1) FeCl3 test: 0.05g in 5ml water. Add 2 drops in neutral, alc FeCl3 soln. 3ArOH + FeCl3 > Fe(OAr)3 + 3HCl 2) Libermann's Rxn: 0.5g compound+ pinch of NaNO2 in testube, warm, cool+ few drops of conc. H2SO4+ Heat, cool pour into water. Add xs dil. NaOH 3) Phthalein Fusion Test 0.2g + 0.2g phthalic anhyride+ 2-3drops of con. H2so4 in tt. Heat, cool add few drops of NaOH soln.
C6H5-OH + C6H4(CO)2O in H2SO4---> (p-HO-C6H5)2-C-O-C=O

4) Aniline + conc. HCl+ water, cool to 0degC + NaNO2 + 10% NaOH 5) Bromine Water test 0.1g/2drops in H2O+ xs Bromine water drop wise

Observation

Inference

Violet/blue/red/orange/green

Phenol

Intense green->pale red in h20--> blue/green adding NaOH Phenol

pink/red/blue/purple/green

Phenol

Bright color Brown colour of bromine is discharged and white solid separates

Phenol

Phenol

Experiment Aldehydes and Ketones 1) Substance + 2,4 DNPH {di-nitro-phenyl hydrazine) reagent, shake

Observation yellow/orange ppt.

Inference Ald/ket

2) Substance+ sat. NaHSO3 soln. Shake 2-3mins

White solid

Ald/ket

3) Schiff's Test: Compound+ Schiff's reagent, shake

Pink color at room temp. Pink color on heating

Aldehyde Ketone

4) Tollen's Test: 1ml tollen's reagent+ 0.2g/2-3 drops compound in alcohol. Warm over waterbath. Prepare Tollen's Reagent- AgNO3 + few drops of NaOH. Dissolve brown ppt. by adding NH4OH dropwise
[Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) + e-Ag(s)+2NH3 (aq) RCHO (aq) + 3 OH-RCOO- + 2 H2O + 2 e

Silver Mirror/ Grey ppt. no silver mirror

Aldehyde ketone

5) Fehling's Test substance + Fehling A+B equally + heat

red/green/brown ppt. no.ppt

aldehyde ketone

6)Nitroprusside test: substance in water + alcohol + 1% Sodium Nitroprusside soln. + 10% NaOH (34drops). Acidify with acetic acid 7)Iodoform Test: 0.1g+ 1ml 5% NaOH+ Iodine soln. til colour persists. Shake soln., warm +5% NaOH til colourless

wine red/yellow, turns purple to red

ketone

yellow crystals of iodoform with sweet smell methyl ketone

Alcohols: 1) Sodium Test few drops of compound in dry fusion tube + small piece of Na Metal 2)Esterification: compound+glacial acetic acid+ few drop conc. H2SO4. Heat, pour into water 3)Xanthate Test one pellet KOH+Substance, heat,cool add CS2
ROH + CS2+KOHROCS2K + H2O

Evolution of bubbles/effervescence

Alcohol

fruity odour

Alcohol

pale yellow ppt. xanthate salts

Alcohol

4)Substance in water+ Ammonium Vanadate (NH4VO4) 2 drops + 8Green ppt. turn red on shaking. Red color in hydroxyquinoline benzene layer Esters: 1) Hydroxamic Acid Test: 0.1g + 1ml hydroxylamine hydrochloride in alcohol+ 20% NaOH soln. til alkaline. Boil, cool, acidify with HCl + 2-3 drops of FeCl3

Alcohol

Ester

2) Phenolphthalein test: 0.5ml compound + 2ml alcohol+ 2drops of 10% NaOH+ 1-2 drops Phenolphthalein. Boil on water bath. 3) Saponification: 0.5g+ 5ml 20% NaOH in china dish. Boil till ester disappears(15-30min) Cool, acidify with conc. HCl RCOOR' + NaOH ----> R COONa+ + R'OH 4)1ml+0.5g 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid+ 3-4drops conc. H2SO4. Heat gently for 5 min. Add carefully to 10ml water. Add NaOH till alkaline

Pink colour fades away

Ester Ester of aromatic acid

White Solid Crystalline solid(3,5 dinitrobenzoate of alcohol component of ester)

Ester

Experiment Halogenated Hydrocarbons 1) Beilstein test: Heat the Cu wire til no green color is imparted to flame. Dip wire in compound and heat in non-luminous flame 2) Alcoholic AgNO3 test 0.2g+ 3ml alcoholic silver nitrate and boil

3)KMnO4 test: 0.5g sub+ 2ml NaOH+ 2ml 2% KMnO4. Boil

4)Bromine test: 0.2g +2ml CCl4 + Br2 in CCl4 dropwise

5) 0.1g+2 drops CCl4+ 2 drops formalin+ 2ml conc. H2SO4. Shake.

Observation

Inference

green colored flame

halogenated compound

Curdy white/yellow ppt. No ppt.

Halogen present on side chain Halogen directly attached to aromatic ring

Pink color discharged No decolorisation Decolorisation of bromine No decolourisation of bromine Pink/red/bluish red Amber/brown/yellow

Halogen attached to side chain Halogen attached to aromatic ring Unsaturated Halogenated Saturated/aromatic halogenated aryl halide alkyl halide

Experiment Anilides: 1)Isocyanide rxn: 0.2g + 3ml alcoholic NaOH soln. + 1ml chloroform. Heat 1 min.

Observation

Inference

Foul smell of isocyanide no smell

Anilide or amine not an amide Anilide and primary amine absent

2)Hydrolysis 0.5g+ 10ml 20% NaOH, boil 10min. Cool, acidify with conc. HCl Add more conc. HCl, cool to OdegC, add solid NaNO2, betanaphthol in alkali maintaining temp. at 0degC 3)0.1g + 2ml conc. H2SO4. Shake, add K2Cr2O7 powder Nitrocompounds: 1)Reduction 1g compound+0.5g Tin or Zn dust+ 5ml conc. HCl in china dish. Boil, filter, Divide the filtrate to 2 parts a) Filtrate+ CHCl3+ alc.KOH. Heat b)Filtrate at 0degC+cold soln. of NaNO2 and Betanaphthol in alkali No smell of ammonia Bright red dye Bluish pink color Amide absent Anilide Anilide

Foul smell of isocyanide Bright red dye

reduced soln. contains primary amine original compound contains nitro group

2) compound + 3-4ml alcohol+ 5-6drops 10% CaCl2 soln.+Zn dust. Boil, filter. Filtrate + Ammonical AgNO3 (Tollen's reagent) Black ppt. or silver mirror 3)0.1g compound+ FAS (3-4ml of 5% Soln.)+ KOH in methanol til Green Fe(OH)2 is oxidized to brown appt. is obtained. Cork and shake Fe(OH)3 by nitro group 4) Janowsky Reaction: Substance + acetone+ xs 10% NaOH

Nitro compound Nitro compound

Faint yellow/no color Violet/Blue Red

Mononitro Dinitro Trinitro