FOR
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
2009
SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN SUNGAI
PUSU, KM 11 GOMBAK, KUALA LUMPUR
CONTENT
5 Problem statement 13 - 43
6 Conclusion 44
7 References 45
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most merciful.
work. To dearest teacher, Encik Abdul Samat Bin Ismail, I would like to take this opportunity
to thank you for being so patient with me and giving me all the guidance necessary to
complete this project work. Thank you teacher. I would also like to thank all the 5 Ibnu Sina’s
members who gaves me idea or guidance to complete this project work. Thank you.
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REASEARCH’S METHOD
1. Discussion
- Discussion between me and friends. We had discussed about solution of this project work.
2. Investigation
3. References
- I had references to a few books that have information about the given task.
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Introduction
plane which are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance
of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius. A diameter is a line segment whose
endpoints lie on the circle and which passes through the centre of the circle. The length of a
diameter is twice the length of the radius. A circle is never a polygon because it has no sides
or vertices.
Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior
and an exterior. In everyday use the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to
either the boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure including its
interior, but in strict technical usage "circle" refers to the perimeter while the interior of the
circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the perimeter of the circle (especially
A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic
sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the
basis for the wheel, which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern
civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the
Early science, particularly geometry and Astrology and astronomy, was connected to the
divine for most medieval scholars, and many believed that there was something intrinsically
• 1700 BC – The Rhind papyrus gives a method to find the area of a circular field. The
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Aim
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TASK
SPECIFICATION
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PART 1
(a) collect pictures of 5 such object. You may use camera to take picture around your school
compound or get pictures from magazines, newspapers, the internet or any other resources.
(b) Pi or π is a mathematical constant related to circles. Define π and write a brief history π.
PART 2
(a) Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of
diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR such that the sum of d1
and d2 is equal to 10 cm.
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Complete Table 1 by using various values of d1 and the corresponding values of d2. Hence,
determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR.
(b) Diagram 2 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB, BCD and DER
of diameter d1, d2 and d3 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR such that the sum of
d1, d2 and d3 is equal to 10 cm.
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(i) Using various values of d1 and d2 and the corresponding values of d3 , determine the
relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB, BCD and DER. Tabulate your findings.
(ii) Based on your findings in (a) and (b), make generalisations about the length of the arc of
the outer semicircle and the lengths of arcs of the inner semicircles for n inner semicircles
where n = 2, 3, 4....
(c) For different values of diameters of the outer semicircle, show that the generalisations
stated in b (ii) is still true.
PART 3
The Mathematics Society is given a task to design a garden to beautify the school by using
the design as shown in Diagram 3. The shaded region will be planted with flowers and the
two inner semicircles are fish ponds.
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(a) The area of the flower plot is y m2 and the diameter of one of the fish ponds is x m.
Express y in terms of it and x.
(b) Find the diameters of the two fish ponds if the area of the flower plot is 16.5 m2. (Use
π=22/7 )
(c) Reduce the non-linear equation obtained in (a) to simple linear form and hence, plot a
straight line graph. Using the straight line graph, determine the area of the flower plot if the
diameter of one of the fish ponds is 4.5 m.
(d) The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower plot. Use two
methods to determine the area of the flower plot such that the cost of constructing the garden
is minimum.
(e) The principal suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower beds to the design
submitted by the Mathematics Society as shown in Diagram 4. The sum of the diameters of
the semicircular flower beds is 10 m.
The diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30 cm and the diameter of the flower beds are
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increased by a constant value successively. Determine the diameter of the remaining flower
beds.
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PROBLEM
STATEMENT
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PART 1
A. There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circles. Example;
car tire
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cooking pot
cake
lenses
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marble balls
DEFINITION OF Pi?
circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as the ratio of a
circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the usual
decimal notation. π is one of the most important mathematical and physical constants: many
π is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactly as a
fraction m/n, where m and n are integers. Consequently, its decimal representation never ends
algebraic operations on integers (powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its value; proving
this was a late achievement in mathematical history and a significant result of 19th century
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German mathematics. Throughout the history of mathematics, there has been much effort to
determine π more accurately and to understand its nature; fascination with the number has
The Greek letter π, often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number from the
Greek word for perimeter "περίμετρος", first by William Jones in 1707, and popularized by
Leonhard Euler in 1737. The constant is occasionally also referred to as the circular constant,
(from a German mathematician whose efforts to calculate more of its digits became famous).
Fundamentals
The letter π
Main article: pi (letter)
The name of the Greek letter π is pi, and this spelling is commonly used in
typographical contexts when the Greek letter is not available, or its usage could be
problematic. It is not normally capitalised (Π) even at the beginning of a sentence. When
referring to this constant, the symbol π is always pronounced like "pie" in English, which is
the conventional English pronunciation of the Greek letter. In Greek, the name of this letter is
pronounced /pi/.
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The constant is named "π" because "π" is the first letter of the Greek words
περιφέρεια (periphery) and περίμετρος (perimeter), probably referring to its use in the
Definition
Circumference = π × diameter
diameter:
The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a circle has twice the
diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the circumference C, preserving the ratio
C
/d.
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Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square
Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of a square
These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact that all circles are
similar. This can be considered a problem when π occurs in areas of mathematics that
otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason, mathematicians often prefer to define π
without reference to geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic properties as a definition.
A common choice is to define π as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0. The
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Irrationality and transcendence
Being an irrational number, π cannot be written as the ratio of two integers. This was
proven in 1761 by Johann Heinrich Lambert. In the 20th century, proofs were found that
require no prerequisite knowledge beyond integral calculus. One of those, due to Ivan Niven,
1882. This means that there is no polynomial with rational coefficients of which π is a root.
Because the coordinates of all points that can be constructed with compass and straightedge
are constructible numbers, it is impossible to square the circle: that is, it is impossible to
construct, using compass and straightedge alone, a square whose area is equal to the area of a
given circle. This is historically significant, for squaring a circle is one of the easily
modern times have attempted to solve each of these problems, and their efforts are sometimes
ingenious, but in this case, doomed to failure: a fact not always understood by the amateur
involved.
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Numerical value
3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510
While the value of π has been computed to more than a trillion (1012) digits,
elementary applications, such as calculating the circumference of a circle, will rarely require
more than a dozen decimal places. For example, a value truncated to 11 decimal places is
accurate enough to calculate the circumference of a circle the size of the earth with a
precision of a millimeter, and one truncated to 39 decimal places is sufficient to compute the
circumference of any circle that fits in the observable universe to a precision comparable to
Because π is an irrational number, its decimal expansion never ends and does not
repeat. This infinite sequence of digits has fascinated mathematicians and laymen alike, and
much effort over the last few centuries has been put into computing more digits and
investigating the number's properties. Despite much analytical work, and supercomputer
calculations that have determined over 1 trillion digits of π, no simple base-10 pattern in the
digits has ever been found. Digits of π are available on many web pages, and there is software
Calculating π
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π can be empirically estimated by drawing a large circle, then measuring its diameter
and circumference and dividing the circumference by the diameter. Another geometry-based
That is, the more sides the polygon has, the closer the approximation approaches π.
Archimedes determined the accuracy of this approach by comparing the perimeter of the
circumscribed polygon with the perimeter of a regular polygon with the same number of sides
inscribed inside the circle. Using a polygon with 96 sides, he computed the fractional range:
π can also be calculated using purely mathematical methods. Most formulae used for
calculating the value of π have desirable mathematical properties, but are difficult to
understand without a background in trigonometry and calculus. However, some are quite
While that series is easy to write and calculate, it is not immediately obvious why it
yields π. In addition, this series converges so slowly that 300 terms are not sufficient to
more clever way by taking the midpoints of partial sums, it can be made to converge much
faster. Let
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then computing π10,10 will take similar computation time to computing 150 terms of the
HISTORY
divide progress into three periods: the ancient period during which π was studied
geometrically, the classical era following the development of calculus in Europe around the
Geometrical period
That the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is the same for all
circles, and that it is slightly more than 3, was known to ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian
and Greek geometers. The earliest known approximations date from around 1900 BC; they
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are 25/8 (Babylonia) and 256/81 (Egypt), both within 1% of the true value. The Indian text
Shatapatha Brahmana gives π as 339/108 ≈ 3.139. The Hebrew Bible appears to suggest, in
the Book of Kings, that π = 3, which is notably worse than other estimates available at the
time of writing. The interpretation of the passage is disputed, as some believe the ratio of 3:1
Archimedes was the first to estimate π rigorously. He realized that its magnitude can
be bounded from below and above by inscribing circles in regular polygons and calculating
By using the equivalent of 96-sided polygons, he proved that 223/71 < π < 22/7. Taking the
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In the following centuries further development took place in India and China. Around
AD 265, the Wei Kingdom mathematician Liu Hui provided a simple and rigorous iterative
algorithm to calculate π to any degree of accuracy. He himself carried through the calculation
Later, Liu Hui invented a quick method of calculating π and obtained an approximate
value of 3.1416 with only a 96-gon, by taking advantage of the fact that the difference in area
and showed that 3.1415926 < π < 3.1415927 using Liu Hui's algorithm applied to a 12288-
gon. This value was the most accurate approximation of π available for the next 900 years.
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Classical period
Until the second millennium, π was known to fewer than 10 decimal digits. The next
major advance in π studies came with the development of calculus, and in particular the
discovery of infinite series which in principle permit calculating π to any desired accuracy by
adding sufficiently many terms. Around 1400, Madhava of Sangamagrama found the first
was rediscovered by James Gregory and Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century. Unfortunately,
the rate of convergence is too slow to calculate many digits in practice; about 4,000 terms
must be summed to improve upon Archimedes' estimate. However, by transforming the series
into
record was beaten in 1424 by the Persian mathematician, Jamshīd al-Kāshī, who determined
16 decimals of π.
The first major European contribution since Archimedes was made by the German
mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen (1540–1610), who used a geometric method to compute
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35 decimals of π. He was so proud of the calculation, which required the greater part of his
Around the same time, the methods of calculus and determination of infinite series
and products for geometrical quantities began to emerge in Europe. The first such
by John Wallis in 1655. Isaac Newton himself derived a series for π and calculated 15 digits,
although he later confessed: "I am ashamed to tell you to how many figures I carried these
In 1706 John Machin was the first to compute 100 decimals of π, using the formula
with
Formulas of this type, now known as Machin-like formulas, were used to set several
successive records and remained the best known method for calculating π well into the age of
computers. A remarkable record was set by the calculating prodigy Zacharias Dase, who in
1844 employed a Machin-like formula to calculate 200 decimals of π in his head at the behest
of Gauss. The best value at the end of the 19th century was due to William Shanks, who took
15 years to calculate π with 707 digits, although due to a mistake only the first 527 were
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correct. (To avoid such errors, modern record calculations of any kind are often performed
twice, with two different formulas. If the results are the same, they are likely to be correct.)
Theoretical advances in the 18th century led to insights about π's nature that could not
be achieved through numerical calculation alone. Johann Heinrich Lambert proved the
When Leonhard Euler in 1735 solved the famous Basel problem – finding the exact value of
which is π2/6, he established a deep connection between π and the prime numbers. Both
Legendre and Leonhard Euler speculated that π might be transcendental, which was finally
William Jones' book A New Introduction to Mathematics from 1706 is said to be the
first use of the Greek letter π for this constant, but the notation became particularly popular
“ There are various other ways of finding the Lengths or Areas of particular Curve
Lines, or Planes, which may very much facilitate the Practice; as for instance, in
the Circle, the Diameter is to the Circumference as 1 to (16/5 - 4/239) -
1/3(16/5^3 - 4/239^3) + ... = 3.14159... = π ”
The advent of digital computers in the 20th century led to an increased rate of new π
calculation records. John von Neumann used ENIAC to compute 2037 digits of π in 1949, a
calculation that took 70 hours. Additional thousands of decimal places were obtained in the
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following decades, with the million-digit milestone passed in 1973. Progress was not only
due to faster hardware, but also new algorithms. One of the most significant developments
was the discovery of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) in the 1960s, which allows computers
In the beginning of the 20th century, the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan
found many new formulas for π, some remarkable for their elegance and mathematical depth.
which deliver 14 digits per term. The Chudnovskys used this formula to set several π
computing records in the end of the 1980s, including the first calculation of over one billion
(1,011,196,691) decimals in 1989. It remains the formula of choice for π calculating software
that runs on personal computers, as opposed to the supercomputers used to set modern
records.
Whereas series typically increase the accuracy with a fixed amount for each added
term, there exist iterative algorithms that multiply the number of correct digits at each step,
with the downside that each step generally requires an expensive calculation. A breakthrough
was made in 1975, when Richard Brent and Eugene Salamin independently discovered the
Brent–Salamin algorithm, which uses only arithmetic to double the number of correct digits
and iterating
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until an and bn are close enough. Then the estimate for π is given by
Using this scheme, 25 iterations suffice to reach 45 million correct decimals. A similar
algorithm that quadruples the accuracy in each step has been found by Jonathan and Peter
Borwein. The methods have been used by Yasumasa Kanada and team to set most of the π
The current record is 1,241,100,000,000 decimals, set by Kanada and team in 2002. Although
most of Kanada's previous records were set using the Brent-Salamin algorithm, the 2002
calculation made use of two Machin-like formulas that were slower but crucially reduced
with 1 terabyte of main memory, capable of carrying out 2 trillion operations per second.
formula), discovered by Simon Plouffe and named after the authors of the paper in which the
formula was first published, David H. Bailey, Peter Borwein, and Plouffe. The formula,
without calculating all the preceding ones. Between 1998 and 2000, the distributed
computing project PiHex used a modification of the BBP formula due to Fabrice Bellard to
In 2006, Simon Plouffe found a series of beautiful formulas. Let q = eπ, then
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and others of form,
where q = eπ, k is an odd number, and a,b,c are rational numbers. If k is of the form 4m+3,
for some rational number p where the denominator is a highly factorable number, though no
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PART 2
(a) Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB and BCR of
diameter d1 and d2 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR such that the sum of d1 d2
and is equal to 10 cm.
Complete Table 1 by using various values of d1 and the corresponding values of d2. Hence,
determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR.
The length of arc (s) of a circle can be found by using the formula;
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where r is the radius.
Therefor;
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(b) Diagram 2 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB, BCD and DER
of diameter d1, d2 and d3 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQRsuch that the sum of
d1, d2 and d3 is equal to 10 cm.
(i) Using various values of d1 and d2 and the corresponding values of d3, determine the
relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB, BCD and DER. Tabulate your findings.
we use the same formula to find the length of arc of PQR, PAB, BCD and DER.
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Length of Length of Length of Length of
arc PQR is arc PAB is arc BCD is arc DER is
in terms of π in terms of π in terms of π in terms of π
d1 (cm) d2 (cm) d3 (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1 1 8 5π 0.5π 0.5 π 4.0 π
1 2 7 5π 0.5π 1.0 π 3.5 π
1 3 6 5π 0.5π 1.5 π 3.0 π
1 4 5 5π 0.5π 2.0 π 2.5 π
1 5 4 5π 0.5π 2.5 π 2.0 π
1 6 3 5π 0.5π 3.0 π 1.5 π
1 7 2 5π 0.5π 3.5 π 1.0 π
1 8 1 5π 0.5π 4.0 π 0.5 π
2 1 7 5π 1.0π 0.5 π 3.5 π
2 2 6 5π 1.0π 1.0 π 3.0 π
2 3 5 5π 1.0π 1.5 π 2.5 π
2 4 4 5π 1.0π 2.0 π 2.0 π
2 5 3 5π 1.0π 2.5 π 1.5 π
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2 6 2 5π 1.0π 3.0 π 1.0 π
2 7 1 5π 1.0π 3.5 π 0.5 π
3 1 6 5π 1.5π 0.5 π 3.0 π
3 2 5 5π 1.5π 1.0 π 2.5 π
3 3 4 5π 1.5π 1.5 π 2.0 π
3 4 3 5π 1.5π 2.0 π 1.5 π
3 5 2 5π 1.5π 2.5 π 1.0 π
3 6 1 5π 1.5π 3.0 π 0.5 π
4 1 5 5π 2.0π 0.5 π 2.5 π
4 2 4 5π 2.0π 1.0 π 2.0 π
4 3 3 5π 2.0π 1.5 π 1.5 π
4 4 2 5π 2.0π 2.0 π 1.0 π
4 5 1 5π 2.0π 2.5 π 0.5 π
5 1 4 5π 2.5π 0.5 π 2.0 π
5 2 3 5π 2.5π 1.0 π 1.5 π
5 3 2 5π 2.5π 1.5 π 1.0 π
5 4 1 5π 2.5π 2.0 π 0.5 π
6 1 3 5π 3.0π 0.5 π 1.5 π
6 2 2 5π 3.0π 1.0 π 1.0 π
6 3 1 5π 3.0π 1.5 π 0.5 π
7 1 2 5π 3.5π 0.5 π 1.0 π
7 2 1 5π 3.5π 1.0 π 0.5 π
8 1 1 5π 4.0π 0.5 π 0.5 π
Therefore;
Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCD + Length of arc DER
(ii) Based on your findings in (a) and (b), make generalisations about the length of the arc of
the outer semicircle and the lengths of arcs of the inner semicircles for n inner semicircles
where n = 2, 3, 4....
So:
The length of the arc of the outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arcs of any
number of the inner semicircles.
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The length of arc of the outer semicircle
Then,
(c) For different values of diameters of the outer semicircle, show that the generalisations
stated in b (ii) is still true.
Therefore;
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The length of the arc of the outer semicircle is equal to the sum of the length of arcs of any
number of the inner semicircles. This is true for any value of the diameter of the semicircle.
In other words, for different values of diameters of the outer semicircle, show that the
generalisations stated in b (ii) is still true.
PART 3
(a) The area of the flower plot is y m2 and the diameter of one of the fish ponds is x m.
Express y in terms of it and x.
Area ADC
= 1/2π [10/2]²
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= 25/2π
Area AEB
= 1/2 π[x²/2]²
= 1/2π[x²/4]
= x²/8π
Area of BFC
=1/2π [5 – x/2]²
= x²/4π + 5x/2π
(b) Find the diameters of the two fish ponds if the area of the flower plot is 16.5 m2. (Use π
=22/7 )
x² - 10x + 21 = 0
(x – 7) (x -3) = 0
x = 7 or x = 3
(c) Reduce the non-linear equation obtained in (a) to simple linear form and hence, plot a
straight line graph. Using the straight line graph, determine the area of the flower plot if the
diameter of one of the fish ponds is 4.5 m.
Y = - x²/4π + 5x/2π
Y = mX + c
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y/x 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4
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8.0
Y/x
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
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(d) The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower plot. Use two
methods to determine the area of the flower plot such that the cost of constructing the garden
is minimum.
Differentiation,
Y= - x²/4x + 5x/2π
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Compleating the square,
Y= - x²/4π + 5x/2 π
= - π/4 ( x² - 10x)
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(e) The principal suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower beds to the design
submitted by the Mathematics Society as shown in Diagram 4. The sum of the diameters of
the semicircular flower beds is 10 m.
The diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30 cm and the diameter of the flower beds are
increased by a constant value successively. Determine the diameter of the remaining flower
beds.
a = 30 cm
= 0.3 m
n = 12
= 6 (0.6 + 11) d
= 3.6 + 66d
66d = 6.4
d = 16/165
3/10, 131/330, 163/330, 13/22, 227/330, 259/330, 97/110, 323/330, 71/66, 129/110, 419/330,
41/30
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CONCLUSION
progress into three periods: the ancient period during which π was studied geometrically, the
classical era following the development of calculus in Europe around the 17th century, and
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REFERENCES
1. Yong Kien Cheng, additional mathemathics SPM, pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. 2008.
2. Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_pi
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