Section 9 - Technical Reference

Estimating Air Leakage

Many applications do not require that air leakage be considered as a major determinant in the selection of a vacuum system. For example, many laboratory and industrial vacuum systems operate at moderate vacuum levels (15 22HgV), and have very few components, vessels or valves, where air leakage can be introduced. In these types of systems, normal system demand approaches 100% of the total flow requirement. In some vacuum systems, however, the upstream piping includes numerous vessels, gages, valves, nozzles, pre-condensers, receivers or other components. Vessels with numerous penetrations (rotating mixers, reciprocating shafts, numerous sight glasses, etc) further increase the likelihood that air leakage will be an issue. These potential air leakage sites can result in significantly increased loads due solely to atmospheric air leakage. Where system vacuum levels are high, air leakage will be expanded many times, possibly causing air leakage to represent a significant portion of system demand. In a high vacuum system operating at 1 Torr (1 mmHgA), each SCFM of atmospheric air leaking into the system will expand by a factor of 760. Total air leakage of 0.125 lb/min would represent additional required capacity of 1241.55 ACFM, when expanded to 1 Torr. If anticipated system demand was 1000 ACFM (not including air leakage), the air leaking into the system would more than double the size of the vacuum system. Clearly, this cannot be ignored. In a laboratory vacuum system operating at moderately low vacuum level of 20HgV (9.92HgA), each SCFM of atmospheric air leakage will expand only by a factor of 3.02. In this case, the same air leakage of 0.125 lb/min would result in additional required capacity of only 4.93 ACFM. In a 1000 ACFM system, this amount could be considered negligible. The formula used to calculate ACFM of air leakage is:
379 P1 , 29 P2

ACFM = m

where: ACFM = additional capacity at system vacuum level m = mass flow of air leakage in lb/min P1 = atmospheric pressure (29.92HgA, 760 Torr, etc) P2 = system vacuum level (same units as P1) (Note: pressure units must be expressed as absolute pressures)

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In the previous example of 0.125 lb/min air leakage @ 1 Torr, the calculations are as follows:

ACFM = 0.125

379 760 = 1241.55 ACFM @ 1 Torr 29 1

If the same mass flow of air leakage were to be calculated for a system operating at 50 Torr (approximately 2HgA), the ACFM would be greatly reduced, in proportion to the new pressure ratio, as shown below:

ACFM = 0.125

379 760 = 24.83 ACFM @ 50 Torr 29 50

The following pages provide guidance to estimating air leakage in systems where air leakage may represent a significant portion of total system demand. As illustrated above, the higher the vacuum level, the more critical air leakage becomes. System tightness is an important consideration when selecting vacuum equipment for high vacuum applications.

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Section 9 - Technical Reference

MAXIMUM AIR LEAKAGE VALUES FOR COMMERCIALLY TIGHT SYSTEMS

MAXIMUM AIR LEAKAGE POUNDS PER HOUR

SYSTEM VOLUME CUBIC FEET

(reprinted from HEI Standards for Steam Jet Vacuum Systems)

1.

The air leakage rates indicated are guidelines only. In actual field practice, the air leakage may be significantly larger or smaller depending upon the condition of sealing, maintenance factors and application. For comparison purposes, alternate methods of air leakage estimation may be used. Above chart reprinted from Heat Exchange Institute - Standards for Steam Jet Vacuum Systems. Select total system volume and vacuum level to determine estimate of air leakage for a commercially tight vacuum system.

2. 3. 4.

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Section 9 - Technical Reference Air Leakage Drop Tests

When retrofitting or adding capacity requirements to a pre-existing vacuum system, it is often possible to perform an Air Leakage Drop Test to more accurately estimate air leakage. This provides a fairly accurate assessment of air leakage under current operating and maintenance conditions. To perform such a test, total system volume must be known (or easily estimated). This test is based on the fact that air leaks into the system at a constant rate as long as pressure within the system is less than 0.53 times atmospheric pressure (about 15HgA). It is usually run with all agitators and other moving equipment in operation to duplicate leakage through seals and glands. System outlets and equipment being serviced should be isolated with tight isolation valves. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. Evacuate system to 13Hg Absolute or lower, using the existing vacuum system. Close off the isolating valve between the system and vacuum producer. Record the elapsed time for pressure in system to rise from the initial pressure to a higher observed pressure, (usually at least 1 2 Hg). If leakage rate is low, a 1 to 2Hg rise may take a long enough time to give an accurate estimate of leakage. However, stop the test before system pressure rises above 15HgA. Knowing system volume, (which must often be estimated, including volume of large piping runs), initial and final pressure, and elapsed time, the total leakage rate into the system may be calculated from the equation:

4.

Leakage (lb/hr) = [(0.15) (Volume in Ft3) ( Pressure Rise in Hg)] / (Time in minutes)

Example: V = Volume = 300 cu. Ft. P1 = Initial pressure in system = 5HgAbs. P2 = Final pressure in system = 9HgAbs T = time in minutes = 6.5 minutes Leakage = (0.15) (300) (9-5) / (6.5) Leakage = 27.7 lbs/hr Leakage = 27.7 lb/hr / 60 min/hr = 0.46 lb/min. From the mass flow of air leakage, ACFM of air leakage can be calculated, using normal system vacuum levels with the following formula (mentioned earlier):
ACFM = m 379 P1 29 P2

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Section 9 - Technical Reference Air Leakage Through Specific Components

Another approach to estimating air leakage is to generate the Sum of estimated air leakage rates through the individual components of the vacuum system. The values in the following chart serve as a useful guide. Rates shown assume that average maintenance is routinely performed, and that the system was originally installed using good design and construction practices.

Specific Leak Rates for Rough Vacuum System Components Component

Static Seals Threaded connections Conventional Gasket Seals O-rings Thermally cycled gasket seals Below 200oF 200- 400oF Greater than 400oF Rotary Seals Packing Glands Mechanical Seals Valves used to Isolate System Plug Cock Ball Valve Glove Valve Gate Valve Throttling Valves Access Ports Viewing Windows

Leakage Rate
(lb/hr per inch)

0.015 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.018 0.032 0.25 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.25 0.020 0.015

(reprinted from Process Vacuum System Design & Operation by James L. Ryan and Daniel L. Roper)

Note: leakage rates above are lb/hr per inch of diameter.

What is the estimated leakage rate for a system with:

Component (2) ball valves (4) 6 threaded connections (1) 4 Access Port (2) 2 Mechanical Seals Calculation (2) (.5) (0.02) = (4) (6) (0.015) = (1) (4) (0.020) = (2) (2) 0.10) =

0.02 0.36 0.08 0.40

Leakage = 0.86 lb/hr

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