A Training Report On

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

Submitted as a part of ourse urri u!um for

Degree of Bachelor of Technology

in

Electronics & Communication Engineering

"#$ER T%E G"I$A#&E OF'( Er) A*+i! Ma+a,an -E&E $eptt).

S"BMITTE$ BY'( /ras+ant Angiras -0123453. E&E 6T% sem)

DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

E(ma7 Institute of Engineering 8 Te +no!og9 Bad+au!i -Amba!a.: %ARYA#A 1

A&;#O<LE$GEME#T

Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions & opportunities. t is in this respect !e feel that !e are in much "etter condition today due to continuous process of motivation & focus provided "y our parents & teachers in general. The process of completion of this pro#ect !as a tedious #o" & re$uires care & support at all stages. %e !ould like to highlight the role played "y individuals to!ards this. %e are very thankful to Asst) /rof) $eepa* ;umar, &ead of Department, for his kind support & faith in us. %e !ould like to e'press our sincere thanks, !ith deep sense of gratitude to our training coordinator Er) A*+i! Ma+a,an for his keen interest in our pro#ect %e are also thankful to all visi"le & invisi"le hands !hich helped us to complete this training !ith a feeling of success.

/ras+ant Angiras

&A#$I$ATE=S $E&LARATIO#
(

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Training report entitled GSM by Prashant Angiras, in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree of B Tech !"#"$ submitted in the %epartment of !"#"$ at "I"T under &'& is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from ())* to ()+( under the super,ision of "- .&/I0 M./.1.2 The matter presented in this Training -eport has not been submitted by me in any other 'ni,ersity 3 Institute for the award of B Tech %egree

)ignature of the )tudent /ras+ant Angiras -0123451.

This is to certify that the a"ove statement made "y the candidate is correct to the "est of my kno!ledge

)ignature of the )*+E,- )., ER) A;%IL MA%A>A# - &O(OR$I#ATOR.

PREFACE

2okia Siemens 2etworks pro,ides the 2etwork Infrastructure to BS20 in / 4 for its GSM network This report is concerned about our practical training in which basic description of GSM and its components was gi,en %uring this training5 we got to learn many new things about the industry and the current requirements of companies This training pro,ed to be a milestone in our knowledge of present industry scenario and de,eloping business of software in the giant economic field of computers ",ery say and e,ery moment was an e6perience in itself5 an e6perience which theoretical study can7t pro,ide

Contents

Page no

Introdu tion Mobi!e &ommuni ation Termino!og9 &e!!u!ar /rin ip!e Ob,e ti@e of Gsm s9stem Gsm Basi s 21 /arameters for GSM 2A(26 Gsm netBor* e!ements and ar +ite ture 25(?? &a!! Setup ?4(?1 S ope &on !usion ?6 ?A 4

2 ?

0 1(

1. Intro !"tion

The first generation mobile communication systems appeared in +89)s and remained till +8*)s They used analog transmission techniques for the radio link and confined its users to their respecti,e system areas for which the mobile phone was designed #apacity of the system was ,ery limited and roaming between the co,erage areas of the different systems was impossible .part from being ,ery e6pensi,e5 these systems pro,ided poor :uos and supported only ,oice communication The second generation mobile communication systems grew out of the limitations of the +st generation systems They supported large subscriber base5 carried both ,oice and data and ha,e capability to design and deli,er new ,alue added ser,ices The radio link became digital enabling use of ,ersatile signaling capabilities and cross;network roaming /owe,er5 multiple standards made seamless roaming across all the networks impossible GSM and #%M. emerged as the trend setting technologies The domination of the (G systems in the mobile communication market became apparent in second half of +88)s The design ob<ecti,es of the third generation mobile systems are to pro,ide high functionality with seamless global roaming .part from pro,iding ,ery high data rates5 =G systems seek to integrate the wire lines systems with mobile systems =G would pro,ide users consistent ,oice5 data5 graphical5 multi;media and ,ideo;based information ser,ice regardless of their location in the network !#ordless5 #ellular5 Satellite5 >i6ed3?ire line and so on@ $ =G systems would also integrate the Intelligent 2etwork !I2$ capabilities into mobile systems Basic to the design of a mobile communication system is the ability of the user to liberate himself from the confines of a wired line and therefore his freedom to mo,e anywhere he wants Mobile communication systems therefore are required to pro,ide seamless ser,ice while the customers are on mo,e transcending geographical and network borders 4ro,ision of ser,ice under such en,ironment throws a number of challenging issues and the way these issues are addressed and resol,ed makes each system different from all others

#. MO$ILE COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOG%

0ike any other technology5 mobile communication too has a set of unique terminology . few often sued ones are gi,en belowA

PLMN & 4ublic 0and Mobile 2etwork . 40M2 is the network set up by a cellular licensee
in his licensed area "ach network of each of the licensees in a licensed area is considered to be a separate 40M2 Thus as per the new licensing policy of Go,ernment of India5 there will a ma6imum of B 40M2s in each of the licensed area . licensed area5 typically5 is co; terminus with a telecom circle In India there are C* pri,ate 40M2s working and another (( 40M2s are launched by BS20 and two by MT20

'OME PLMN ; ",ery mobile customer has to register himself with a ser,ice pro,ider in
a licensed area The 40M2 with which he registers is known as his /ome 40M2 !/40M2$ .ll the administrati,e data of his subscription will be a,ailable in the /ome 40M2

(ISITED PLMN ; ?hen a mobile subscriber enters a 40M2 area other than his /ome
40M25 then he is said to be in the area of a Disited 40M2 !D40M2$

ROAMING ; ?hene,er a customer5 with an intention of a,ailing ser,ice5 enters a Disited

40M2 area then he is said to -oaming

'ANDO(ER or 'ANDOFF ; This is the process of maintaining an established call

when the customer mo,es from one radio transmitter 3 recei,er area to another This process in,ol,es re;routing the customer7s communication path through a different area to a,oid dropping of call and 3 or deterioration of quality

CELL ; The area ser,ed by a radio transmitter3recei,er station The radio signal emanated
by the transmitter is e6pected to be confined within the boundaries of the cell

LOCATION AREA ; .n area co,ered by one or more radio transmitter3recei,er stations

used by the system to keep track of the user location for paging him on an incoming call

). CELLULAR PRINCIPLE

The central concept that made mobile communication as a usable commercial proposition is the cellular principle according to which the ser,ice area is di,ided into a number of #0'ST"-S5 each cluster consisting of a number of #"00S and each cell is assigned as many #.--I"-S as required by the traffic in that cell There is a one;to;one correspondence between the cells in each of the clusters that these cells use the same carrier frequencies Since the frequency used being the same5 the principle of frequency reuse demands that the interference between them when ser,ing different cells and therefore different customers should be kept within permissible limits #ells represent the geographic area co,ered by one -> carrier It is like the shape of bee7s cell #ellular system in,ol,es di,iding a large ser,ice area into regions called EcellsE "ach cell has the equipment to switch5 transmit and recei,e calls from any subscriber located within itsF radio co,erage area #ells are con,entionally regarded as being he6agonal5 but in reality they are irregularly shaped The cell shape is determined by the nature of the surrounding area such as hills5 tall buildings etc . GSM cell can co,er a ma6imum distance of up to )* +,s.

-. O$.ECTI(ES OF GSM S%STEM

Gne of the important ob<ecti,es of GSM group is to e,ol,e a unified standard to pro,ide seamless roaming .nother landmark decision taken by the group is to standardiHe a digital radio interface for the communication between the mobile handset and the radio transmitter 3 recei,er The design ob<ecti,es of the GSM system can be briefly states as belowA "6cellent speech quality /igh security and pri,acy 0ow module terminal cost 0ow ser,ice and facilities cost %esign of sleek and handled mobile terminals International roaming ?ide range of ser,ices and facilities .bility to adapt to new and inno,ati,e features 2arrowband IS%2 compatibility %igital -adio /igh Spectral efficiency The mobile terminal ,ary in power class () watts to as low as ) * watts The system can pro,ide ser,ice to mobile customers tra,eling up to a ma6imum speed of (C) &m3hr

/. GSM $asi"s
5

GSM working constitutes ,arious processes and components >ollowing is the classificationA Net0or1 P2anning3

16

11

Co4erage P2anning

There occur ,arious losses in the communication between ,arious components of GSM communicationA 4olarisation or antenna orientation losses depend on the orientation of the mobile antenna !,ertical;horiHontal$ Typical loss C;+) dB due to mismatch of polarisation Body loss happens because of the e6istence of the human body 4enetration losses ha,e to be added

Trans,ission P2anning
Transmission capacity must be planned for the final phase of the network5 not phase by phase Suitability of a site for transmission can change from ideal to useless when choosing between two neighbouring candidates There may be ,arious factors which may affect the quality of signal being transmittedA

1(

Most commonly used Transmission link is MI#-G?.D" because of its high capacity transmission links ,arying from from (6(Mbps to +I6(Mbps5 =BMbps and STM; + !+CC mbps$ . brief description o,er the usage of microwa,e is gi,en belowA

'o0 to A4oi Inter5eren"e

'se the highest a,ailable frequency band
1/

.ttenuate the T6 power to a minimum <ust to meet the required a,ailability 0ocate dishes as low as possible with maintaining the required 0GS 'se big dishes 'se different polarisation Select your channel!s$ carefully Maintain /igh;0ow;rule on hub sites Try to get similar recei,ed signal le,els at hub sites

LOS Che"1
0ine of Sight should be made clear while establishing a new BTS and pro,iding connecti,ity from a pre,iously installed one because microwa,e cannot pass through obstacles5 hence this is a ,ery important aspect for GSM communication 0GS should be comfortably o,er the highest .MS0 !.bo,e Mean Sea 0e,el$ present between the two sites In checking the 0GS >resnel7s Jone is also taken into account

10

6. Para,eters 5or GSM3

11

12

13

7. GSM NET8OR+ ELEMENTS AND ARC'ITECTURE3

Mobile Station !MS$ Base Station Subsystem !BSS$ 2etwork Switching Subsystem !2SS$ Gperation and Maintenance Subsystem !GMS$ "nhanced Ser,ices Subsystem !"SS$

MO$ILE STATION 9MS:3

14

Mobile Station5 in fact5 consists of two distinct entities They areA Mobile Terminal or "quipment !MT$ Subscriber Identity Module !SIM$ #ard The mobile terminal is the actual hardware and is almost anonymous Mobile equipment is being manufactured by a number of ,endors and a number of make and models are a,ailable in the market "ach MT is identified by a number embedded in it by the manufacturer called International Mobile "quipment Identity !IM"I$ IM"I is useful to locate those mobile phones that are reported stolen and also those manufactured without proper appro,al IM"I is also useful to route calls from MTs without SIM to emergency ser,ices Mobile terminals are distinguished mainly by their power class and application The SIM card is gi,en by the ser,ice pro,ider when a customer enrolls himself as a subscriber of that 40M2 SIM makes the MT operational and pro,ides the subscriber access to all his subscribed ser,ices The subscriber information and pro,ides personal mobility "ach SIM is identified by a unique identifier called International Mobile Subscriber Identity !IMSI$ The SIM holds such ,ital information such as .uthentication &ey5 ,arious algorithms5 #ipher &ey etc to ensure security of the subscription and pri,acy of the con,ersation Since SIM is such an important element of the personal subscription and can be used in con<unction with any MT5 it can be protected with a password of B to * digits long to pre,ent misuse ?rong entry of the password consecuti,ely for = times would block the SIM cards are classified on the basis of their operating ,oltage and the capacity of the -andom .ccess Memory !-.M$

$ASE STATION S%$S%STEM 9$SS:

Base Station subsystem connects the MS to the rest of the network elements in the 40M2 It pro,ides all the digital radio interface functions BSS comprises of three partsA Base transcei,er Station !BTS$ Base Station #ontroller !BS#$ Transcoding and -ate .doption 'nit !T-.'$

$ase trans"ei4er Station 9$TS: BTS houses the radio transei,ers that define a cell It
transmits to and recei,es signals from the MS It handles the radio;link protocols with the Mobile Station for call and mobility related acti,ities on one side and with the BS# on the other side "ach BTS can support a number of transcei,ers depending on the capacity of subscribers in the cell The BTS needs to be rugged5 reliable5 and portable to ensure reliable ser,ice and co,erage

The $ase Station Contro22er 9$SC: Manages the radio resources of one or a group of
BTSs BS# handles radio channel setup5 performance impro,ement techniques such as control of the -> power le,els5 etc and hando,ers It establishes connection between the mobile station and the MS#

15

Trans"o ing an Rate a o;tion Unit 9TRAU : #on,erts the transmission rate on
the land line to that compatible for transmission o,er the digital radio to and from the MS

NET8OR+ S8ITC'ING SU$S%STEM 9NSS:

2SS manages the communication among the mobile users of the same 40M2 and also with other 40M234ST2 users It pro,ides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber such asA -egistration .uthentication and security 0ocation updating /ando,ers and -outing to roaming subscribers The central component in the 2SS is the Mobile Switching #entre !MS#$ that performs all the switching functions of the network Those MS#s that interface with other networks are called Gateway MS# !GMS#$ MS# realiHes the abo,e functions in con<unction with four intelligent databases calledA /ome 0ocation -egister !/0-$ Disitor 0ocation -egister !D0-$ .uthentication #entre !.'#$ and "quipment Identity -egister !"I-$ /0- contains the administrati,e information of each of the subscriber registered in the network and is the permanent copy of the subscriber data 0ogically there will be one /0per 40M25 implemented as a centraliHed or distributed database /0- maps each IMSI with a unique mobile phone number called Mobile Subscriber IS%2 !MSIS%2$ This is the
(6

number dialed by others to access the mobile customer /0- also holds most of the information held by the SIM and also more importantly contains the pointer to the current location of the mobile customer in order to gain access to him on an incoming call "ach MS# has a D0- to holds the data rele,ant for handling calls from and to the MSs that are currently located in its area The rele,ant data is downloaded from the home /0- when the mobile subscriber switches on the mobile handset in the area of the ,isited MS# thereby initiating the process of registration D0- holds the e6act location of the MS and keeps on updating the location as the mobile mo,e across its <urisdiction .uthentication #entre is a protected database used for security purposes It is considered as part of /0- and pro,ides all the parameters needed for authentication of the subscriber and encryption of ,oice3data o,er radio channel "quipment Identity -egister is a database that contains a list of all ,alid mobile equipment in the network It generates Dalid5 Suspect K >raudulent lists of Mobile /andsets through the use of International Mobile "quipment Identity !IM"I$

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SU$S%STEM 9OMS:

GMS is used to configure5 control and monitor the GSM network It comprises of two partsA Gperation and Maintenance #entre ; Switch Gperation and Maintenance #entre L -adio ?hile GM#;S is used in con<unction with the 2SS5 GM#s;- is used in con<unction with the BSS The GM#;- controls the traffic load on the ,arious cells and performs automatic reconfiguration of the transcei,ers to cope with the fluctuation of traffic5 load caused due to the mobility of the customers The GM#s also pro,ide traffic data measurements5 reporting and analysis GM#s also store all the data and software for the network elements and perform as the central maintenance control point for all the network elements

EN'ANCED SER(ICES SU$S%STEM 9ESS:

The "SS includes such elements as 'nified Messaging System !'MS$5 ?ireless .pplication 4rotocol !?.4$ System5 Intelligent 2etwork !I2$ system5 #ontent and 0ocation Based Ser,ices !#K0BS$ system etc The 'nified Messaging System pro,ides a ,ariety of ,oice and data ser,ices such asA Doice Mail >a6 Mail ";Mail Disual Mail Short Message Ser,ice !SMS$
(1

.ll the abo,e ser,ices can be subscribed by the customer and can be pro,ided from a single platform The ?.4 system allows wireless access to Internet sites that are enabled for customiHed access from mobile handsets Thus a customer5 on mo,e5 can surf the web from his ?.4 enabled handset through the ?.4 gateway The ?.4 system also manages telephony e,ents such as incoming call etc when a subscriber connected to the Internet Intelligent 2etwork system pro,ides a host of ,alue added features and ser,ices such asA 4re;paid ser,ice !44S$ >ree 4hone Ser,ice !>4/$ 4remium -ate Ser,ices !4-M$ Mobile Dirtual 4ri,ate 2etwork !MD42$ 'ni,ersal .ccess 2umber !'.2$ etc

GSM Inter5a"es
U, ; Mobile station and base station subsystem communicate across 'm interface5 also known as air interface or radio link A<is ; Base transcei,er station !BTS$ and base station controller !BS#$ communicate across .bis interface A ; Base station subsystem communicates with mobile ser,ice switching center across an interface

=. Ca22 Set!;A

MOC 9Mo<i2e originating "a22:3& Mobile originating call is the one in which a
subscriber dials to another subscriber In this process is simple as shown in the figure The
((

call is transferred from MS to BTS and then to MS# which enquires /0- about the location of the dialed number D0- pro,ide the 0.# to MS# which in turn directs the call to the MS In case of change of network the transmission is done through Gateway MS#7s !GMS#$

MTC 9Mo<i2e ter,inating "a22:3& . GSM user can roam nationally and e,en
internationally The directory number dialed to reach a mobile subscriber is called the Mobile Subscriber IS%2 !MSIS%2$5 which is defined by the " +IB numbering plan This number includes a country code and a 2ational %estination #ode which identifies the subscriberFs operator The first few digits of the remaining subscriber number may identify the subscriberFs /0- within the home 40M2 .n incoming ,o<i2e ter,inating "a22 is directed to the Gateway MS# !GMS#$ function The GMS# is basically a switch which is able to interrogate the subscriberFs /0- to obtain routing information5 and thus contains a table linking MSIS%2s to their corresponding /0- . simplification is to ha,e a GSM# handle one specific 40M2 It should be noted that the GMS# function is distinct from the MS# function5 but is usually implemented in an MS# The routing information that is returned to the GMS# is the Mobile Station -oaming 2umber !MS-2$5 which is also defined by the " +IB numbering plan MS-2s are related to the geographical numbering plan5 and not assigned to subscribers5 nor are they ,isible to subscribers The most general routing procedure begins with the GMS# querying the called subscriberFs /0- for an MS-2 The /0- typically stores only the SS9 address of the subscriberFs current D0-5 and does not ha,e the MS-2 The /0- must therefore query the subscriberFs current D0-5 which will temporarily allocate an MS-2 from its pool for the call This MS-2 is returned to the /0- and back to the GMS#5 which can then route the call to the new MS# .t the new MS#5 the IMSI corresponding to the MS-2 is looked up5 and the mobile is paged in its current location area The setting up of a mobile call in,ol,es e6change of a number of messages between the ,arious network elements in the system . highly simplified sequence is gi,en below <ust to appreciate the process in,ol,ed in setting up a mobile call The e6ample deals with two situationsA Terminating call when the MS is in the /40M2 Terminating call when the MS is roaming The call set up broadly in,ol,es the following stepsA The 4ST2 subscriber dials the MSIS%2 !Mobile telephone number$ The call is routed by the 4ST2 network to the GMS# of the /40M2 of the dialed mobile subscriber

(/

The GMS# interrogates the /0- for ,erification of the access pri,ileges3ser,ice profile and for obtaining the location details if the call is permitted /0- directs the call to the D0- of the MS# area in which the mobile customer is currently located MS# interrogates the D0- to obtain the e6act location of the MS D0- pro,ides the 0.# !0ocation .rea #ode$ to the MS# MS# translates the 0.# code into BTS identities BSS pages all the BTSs identified by the MS# within which the MS is located using IMSI MS responds to the paging #all is connected In "ase o5 a roa,ing "a225 the MS will be located in a D40M2 In such case5 the following additional steps would be in,ol,ed Gn registration with the D40M25 the /0- will place a pointer in the database for the MS indicating the current D0- address Gn interrogation by the GMS# of the /40M25 the /0- will5 in turn interrogate the D0- of the D40M2 using the already stored pointer The D0- in the D40M2 will assign a -oaming 2umber called MSRN to enable the /40M2 to route the call to the D40M2 'sing the MS-2 call is routed back from the /40M2 to the D40M2 and the DMS# interrogates the D0-

(0

2ow the D0- pro,ides the 0.# and call proceeds e6actly in the same manner as for the call in /40M2

Transient Ca223 & In this type of call there is an intermediate mobile station which
redirects the call from one MS to another as shown in the figureA

(1

>. SCOPE

1*. CONCLUSION
(2

GSM is a (nd generation mobile communication systems The data transmission speed of GSM was only 8 I &bps and this speed is considered to be too inadequate for many applications The data speed of GSM can be increased to +9+ ( &bps using G4-S and to =*B &bps using "%G" =G systems5 which are already operational in 1apan5 are capable of deli,ering bandwidth of up to ( Mbps to mobile terminal #on,ergence of Mobile and Internet is opening up new ,istas and mobility would be the newest ingredient in the con,erged IT era

(3