Suman Bhagchandani Dr. Nandini Chandra LH 6 Presentation M.Phil (Sem.1) Roll No. 229 Date: 18th November 2013
Bhagchandani 2 two ends to a middle path of compromise. This then results in the formation of the reality principle, which is a function performed by the ego. The reality principle creates a combination of the two whereby a work of literature performs both, a social function, as well as satisfies the individual. In this context, Marcuse creates another dichotomy between high culture and the technologically driven society. He traces art as one that has a social function to perform and that which reflects the superstructure of the society. Art becomes a reflection of the ascending classes of the society. Marcuse says in his essay that until now, the higher culture has always been in conflict with the reality principle and yet the two have existed together, in an antagonistic relationship. There is, he believes, a need for a new relationship between the two now, where the two do not exist in opposition but in reconciliation with one another, whereby literature can be read on a massive scale (60-62). In this context, Moretti says, aesthetic pleasure cannot consist in the perception of a return of the unconscious, but rather in its exact opposite: in the contemplation of a successful compromise. The formal conciliation is not the means, the simple medium of pleasure: it is its end, its true and only substance. The pleasure does not lie in having slackened the grip of censorship a little but in having redrawn with precision the spheres of influence of the various psychic forces (3839). In this process,equilibrium of forms takes place; the higher culture takes the shape of material culture. Literature thus becomes the medium to bring together the individual instincts and the social demands together as an aesthetic product. As a result, works of literature cannot be considered isolated from the society, conforming to the needs of a certain groups of the only. Unlike the high culture which was celebrated even as it distanced itself from the real world, the new forms of literature incorporate in itself the contemporary affairs in a more realistic manner (here Marcuse critiques the culture of opera and similar high art which was an alienated culture, addressing to the needs of a certain class only (67)). According to him, the superego (which is mainly responsible for
Bhagchandani 3 this high art) censors the unconscious and thereby becomes a means to dominate the realm of literature. In this process, it pushes the unconscious to the level where even the conscience is lost and what remains is only a happy consciousness which facilitates acceptance of the misdeeds of the society. It is against this form of literature that Marcuse revoltsthe social control through media and technology. In a similar manner, Moretti too initiates a balance between the externally controlling superego and the individuals expression through the id. The reality principle becomes a means to bring these two ends together in a socially and individually acceptable form of art. As was said, in one of the previous presentations, literature includes the rhetorical and the artistic functions and should not be viewed in a single light. In this context, Moretti says, that Literature is the middle term par excellence, and its educational, realistic function consists precisely in training us without our being aware of it in an unending task of mediation and conciliation. (40). Towards the end of his essay in context, Moretti brings the opposites together in harmony with one another through a figure of harpy from the Greek mythology and the human soul in an embrace, signifying the institution of literature as it incorporates into itself all that is repressed and that which is repressing. He says, the harpy is clutching the soul tight in its claws, but higher up her Greek arms are holding her in an attentive and tender embrace. The soul is doing nothing to get out of the harpys clutch. It seems calm, relaxed even. (41).
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Bibliography
"The Conquest of the Unhappy Consciousness: Repressive Desublimation." Marcuse,
Herbert. One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. New York: Routledge, 1964, 2006. 59-86. Web.14 November 2013. "The Soul and the Harpy: Reflections on the Aims and Methods of Literary Historiography." Moretti, Franko. Signs Taken for Wonders: Essays in the Sociology of Literary Forms. London: Verso, 1983. 1-41. Print.