Politics

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Politics On the politic:al .\ide of chess, the relative stability presided over by FIDE circa 1 948-92 has given way to controversy, schism, recrimination and near chaos in the last ten years. ChessCafe contributors have not been entirely neutral in this vein.

Financial Fun with FIDE

Tony Miles
As a rule, I try to steer well clear of chess politics, but sometimes the feeling of impending disaster is so strong that it is hard to keep away. Last month, February 2000, FIDE i s s u e d a "Memorandum on the Commercialization of FIDE", a twelve-page document signed by his holiness the president. This memo outlined rather sweeping plans, and seemed to come as rather a shock to large chunks of the chess world. Although it was signed by Ilyumzhinov, it is not clear who compiled it, but the head of the recently formed FIDE Commerce PLC, Artiom Tarasov, seems to be a fairly central figure. According to the great memo, FIDE Commerce was created last year "to exploit chess on a commercial basis." Those words worry me. As far as I know Mr. Tarasov had no prior involvement with chess - something to do with the Russian lottery I believe. My first encounter with him was at the opening ceremony of the World Championship in Las Vegas, where he distributed "FIDE Club International" cards with VISA emblems on them (I still have mine, though I have yet to find anyone gullible enough to take it), and promised to make all the players "very rich." Perhaps making half the prize checks bounce was not the most impressive way to start. Kirsan's document further informs us that "Another project is FIDE Inform (a computerized linking system for all national federations)." And ... "Arrangements have almost been concluded for an international chess magazine for FIDE [news to me. . . aren 't there rather a lot of those around already ?] and for TV programs on chess. I am aware that more than $500,000 US has been spent on developing these projects." It is phrased so casually that the reader might easily pass over this last sentence, but . . . half a million?? How? Where? And more importantly whose??? Anyway the document goes on to propose that "all chess rights belonging to FIDE be assigned to FIDE Commerce PLC for the purpose of commercial

3 89

Ptlltlc.
e x p l o i l a l i o n . . . " w i l h l h e proceeds l o he carved

up

bet ween

Fl OE. Fl OE

Commerce and the WCF. WCF? Oh, that's the World Chess Foundation, as opposed to the WCC ( Council - an invention of Kasparov) or WCN ( Network - an internet site, worth a visit if you are in the area) or W. C. Fields, which I presume is where we play if they haven' t finished building the playing hall in time. In case you wondered, page one explains that the WCF has covered all the costs of the last two World Championships and "I (his holiness) in tum have funded the WCF." Other than that I don't know too much about it. Curiously, in a company profile for FIDE Commerce, Tarasov refers to it as the World Chess Fund. I guess that clarifies his attitude. Still, with all these WC's around, it's no great surprise the state that chess is in. The memo also proposes that all National and Continental Federations should assist FIDE Commerce as required, on a commercial basis. As a sweetener it adds that when FIDE Commerce goes public some of the shares should be made available to FIDE officials, federations and individual members. Ahhh . . . that would be the making us all very rich bit . . . Where did I leave that card?? Well, so far, give or take a bit of skepticism, not entirely unreasonable, but now we go on to the "Strategy of Action." "In order to achieve commercial success . . . we need to take certain decisions . . . crucial for our collective survival . . . I shall explain the two reasons why w e must take them. The first . . . is that FIDE has just been appointed by the International Olympic Committee as the sole body responsible for the game of Chess and its Championships. [Really ? ? What exactly was FIDE before then ? ?] My predecessor . . . and I can tell you . . . that the IOC expects total order and discipline in our organization. [Oops!] If we are to make real progress in this field we have to streamline [interesting choice of word] our activities, like in other successful International Federations." Boxing maybe? "The second reason is borne out by the fact that we have competitors, who are actively taking steps to erode the financial and economic benefits that should accrue to FIDE and its affiliate organs/members. [Boo! Hiss!! The ENEMY!! Errr . . . do you mean the Great Gonzo and Tolya ? ?] These people in concert with some organizations are prepared to continue weakening us as an organization, until it could be said that FIDE is no longer viable and that would indeed be a sad day for chess." Gulp . . . Sorry Your Holiness, I didn' t mean to be frivolous Sir. . . "In our approaches to big corporate sponsors . . . they have emphasized that . . . FIDE must have total management and control of all activities related t o chess."
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Plllitics
I t i s the proposals for dealing with these aspects where things really get out of hand ( l ) All international tournaments must obtain prior approval . . . depending on the . . . category of the tournament; (2) FIDE will require prior approval for all tournaments with an average Elo of 2500+; (3) FIDE shall . . . revise the fees payable for each level of tournament; [Hmnunm . . . no guidelines mentioned . . . worrying ! ] (4) A n annual meeting . . . shall b e held . . . to stabilize the calendar at least one year in advance . . . ".
"

This last point reminds me irresistibly of a GMA (remember that one?) meeting in Moscow where the then president Jan Timman carelessly stated that there was not room for a proposed new event because ''the calendar was already full." This brought the withering response from Curt Hansen "I would like to point out to Mr. Timman that though his calendar might be full, mine isn't!". The same point here still seems valid. Isn't this extra regulation going to discourage organizers?? The "Consequences of Failure to Obtain FIDE Approval for Tournaments and Matches" does not make pleasant reading either: " . . . FIDE shall view such attempts as going against the principles and interest of our organization. The event will merely be classified as a friendly or training event . . . not recognized for rating and title purposes . . . FIDE and . . . National Federations shall . . . publicize their negative reaction . . . and prevent their players from participating . . . " Perhaps it is just the language used, but one has visions of kids having their chess sets confiscated if they are not fully paid up members of FIDE Club International, and when it subsequently goes on about suspensions, bans and censures from FIDE. I get the nasty feeling I could easily get banned from playing chess for . . . errr . . . playing chess. Also there is a clear misjudgment of the attitude of national federations. Both the British and German Federations (and no doubt many more by now) have already replied hostilely to the threat of greater FIDE control over chess in their countries. Such an unconditional surrender of sovereignty to a relatively unknown organization is not going to go down well anywhere much, whether the federation in question is competent and responsible or not. Personally I would much appreciate better central organization. By way of illustration, in the last few months I have tried to play in tournaments in Trinidad, Hawaii and Ecuador. All three events were cancelled. Whilst the Hawaiian organizers were very correct and agreed to compensate me, the Trinidadians simply ignored all communications, and it was only by accident that I heard of the cancellation. The real nightmare was Ecuador though. As it was a round robin event, sponsored by the Ecuadorian airline SAETA, and all the players were known, I hardly thought it could go wrong. However, two days before the event, when I was already in the USA on my way, I received a phone call from
39 1

l'ollttc.,
M artha Fierro, wh ose mother E l s i e was the mai n organ i zer, t e l l i n g me that i t had been cancelled. She proposed that, since I could not change m y ticket, I would give some simuls and press conferences in return for which they would cover my expenses and reimburse my ticket.

Skipping the gory details, I did the simuls, but I am still waiting for my ticket to be reimbursed. Under such circumstances one would expect the Ecuadorian federation to be of some help. In real life though, they, like the Trinidadians, just ignore complaints. Igor Nataf, who was also supposed to play in this abortive event, and was also considerably inconvenienced by the Fierros, commented to me in disgust that "they treat players like animals ! They are only interested in money." Back at the dreaded document, the next proposal is to create a Grand Prix circuit of tournaments, known as "Big Helmet Tournaments." (I guess this must sound better in Russian ! ) However, it is not at all clear if this is intended to be made up of the top closed tournaments - and therefore only of interest to ten or so players - or if it will emulate the PCA series of some years ago. The latter would of course be very welcome, and from what I have heard from other sources I believe that this is the idea. Perhaps we can have a second section, including the events I mentioned above, to be known as the Crash Helmet Tournaments. Things do not get any less contentious. Next comes a "Central Finance System for FIDE." Here the solution to the worlds problems is that "all members of FIDE will be encouraged to open their accounts in the same financial institution." Hmmmm . . . a Bank of FIDE . . . This one is really going to take a while to gain any credibility. Not so long ago it would have conjured up images of banknotes with a picture of a small smiling Filipino running off into the distance with a bag marked "Swag" over his shoulder. A final dubious proposal is to widen the Elo list down to 1 500. Presumably the intention is to increase revenue from rating fees. But the Elo list is already pretty much unpublishably large. What on earth would happen with millions more names added to it? And why stop at 1 500? Why not go down to zero?? Or maybe that is the next step. Alternatively we could just move the Elo rating department to Myanmar and forget it completely. Well . . . it is nice to know that someone in FIDE has a vision, but I fear very little of this document will be implemented in the foreseeable future. In the meantime, there are rumors that the forthcoming Istanbul Olympiad is seriously short of f mancial backing and that Kasparov (Boo ! Hiss !) will play a match against Anand (or a victim of his own choosing) in London later this year. (Heaven help the British Federation if they don't immediately shoot all those involved ! )

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I t does the national

not seem ut a l l u n l i kely th a t when Ilyumzhinov 's plans get blocked by federations, h e could easily give up and go back to Kalmykia, where

there is less opposition, leaving the chess world in bigger chaos than ever and seriously bankrupt both financially and ideologically, and leaving as a lasting memorial only a steady stream of urine samples for the International Olympic Committee.

(March 2000)

Class and Glamour

Hans Ree
"Chess used to have glamour," wrote Henk Spaan, a Dutch writer and TV comedian who avidly followed the chess news until the early eighties and then gave up. "Chess used to have class," said Ulf Andersson. We were at a dinner in Prague. Ulf was there as a second of Jan Timman for his six-game match against Gary Kasparov; I was there as a reporter. Henk Spaan looked at chess as an outsider, Ulf as a professional. Glamour is not quite the same as class. Nevertheless I think they meant the same thing. Andersson discussed the progressing trivialization of chess. It had started, he thought, when they changed the time schedule from forty moves in two and a half hours to forty moves in two hours. Then adjourned games were abolished under the false pretext that adjourning would be unfair because the player with the best chess computer would have an advantage. Nonsense of course. In the past the player with the best human second had an advantage and in fact he still has. Anyone can buy the best chess computer. If anything, the computer ' s influence i s a n equalizing one. Next, important events were decided by blitz and rapid games . And last but not least, there is the demeaning spectacle of the mes s the various world championships
are

in. At the press conference the day before the Kasparov

T munan match started we had heard that Kasparov's championship match against Shirov was off because of lack of sponsorship. Nowadays Ulf Andersson i s hooked o n correspondence chess. No glamour there, no money, but a lot o f class. I browse through my old press cuttings and I see that in 1 978 I predicted that the computer would be world champion within fifteen years and that chess would perish because of its trivialization. Predictions never come true exactly. The trivialization of chess I saw in the media attention to the Karpov-Kortchnoi match of 1 97 8 . The yogurt incident, the gurus that helped Kortchnoi, the

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parapsychologist Zukhar in Karpo v ' s ca m p . What was I complai ning ahout '! A l l t h i s was a model o f seriousness compared t o the present state o f all"airs.
Kasparov is in a difficult situation. In 1 996 he announced that he would play a match for his world championship against Karpov the next year. It did not happen. This year he was going to play against Shirov. Canceled again. It is the curse of his great power. He does not succeed in finding sponsorship for his matches, partly because everybody thinks: what's the big deal, he will win anyway. Now he has to sit and wait if Shirov will start a lawsuit against him because of breach of contract. Shirov would have the sympathy of most of the chess world, but has announced he will not sue, because he still hopes the match will go through once upon a time. The FIDE world championship in Las Vegas is still on for December this year

[1998, but it was postponed until July 1999 - Ed. ],

but first of all it won't be a

real world championship without Kasparov taking part and secondly a knock out format world championship cannot be taken seriously anyway. And then, what if Ilyumzhinov is murdered by one of his business friends? It stands to reason that this will happen sooner or later. FIDE and all its events will collapse totally and immediately. Bessel Kok, organizer of the Kasparov-Timman match and in the past the force behind the World Cup tournaments of the now defunct Grandmasters Association, tried to find a way out of the impasse. The Las Vegas championship should be remodeled to a kind of candidates tournament, the winner of which should play against Kasparov for the absolute world championship of all categories. From the proceeds of that match Shirov could be compensated for the loss of income he suffered by hiring four high class seconds for his match against Kramnik and not receiving a penny of prize money. If I were Shirov, I would try the courts first. Kasparov hesitatingly agreed to Kok's proposal. Quite a concession, for in 1 996 he described FIDE as a rotting corpse which no decent person would dare to embrace. Will FIDE agree to the proposal? Negotiations will be simplified by the fact that FIDE is run as a dictatorship. There is only one opinion that counts, that of Ilyumzhinov, who does not have to bother about rules, regulations and laws. There is much that could be said against Kok's proposal. to the situation we have now. Kasparov made a funny remark to Kok. They were talking about Karpov, who is not the chess giant he used to be, and about Kortchnoi, who at his ripe old age of

On the other hand, it is

true that any situation where there is one credible world champion, i s preferable

67 is winning one tournament after another. "If there would be a revenge match
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Kasparov. This

Karpov- Korlchnoi, Kortchnoi ' s chances would be much better now," said was probably meant to put Karpov in his place, but could be

taken as homage to the indefatigable Kortchnoi. "Every time I win a tournament I have to think that there is something wrong with modem chess," Kortchnoi once remarked with a grin. At the time of this writing he is in the process of winning the Can-can tournament (women against veterans) in Roquebrune, France. B efore that, the last tournament he won was the Alois Nagler Memorial tournament in Zurich, Switzerland. Kortchnoi and four other senior chesspersons (Larsen, Gligoric, Smyslov and Unzicker) each played ten games against five young Swiss players. The oldies won with the score 3 1 - 1 9 . ''The young guys are lacking the will to win," said Larsen. This did not apply to Chess Cafe columnist Richard Forster, who played against Kortchnoi one of the most interesting games of the tournament. Kortchnoi lived up to his reputation as a child-murderer and made the best score with 8 out of

1 0.

Kortchnoi-Forster: 1. d4 f6 2. c4 c5 3. d5 g6 4. c3 Jl.g7 5. e4 d6 6. f3 0-0 7 .Q.g5 e6 8. ge2 exd5 9. cxd5 a6 10. a4 h6 11. Jl.e3 bd7 12. g3 e5 13. Jle2 .Q.d7 14. '(td2 h5 15. 0-0 b5 16. Jlg5 I f White accepts Black's pawn sacrifice Black would get good play on the queen's wing. 16 )ae8 17. f4 c4 18. Jlxc4 bxc4 19. f5 The standard attacking method in this kind of positions is the pawn sacrifice 19. e5 dxe5 20. f5, but Kortchnoi plays differently. Now Black will be very active on the dark squares. 19 '(te7 20. )aae1 '(teS 21. h1 g4 22. ite2 laab8 23 . .Q.f4 '(te7 24. '(td2 '(th4 25. h3 Jle5 26. e2 f2+ 27. g1 d3 28. Jl.xeS la xe5

Black's strategy seems to have succeeded, but now it is White's tum to attack.

29. ith6 Threatening 30. f6. 29 itf6 30. f4 xf4 Pity for the wonderfully 30 . . . <tlxel the Swiss weekly Schachwoche gives a nice v ariation : 3 1 . fxg6 fxg6 3 2 . <tle6 . xe6 3 3 . dxe6 xe6? 34. <tld5 and White wins . Better would be 33 . . . g7, but even then White has an advantage. 31. laxf4 )axb2 32. laef1 lae7 A very complicated position. After 33. fxg6 i*xg6 34. "i*xg6+ fxg6 35. e5 dxe5 36. f8+ tJg7 37. d6 Black saves the draw with 37 . . . ..11.c 6 (Schachwoche). 33. e5 A last drop of oil on the fire.

placed knight. After

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33 xeS And in time trouble the complications are too much for Black. He should have played 33 . . . dxe5, after which move the analysis of Schachwoche goes 34 . .)e4 h8 3 5 . g5 e x f4 36. xe7 d4+ 37 . 'iff h l -'l.xf5 38 . .)f6+ 'iftg7 39 . .)e8+ and draw by perpetual check. 34. fxg6 it xg6 35.
..

tt xg6+ fxg6 36. f8+ g7 37. 1f7+ h6 38. xd7 g5 39. xd6 e1+ 40. h2 d2 41. h4+ xh4 42. xg6, 1 0 (September 1 998)
.

The End of Chess?

Hans Ree
Russia, after some initial troubles, took its rightful first place, Germany's team of golden oldies surprised everyone and itself with a splendid performance, winning silver medals, and Ukraine ousted Hungary from its expected third place by a hair's breadth. The Istanbul Olympiad was well-organized and a true feast, as the Olympiads always are, even when badly organized. Then came the chess politicians for the 7 1 st FIDE Congress. Reports about these congresses have been sad tales indeed for the last six years, but this congress was exceptionally dismal, though it went largely unnoticed in the reports I saw. President Ilyumzhinov was given unprecedented powers and used them immediately to announce the end of serious chess. More about this later; let me first discuss some real chess, to brighten my mood. There was a curious incident at an early stage of the Olympiad and of course it was Robert Hubner who took the principled stand. It was at the start of the second round. Not many moves had been made yet, but nevertheless, it was an unwelcome breach of the players' concentration when they were suddenly told to stop the clocks and wait till the computers were ready to transmit the moves to the screens and to the internet. All obeyed except Hubner, for he is of the opinion that man should not let himself be bullied by the computer. As this is happening all the time, Hubner has written that there is no place in the world anymore for people like him, but apparently he is still prepared to fight for his crumbling piece of ground.
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An angry arbiter tried to change his mind, but in vain . Unperturbedly Hubner played on. I wish that among the delegates to the 7 1 st FIDE Congress there would have been a few inspired by his principled stubbornness, but again, we' ll come to that later. Except for Hubner and his opponent, the players had to wait for about half an hour until computers and personnel were ready. Ready for clownery that is. Those who at that time tried to play over the games from the first two rounds saw pieces moving on the board like drunken sailors oblivious to the rules of chess, taking their own men if it suited them and sometimes suddenly disappearing into thin air. During later rounds the staff of FIDE Commerce, responsible for the bulletins and the electronic transmission of the games, did a better job. And all in all, according to most reports this Olympiad was quite well-organized. Turkey is a candidate for the Olympic games in 2008 and was eager to present this chess Olympiad as a showcase of its organizational competence. I suppose Chess Cafe visitors will be well informed about the struggle for the medals, so I will concentrate on what I followed most intensely during the Olympiad: the performances of the Dutch teams. No medal winners alas, though for a long time the Dutch women seemed likely to gain at least third place. This is n o credit to the Dutch school of chess, but more a credit to the ability of Dutch men to lure strong women chess players to our country; from the team of four players only Linda Yap Tjoen San is native Dutch. In the end they reached a creditable sixth place. The Dutch men ended on a horrible 32nd place, much worse than they deserved. They went to Istanbul without Jan Timman, who had personal reasons to stay at home and may also have been disgruntled at being placed on third board behind Loek van Wely and Jeroen Piket. "Van Wely should take note: I won't play on a lower board than he anymore," Timman had said in a recent interview for the Dutch magazine

Schaaknieuws. Not in our club team, Timman had meant, and

he denied categorically that his consignment to third board at the Olympiad had influenced his decision to stay at home. The Dutch went to Istanbul with five players. Young Dennis de Vreugt, who was to accompany the team not as a player but as a trainee, was registered as the sixth, but he was only supposed to play in case of emergency. Before it came to that, he had to return home because of illness. The next to go was Sergei Tiviakov who suffered stomach bleeding and had to stay several days in an Istanbul hospital before he went back to the Netherlands by way of his native Russia. That left four: Van Wely, Piket, Van der Sterren and Nijboer, who now had to play each day and made a good job of it until they finally collapsed in the last two rounds .

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Here is a game in which Alexei Shi rov and Loek van Wely continued a theoretical discussion that appeared to have been settled by S h iro v with a thunderi ng blow in August in Polanica Zdroj . But Van Wely is a stu bborn man.

Shirov (Spain) - Van Wely (Netherlands): 1. e4 cS 2. f3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. x d4 f6 5. c3 a6 6. -'le3 e6 7. g4 eS 8. fS g6 9. g5 gxf5 10. exfS d5 11. 'ttf3 d4 12. 0-0-0 bd7 13 .Q.d2 t!Jc7 14. gxf6 dxc3 15 .4.xc3 t!Jc6 16. 'ttg3

Having sacrificed a piece, Shirov now adds a Rook, just as he did in their game in Polanica Zdroj . Then Van Wely didn't dare to accept the Rook sacrifice, as it was obviously based on home preparation by Shirov, who went on to win that game in brilliant style: 16 . . . Ah6+ 1 7 . <ifi'b1 .1l.f4 18. d3 0-0 1 9 . hg1 +

<ifi'h8 2 0 . Ab4 g8 2 1 . xg8+ <;fjl x g8 2 2 . .ile7 h6 2 3 . Ae 2 .lxf6 2 4 . d8+ <;fjlh7 2 5 . f8 .ile6 2 6 . xa8 .ilxf5 2 7 . <;fjla 1 .l d 5 2 8 . f8 e6 29. Ac5 Axc2 30. g 1 Ag6 3 1 . h4 Ah2 3 2 . !:! d 1 .lf4 33. d8 and
Black resigned. That game had posed many difficult questions to analysts, and a tentative conclusion was reached that after acceptance of the rook sacrifice with 1 7 .. :i!1/xh 1 , a draw should result after best play. Van Wely, having done some homework of his own, decides to take the rook this time.

16 ... 'tt xh1 But the way to do it was supposed to be 1 6 . . . Ah6+ 17. <;fjlb1 and only now 17 . . . xh l . We may see this happen in a future Shirov-Van Wely game. 17 .Q.g2 .Q.h6+

18 .4.d2 Had Van Wely forgotten about this possibility, indicated by many analysts after their Polanica Zdroj game? Now White wins the queen. 18 ... .Q.xd2+ 19. xd2 'tt x g2 A strange move. Can this bishop really be more valuable than the rook? After 19 . . . xd1 + Black would have a considerable material advantage, but he would be tied up, though not more so than in the actual game. Shirov's opinion on the position after 19 . . . xd1 was said to be "at least a draw for White."

20. 'tt xg2 as 21. f4 exf4 22. 'ttg7 E!f8 23. E!e1+ d8 24. e7 c7
Black was lost anyway. 25. 'tt xf8 Black resigned.

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Here is another example of Van Wely's razor-sharp opening preparation, this time rewarded with success.

Van Wely (Netherlands) - Krasenkow (Poland), 11th round: 1. d4 dS 2. c4 e6 3. c3 c6 4. e4 dxe4 S. xe4 Jl.b4+ 6 .Q.d2 * x d4 7. Jl.xb4 '#!txe4+ 8. -'le2 a6 9 .Q.aS f6 10. *d8+ f7 11. 0-0-0 b6 1 2. Jl.c3 eS 13. Jl.h5+ g6 14 .Q.f3 *f4+ 15. lad2 *xc4 16. e2 '#!t xa2 17. lad6 Having

sacrificed a few pawns he now offers a rook, but it can hardly be taken:

17 .. :i!i'a1 + 1 8 . d2 xh1 19 . .ll x c6 and both 20 .ll x a8 rlig7 21. .llxg8 are threatened. 17...g b8 18. lahd1
.

and

20 . .ll d 5+

18 ... Jl,e6 Here Black had a much better defense. After 18 .. /7g7 it is not easy try 19 . ..Q.xe5 but then the annoying check 19 . . . i!k4+ will eventually lead to an endgame where it is not clear if
for White to continue his attack. He might White has enough for his sacrificed pawns.

19. d7+ Now White is winning. 19 ... .Q.xd7 20. x d7+ e6 21. lad6+ f7 22. lad7+ e6 23 .Q.g4+ fS 24. lad6+ The modem school. White

repeats moves, not to win time but to give, sadistically, false hope for a draw to

24 ... f7 25. lad7+ e6 26. f4+ exf4 27. lad6+ f7 28. lad7+ \t'e6 29. lad6+ f7 30. '#!td7+ e7 31. laf6+ g7 32. *xe7+ h6 33. xg6+ Black resigned.
the opponent, as a painful lesson for the next game. But now let's return to the FIDE congress. Distasteful as the task may be, it has to be done. According to the Dutch federation's report, the congress was badly prepared and chaotic , handled nervou sly by vice-president M akropoulos while Ilyumzhinov smiled and sat quietly as if it was no concern of his . Many times FIDE's own statutes were blatantly violated, but this is hardly a surprise anymore. Also no surprise, but still almost incredible when you really think about it, was the transfer of all commercial rights to the FIDE World Championship to the private firm FIDE Commerce, owned by Ilyumzhinov (70%) and the Russian businessman Artyom Tarasov. These rights were given to FIDE Commerce until the year 20 1 7 , with an option for the company to renew it till 2027.

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I t means that FI D E ' s delegates have given

up a l l pretense that they represent a

d e m ocra t ic organization that can choose its own leader. FIDE was already

sickeningly hooked to the lifeline of Ilyumzhinov 's money. But

now it

is not

even fonnally possible to get rid of him by democratic elections . Whatever happens, he will still have the rights to organize and exploit the World Championship. FIDE and Ilyumzhinov will be in tight embrace until 2027 , if Ilyumzhinov wishes so. Only the Netherlands and Portugal voted against this proposal. Why not more countries? We see here an educational example of successful rogue politics. About a year ago the FIDE Board announced plans that went much further. All rated players would have to buy a credit card from FIDE Commerce for a considerable price. All rated tournaments would have to deposit the prize money in an account of FIDE Commerce, which then would see to its fair distribution. An official FIDE journalist would be appointed in all countries. Journalists in general would be forbidden to use the expression "FIDE World Champion" instead of just "World Champion." These demands were obviously unenforceable and therefore ludicrous. I think they were meant to be so from the start. Many federations bravely protested against these ludicrous proposals. I knew what would happen. The most ridiculous proposals, never meant seriously anyway, were cancelled and now the federations accepted the hard kernel of Ilyumzhinov' s proposal. They might not have done so without these silly fringe ideas that allowed them to beat their breast with a mock principled opposition, at least for a while. Not only is FIDE now effectively privatized, what also counts is: privatized for w h o m ? ll y u m z h i n o v we know. The new man Tar a s o v i s someti m e s euphemistically described a s a shadowy businessman. I n fact h e has been very much in the limelight in Russia, seeking political offices that would grant him immunity from criminal prosecution by the Russian authorities. Tarasov has sued Western journalists who tried to explain why such criminal prosecution would not be without reason. I have no intention to make trouble for The Chess Cafe and I ' ll restrict myself to saying that to my mind respectable organizations should avoid him. And now for the big one: a truly revolutionary proposal by Ilyumzhinov. After the congress he gave an interview to journalists Stefan Loeffler (for the Gennan

Frankfurter Algemeine Zeitung) and Leontxo Garcia (for the Spanish El Pafs )

He spoke about the money he had given to FIDE and the money he earned on oil, which was interesting, but shocking was the way he immediately used his newly won powers to announce a truly breathtaking measure. On the demand of a sports television company that was interested in chess, in the future, games would no longer last s i x hours , but only two hours . "From the World Championship and the Olympiads to all local tournaments," Ilyumzhinov said.

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He would use the next FIDE Championship in New Delhi to collect the opinion

of the players and if they agreed, the new sports TV time-limit would be law.
Here one cannot but think of Stalin's maxim: "It's not important who will vote, important is who will count." We know who will count and so I think we know how the vote in New Delhi will turn out. It will truly mean the end of serious chess. I never liked the confusing situation where we had two World Champions. I wished for integration of the two championships. But it is hopeless. It may already be too much to ask from Kramnik. He has done a truly magnificent thing, beating Kasparov in a serious match. Should he integrate his championship with FIDE's version ofTrivial Pursuit? Now the question becomes even more pertinent: should he integrate his title with a silly rapid tournament? Note again the element of rogue politics . There is no way that Ilyumzhinov can force local tournaments to follow him on his road to trivialization of chess, and as he is an intelligent man, he knows this. Again national federations will protest, showing their independence of mind. They will get their bone to chew on and then will accept the scandal. I wrote that this would be the end of serious chess, but of course this was too pessimistic. Chess has been around for about 1 500 years and I think it will survive FIDE. The end of serious chess within FIDE, that might be. We have seen many scandals in FIDE, but we thought that we could not do without this organization and that it might be reformable. It is not, it is a lost cause. Now that FIDE is really on its way to kill chess, decent national federations should walk out, as quickly as possible.

(November 2000)

FIDE, the World Championship, and the Art of Boxing Promotion

Tim Harding
As most readers probably know, the world governing body for chess is FIDE, the Federation Internationale des

Echecs,

or International Chess Federation.

Each member country elects the governing board of FIDE so that in theory the national federations should control FIDE policy in the interests of the game and players in general. There are now 1 59 member countries with, according to FIDE, about seven million active registered players. Additionally, there are probably millions more who follow chess and/or play on the Internet but are not registered with their national federations. (FIDE Commerce claim 60 million but I think that could be putting it a bit high.) In the "good old days" when FIDE presidents such as Folke Rogard, Fridrik Olafsson and Max Euwe were widely

40 1

PoIIIIer
respected gentlemen, the H O E family was somewhat sma l ler. The number of countries participating in international chess was far smal ler than today. Despite the tensions between West and East during the Cold War, FIDE ran relatively smoothly and its decisions were generally accepted without controversy.

Then came the era of Florencio Campomanes, the colorful Filipino who was President of FIDE from 1 982 until he was ousted in the mid- 1 990s. As is well known, he was an ally of President Marcos, who was later revealed to be extremely corrupt and was kicked out of office in his country, but not before the Philippines had staged numerous chess events including the 1 978 Karpov v Korchnoi world championship match. On one famous occasion, Campomanes remarked (this may not be the verbatim quote) "If I tell President Marcos that I need a million dollars to stage a chess event, he only asks me will a check do, or should I send the money around at once in a taxi." It wasn't so much the fall of Marcos as the events that occurred in Moscow at the end of the first world championship match between Karpov and Kasparov that convinced many people that Campomanes wasn't the right man to be running world chess . However, by this stage the membership of FIDE had greatly expanded (largely due to the promotional activities of Campo in Third world countries) so that the traditional European vote was no longer the clear majority. FIDE elections work on the principal of "one country, one vote." It was now possible for an astute chess politician to cultivate wide support in Asia and Africa and thereby get FIDE to adopt policies which were unpopular in the countries representing the majority of active chess players. The break-up of the former Soviet bloc brought FIDE even more members, although this time the new countries did represent large numbers of active players and this helped to restore the balance in favor of Europe. Where formerly there had just been the USSR with one vote, now there are about 1 5 FIDE member states, and Yugoslavia has become five separate nations. Perhaps it's not surprising therefore when the Campomanes era finally came to an end, his successor came from this part of the world. The current FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov comes from Kalmykia, an autonomous region of Russia that was virtually unknown to anyone outside Russia until the 1 990 ' s . Ilyumzhinov i s rather a mystery man - some say he i s a hero who i s bringing his people (the only Buddhist nation in Europe) into a new era of prosperity, and who is also sponsoring major chess developments with his own money. Already Elista, the capital of Kalmykia, has hosted a world championship match (Karpov Kamsky 1 996) and a FIDE Olympiad. On the other hand, there are those who ask whether the money that Ilyumzhinov is spending on chess is really his own . There is also the question of the unsolved murder in 1 998 of a journalist Larissa Yudina who was investigating claims of corruption in Kalmykia. It's virtually impossible for an ordinary chess player in the West to know whether Kirsan is really a "good guy" or not.
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Politics

I f you want to i n vestigate his character, and the circumstances in which he

supplanted Campomanes, you might care to read the article of complaint by Ignatius Leong from Singapore, who in 1 998 resigned his job as Administrative Manager for FIDE (see

www.anusha. com/leong. htm). Also at this writing a short www. russiajoumal. com, and might still be

Associated Press report about Kalmyk politics and allegations about Ilyumzhinov, dated 3 February 200 1 , was at available on request. Make of it all what you will. Certainly there has been a big split in the United States over the question of what line the US should take about FIDE. Grandmaster Yasser Seirawan, one of America's strongest players and an active journalist and politician, has been very critical of the direction FIDE is taking and of what he sees as the US backing the wrong horse. On the whole, I am in agreement with Seirawan, but not in every detail. He's very critical that last year 's FIDE Congress decided to recognize a new chess federation in the Philippines, because he claimed this was letting Campomanes in by the back door. However, my sources in the Philippines tell me that's not the issue at all and that the new National Chess Federation of the Philippines (NCFP), has widespread support among players in that country. The Executive Director of the new federation, Roberto Pe Ang, wrote to me "Easy for Yasser to write about Philippine chess - he doesn't know what the players here had to endure under the former Philippine Chess Federation (PCF). The Zonal President, Ignatius Leong, came to the Philippines on the invitation of the NCFP and was shocked at the conditions here (remember, Leong used to be terribly anti Campomanes). The new Federation asked Campomanes to help in getting FIDE recognition - Campo was not the one who organized NCFP - it was GM Torre, GM Antonio and GM Villamayor and myself who did it acting on public clamor." The main issue about FIDE seems to me to be whether it is genuinely acting in the interests of the game and the players, or whether it is being hijacked by a few get-rich-quick merchants. The main changes that Ilyumzhinov and Co. are bringing about in the chess world may be beneficial to relatively small number of professional grandmasters, but will they benefit Joe S oap, rated 1 900? (Of course in the 1 980's the feeling was that FIDE was neglecting the interests of the professionals, and that is why the short-lived GMA was set up in those days.) The main changes FIDE is bringing about can be summarized as follows : (a) The knock-out World Championship; (b) The acceleration of play; (c) The setting up of FIDE Commerce; and (d) Drug testing and the Olympics issue. Some of these have already happened while others are pending and yet to make their impact. Nevertheless, the far-reaching decisions taken at last year ' s FIDE Congress are almost certainly irreversible even if, (as some allege) under FIDE statutes it was acting illegally. The fact remains the majority of delegates in Istanbul voted for the Ilyumzhinov package, and it's probably too late to cry

403

" l ou l " new

m uong

nuw ! I I would ha v e taken much greater organization and determi nation the co un t r i e s who are now complaining to stop the momentum of the f-II D E plan before it was too late. Let's look at the changes in tum.

World Championship
The knock-out world championship tournament was a reaction by FIDE to the fact Kasparov had walked away with the "official" title when he split from the organization to play Nigel Short for much more money than FIDE had been able to raise. So for a few years we had the unsatisfactory situation, like the world of boxing promotion, where there were several people claiming to be world champion on perfectly sound grounds. FIDE probably made the right choice in abandoning the old model, of long Candidates' matches and title matches, in favor of a more exciting Wimbledon style tournament capable of producing a winner within a few weeks. Anyway, for years, some people had been saying that we should have separate tournament and match world champions. Most sports are able to decide a new world champion every other year, if not annually, so why not chess? The problem with the old model is that it takes so long to play the old series of qualifying matches and then the final, and often then the final match has been a disappointment. Getting the money to pay for it has often been the serious problem too, as sponsors have sometimes been lacking for unpromising pairings. Grandmaster Shirov can testify to that. The first two knockout series did not command unanimous support. The first time it was because Karpov was seeded through to the final and did not have to take part in the burly-burly of the qualifying matches. Also it was a new concept, especially the rapid play-offs when the original two games didn' t produce a clear winner. People are getting more used t o this now including the players involved, although the feeling that it's something of a lottery still persists. The second knockout world championship series (Las Vegas) produced an unexpected winner, Khalifman, because the format suited his style very well, whereas several grandmasters rated higher than him either boycotted the event or were surprise losers in the preliminary stages. Of course it didn't help FIDE's credibility that several prize checks from Vegas bounced or were delayed in payment. Last year's championship, however, produced in Vishy Anand one of the accepted top three in the world, so that the main reservation about the event now is that the final was too short. The other two players in the top three, Kasparov and Kramnik, were of course busy elsewhere settling their own little world championship debate. So now we have two world champions: Anand (FIDE, "official" or "tournament" champion) and Kramnik (Brain Games, unofficial or "match" champion). To my mind, Kramnik is the one who has the better grounds for claiming to be the heir of Steinitz, the first 19th Century world champion

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Politics
from whom the "apostolic succession" of world champions is traced. However, I prefer to say that the throne of Steinitz is currently unoccupied and I think most chess players would like to see a unification match between Anand and Kramnik to decide the undisputed world champion.

The Time Limits

The acceleration of play is the next item on FIDE's agenda. The rate of play that was traditional in master chess was 40 moves in 2Yz hours per player, after which the game continued (with or without an adjournment) at the rate of 1 6 moves per hour. This leisurely pace gave ample time for deep thinkers to probe very deeply into the secrets of the positions they were playing. It put a premium on youth and the ability to maintain a high level of concentration for long periods, and even so players got into time trouble so that they could enjoy the adrenaline rush of having to make the last 1 2 moves in two minutes at the end of a five-hour session. However, with adjournments being phased out to prevent analysis by computer, the duration required to complete a long game within one playing session has just become too much. Moreover, at the traditional rate of play there is very little prospect of attracting spectator interest or new sponsorship in this era of rapid response. Something had to be done about this of course. In practice in most events in recent years had been played at faster rates with or without a "quick-play" finish, where the final phase of the game is played more rapidly than the earlier moves. The introduction of the "Fischer" clock, where a few seconds are added on for each move made, makes this kind of finish more acceptable than the old style "allegro" where a player has a finite amount of time to complete the game. So clearly the new rapid time limits proposed by FIDE (which will be enforced for their own events) are a step in the right direction, but - and it's a big but perhaps they have gone too far, as the new rates do look extremely fast if you have been used to forty moves in 2Yz hours. The rates announced by the FIDE Board to apply from now on in official FIDE events are as follows: 40 moves in 75 minutes, rest of the moves in 1 5 minutes, each move additional 30 seconds. According to this decision, the time for a player will be: for a game of 40 moves, 1 hour 35 minutes; for a game of 50 moves, 1 hour 55 minutes; for a game of 60 moves, 2 hours; for a game of 80 moves, 2 hours I 0 minutes; for a game of 1 00 moves, 2 hours 2 0 minutes. Personally, for selfish reasons, I favor the changes. As an old-stager who would probably find sessions of five hours or more very hard to take nowadays, I have to welcome the speed-up. In fact, with my aggressive (and, let's face it, probably shallow) style of play, I think I would have done much better in my main over the-board playing years had these new FIDE time controls been in effect then. Probably, or maybe I am deceiving myself, I could have reached 2450 standard
405

Polltlt!i'
and I nternational M aster Tit l e if it had n ot been poss i b l e for my opponents to consume large quantities of time finding the hidden tlaw in my inspired but slightly incorrect attacks. So here's the rub. As faster time limits we can expect different types of player to prosper. Chess, a game of thought, will become more "sporty." Gambits and other sharp openings, until now relegated to blitz tournaments, will become viable in master play again. It's not all bad news though; rapid time limits also favor the player with superior endgame technique and I am all in favor of that.

What surprises me is how much amateur chess is still played at slow time limits although master chess is speeding up. In the Leinster leagues, here in Ireland, we play a session of three and a half hours (at the rate of 35 moves in 1 hour 45 minutes) and then adjourn; is this the last form of chess where adjournments survive? You may have to give up a whole second evening to complete a game. It's crazy ! In weekend tournaments, which often involve two and sometimes three games in a day, it must be right to reduce the length of playing sessions. As things stand, you might have to play 1 2 hours or more in one day. GM Alex Baburin tells me he is thinking of refusing to play any event where one might be required to play for more than eight hours in the day; that seems very reasonable. Younger professionals trying to make their living from play may support FIDE. For example, GM Alexander Grischuk (interviewed by Baburin last October), said "I believe that we need rapid chess and use the same system as in tennis one match a day, perhaps the whole match should take up to 4 hours . . . FIDE is on the way up, particularly with organizing tournaments . . . ". However, a key motive in FIDE's move to cut playing times is most probably not the comfort and wallets of the grandmasters, but the limited patience and attention threshold of a potential Internet audience for chess events. Not everyone is happy, though. Many of them don't like decisions taken by the FIDE Board in Teheran a few weeks after the Istanbul conference, but they should have considered the implications sooner. GM Hans Ree, in his November 2000 Chess Cafe column "The End Of Chess?", made the point that llyumzhinov adopted a shrewd strategy. He threatened the federations with some really drastic proposals, and then watered them down so that what they were actually asked to vote on (which is what he really wanted) seemed to them to be a concession. One of the abandoned proposals mooted earlier last year would have given FIDE greater control over its constituent federations and the tournaments they organized. After that, the time control changes might seem rather mild. It seems to me that a certain A. Hitler in the last century was accustomed to hoodwink his opponents in similar fashion. Most federations don' t have a professional organization and secretariat, while others are divided politically; thus they are easily manipulated. I recommend that you re-read Ree's lucid exposition of the issues as they stood a few months ago [provided elsewhere in this book - Ed. ], since subsequent events are proving him right.
406

l'tlitic.
The Dutch and German Chess Federations have now entered a protest against the new time control, which they say (exaggerating) will make "rapid chess the official form of chess" and they also complain about the undermining of FIDE's zonal structure. Egon Ditt, President of the German Chess Federation, issued a press release last January 2 1 stating that his federation supports the objection already lodged by The Chess Federation of the Netherlands. They claim that the FIDE Board is not authorized to take a decision about time controls, saying that "only the General Assembly of FIDE, that will meet in autumn 2002 in B led/ Slovenia, after a thorough discussion concerning the future of chess can take a decision reaching that far and touching the core and the level of chess. The federation asks the President of FIDE to cancel the decision and to put the issue on the agenda of General Assembly in Bled 2002 . . . It is the position of the German Chess Federation that the decision of the FIDE Board is not valid, because the Statutes of FIDE do not cover it. The time control as defined in the FIDE handbook still has to be applied." More on whether the FIDE Board exceeded its powers was available, at this writing,
on

a special page at the "The Week In Chess" website, www.chesscenter.com/twicl timerate.html. FIDE's own press releases can be read at www.fide. com/release/

if you have the stomach for it. Now let's move on to the next topic.

FIDE Commerce
This is the development in FIDE that gives me the greatest cause for concern. Essentially, at the 2000 FIDE Congress in Istanbul, delegates of the world's chess nations, voted to hand over financial control of the game (or sport) to a company called FIDE Commerce pic . FIDE Commerce, based in London, was set up in 1 999, and is run by Artium Tarasov, a Russian associate of llyumzhinov, who has the right to live and work in Britain. I know nothing of his background, except the April 1 999 FIDE release which described him as "A prominent Russian businessman . . . the first legal millionaire in Russia and a former deputy of the State Duma for Moscow Central." Some critics of FIDE argue that the President has subsidized chess in the short run but expects to make a lot of money out of it in the long run. FIDE Commerce is to be the means by which he will do so. As Ree pointed out, the privatization move means that even if Ilyumzhinov were to be deposed as FIDE President, or just decided he did not want to do the j ob any more, he could still retain control and a financial interest through FIDE Commerce, which has the rights to exploit the FIDE chess world championship etc. until 20 1 7 , with an option for a further ten years ! Personally, I find it hard to see how anybody is going to make a fortune out of chess, but in this "dotcom" era maybe it's possible. The webcasts from recent events such as Kasparov v Kramnik show that chess on the Internet can be made interesting with advertising revenue possibly to be generated from the websites. Nevertheless, it is hard to see chess catching on with a mass audience

407

Pnlllics

since it requires a fair level of intelli gence and understanding to know what is
going on. On January 30, a press release reached me from London. It began: "Octagon Marketing has won exclusive rights from FIDE Commerce (the commercial and marketing arm of the Federation Intemationale Des Echecs - FIDE), to capitalize on the commercial potential of chess worldwide over the next three years . .. Octagon Marketing will focus on developing the widespread opportunities that exist, from both a commercial and structural perspective. "A new tournament structure will establish an annual World Chess Championship of 1 28 players in December with a series of Grand Prix events for the top 32 world players being played throughout the year, delivering a clearly identifiable and undisputed Grand Prix and World Champion for Chess." Artiom Tarasov, president of FIDE Commerce Ltd stated, "We are delighted to confirm this partnership with Octagon Marketing. We are confident that Octagon's expertise in developing and managing sporting properties and players through their worldwide network, will ensure the enhanced structural, operational and financial position of our sport." According to the release, "Although, the new alliance will develop the role of the existing sports men and women via this new tournament structure, Octagon Marketing and FIDE Commerce will also target the Internet to attract, reach and unite the millions of chess players around the world." Next they quoted the President of FIDE, Kirsan Ilyurnzhinov, whom they described as the elected president of the Republic of Kalmykia. K.irsan said, "I am pleased that world chess has found a partner to work alongside FIDE to develop the enormous potential that the sport of chess possesses. Our game is one of the oldest in the world, and we look forward to nurturing and building it into a truly modem sport in the new millennium." Octagon Marketing has already worked with FIDE in organizing the Sydney Olympic Athletes' Chess Exhibition. The event took place last September, following the IOC's official recognition of FIDE as the supreme body responsible for the game of chess. Octagon is the sports marketing and entertainment division of The lnterpublic Group (NYSEIPG), one of the world's largest advertising and marketing communications groups. Octagon says it employs over

1 ,400 people in 1 9 countries on all major continents.

So, like it or not, the ball is rolling now. Many will welcome this as a long overdue professionalization of chess organization after some of the mistakes of the past (like the much-touted FIDE move to Greece which never happened), but skeptics will see it as the thin end of the wedge. As an Oxford philosophy graduate, I am always inclined to skepticism. T here is one aspect about the time controls and FIDE commerce that in particular makes me a bit suspicious. Administering the new time controls properly will really require all these events to

be played with digital clocks in order to add on the time increments correctly
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PtJlitic."
every

t i me the c lock is pressed in the rapid finish. It's very hard, but perhaps not

impossible, to construct a mechanical clock to do this. At present most people are still using mechanical clocks. In fact in four decades of playing chess, I have never once played a game with a digital clock. Clearly this is something I am going to have to get used to and so are a lot of other players . Clubs and tournaments organizers in the next few years will be purchasing digital clocks in large numbers and makers of mechanical chess clocks will be going out of business. So if you are wondering where the big payoff is coming for FIDE, maybe you should not be asking which companies are going to sponsor chess events now that they will be played more quickly, instead you should be wondering what backhanders are coming FIDE ' s way from the inventors and makers of digital clocks?

Drugs in Chess
The final element of the new FIDE agenda is Ilyumzhinov's attempt to bring chess into the Olympic movement. Apparently he has already had discussions with Juan Antonio Samaranch and is confident that sooner or later chess will become part of the program for the Winter Olympics. Chess hasn' t been in the Olympics since the 1 920s, and getting it back there has long been a dream of chess administrators in many countries. Especially so, because Olympic recognition for your sport is in many countries very important (if not absolutely essential) for obtaining state funds. So another piece of the jigsaw falls into place. National federations which might see very little to gain from other FIDE proposals which largely affect professional players, because they may not have any in their country, are probably precisely those which are desperately in need of the flow of funds which Olympic recognition would bring. I think this must be the explanation why so many countries have backed Ilyumzhinov, even if they have reservations about him, his colleagues and his other policies. If he can deliver the Olympics he is a hero. However there is a snag. The obstacle to getting chess into the Olympics used to

be professionalism. Even Joe Soap with his 1 900 rating might win a cash prize
in the intermediate section of his local weekend chess congress. This would have disqualified him in the old days from taking part in amateur sport (if chess were regarded as a sport). In the 1 980s this all changed. The old amateur ethos was done away with in athletics, which has always been the sport of the Olympic program. Since then, other professional sports such as tennis and baseball have got into the Olympics. Nowadays the Olympic movement doesn' t exactly have an untarnished reputation, what with the bribery scandal over the awarding of the 2002 winter Olympics and revelations about positive drugs tests being suppressed at some previous Olympic Games .

409

Politic., Of course t h e se are all physical sports and chess isn ' t, strictly speaking, althoug h it is very hard for physically unfit people to do well in master tournaments. However, Samaranch apparently doesn ' t see this as a problem; in many countries chess is seen as a sport. The price however is that any Olympic sport must have a drug-testing policy, even if nobody yet has invented any drug (other than caffeine) which is any benefit to chess players. The first drug-testing at a chess event apparently was done on the winners of an Italian tournament in 1 999, and it is going to be a regular occurrence at international chess events soon.

For example, a Dutch master who tried beta-blockers, to reduce tension in time trouble, reported that they made him play worse. "I could see my position was deteriorating but it wasn't a problem." Survival in a crisis requires the adrenaline that the drug prevents. Likewise, alcohol, cannabis, etc. are known to impair chess performance while other drugs that are tested for in other sports (steroids and so on) are hardly relevant to chess since they only affect musculature and the ability to train more intensively. The main concern seems to be about drugs like ephedrine, which may be in over-the-counter medicines and could cause a player to fail a test even if they don't help chess performance. So if you are going to a FIDE event, make sure you don't buy such medicines, and bring a doctor's certificate for whatever prescription medicines you are taking, and give this to the tournament organization at the start of the event. Some players and chess writers have just seen the drugs issue as a bit of a joke. However, the British Chess Federation is taking it seriously and devotes a page to the matter in the latest issue of its publication Chess Notes. They point out that at present there is to be no out-of competition testing. I think we shall just have to see how this one evolves, and maybe get back to it later.

Conclusion
Having thought extensively about, and now aired, what seem to be the main issues about FIDE's changes to chess, I find myself in an unclear position: I am in favor of some changes, and suspicious of, or dead against, others. However, that is what chess mastery is about, isn't it - carrying on regardless in an unclear position ! (February 2001)

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Generis

41 1

The Horse Concoction

Tim Krabbe
In its first issue of the year 2000, the Dutch

Probleemblad nominated 32

compositions in eight categories for "problem (or study) of the millennium." Among the nominees, there was a guy I ' ve been coming across in the streets and the cafes of Amsterdam all my life: Harry Goldsteen, now 62 years old. Alongside names like Saavedra, Kasparyan, Mansfield, Yarosh, Visserman, Loshinsky and Loyd, this was of course a great honor, but then, in his field, Goldsteen is a living legend. That field is

retrograde analysis, although Goldsteen

has covered other grounds as well: practical and composed endgames, sometimes even coarse subjects like middle games. But whatever arouses his passion, he is always an incredibly deep analyst, and he never uses a computer. When for instance I thought I understood the phenomenon of the

rambling rook (my term

for the rook that keeps giving checks and cannot be taken on account of stalemate), Goldsteen sent me a 30-page manuscript about one particular rambling rook that proved to me I understood next to nothing about the subject. All of his enthusiasms yield similar manuscripts. Around the time of his nomination, I had once again bumped into him in a busy shopping street. One of his more agreeable sides is that he will not waste time over

How are you's and I am fine 's, but that he will immediately talk business.

In this case, he answered my "Hi, Harry !" with: "Have you ever wondered whether

it would be possible to stalemate ten knights?" He had just finished a new problem he called

The Horse Concoction, and while people with their arms full of

packages were bumping into us, he phrased the task: "Take an empty board. Put white pawns on b3, b6, h4 and h7, and a white queen on fl . Now add ten black knights, both kings, and the necessary material to enable White to stalemate Black in one move, and B lack to win after any other move. " I had n o clue, but I was lucky that Goldsteen agreed t o spend a n afternoon with me, in which he explained the history of the Horse Concoction, and the Horse Concoction itself. (But he had forgotten to bring the satchel of black knights that he had prepared.) At this point I must warn the reader that in my account of that afternoon, however brief, we will be removed as far as is humanly possible from what an ordinary chessplayer might innocently think that chess is. The Horse Concoction is a development of an idea that began in 1 935 with a problem by the Danish composer Niels Hoeg.

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Sui lleneri.f

Add ten white rooks; B lack mates in I

N. Htieg, 1 935

Retrograde-analysis will prove that these rooks can only stand on a l , a2, a7, b4, c l , c2, c5, c7, d7 and fl, allowing B lack to mate with

't\'xb4.

In the last few years this old idea, where all the pawns of one or even both sides promote to one kind of piece, had been taken up again by the Dane Henrik Joel and the Dutchman Guus Rol - first with bishops, then with knights. And when Goldsteen saw Rol' s latest version of an earlier composition by Juel, something unusual happened to him: he was jealous. He was just pissed off that he hadn't thought of Joel 's and Rol's ten-knight problem (add ten black knights to a given position so that White can mate in one), and so he formulated the audacious idea that he told me in the street: stalemate ten black knights ! And let Black win if White doesn' t. We return to the initial position of Goldsteen's problem.

First the stalemate. Clearly, as many knights as possible must be pinned: eight, along all the diagonal and orthogonal lines the black king stands on. This means there must be eight pinning pieces; at least three promoted ones. That leaves two other knights to be bridled. One of them will be captured with the stalemating move, but the tenth knight can only be stalemated by being j amme d. That can only happen on a comer square (the geometry of the chessboard forbids other squares; they would necessitate jamming knights on squares where they could

413

not a l l he pinned ) and this i n turn means that both squ ares u k n ight 's j u m p away
from the corner square, must also be occupied by kn ig h ts. Therefore, a8 and a I are impossible. Square h8 also being impossible is the result of i ncredibly complex considerations (Goldsteen spent a month and a half on this problem; 'Not much, for me. ' ) that would be beyond the scope of even this article. B ut in the bottom right comer square, it can be done. And proudly, and with many thanks to Harry Goldsteen, I hereby announce the international debut of his

Horse Concoction .

White is in check; With

1.'/txel he can stalemate B lack. A sight to be savored.

The first question that arises is whether the diagrammed position is legally possible. That is where the retrograde analysis comes in. B lacks has ten knights, so all of his pawns must have promoted. Therefore, his b- and h-pawns must each have captured at least once. As there are thirteen White pieces remaining, this leaves one other capture for Black. Black's remaining eleven pieces leave five captures in White ' s past. With two of them, his b- and h-pawns became doubled - therefore he has three past captures which, together with the remaining capture by Black, should explain that the white c2-f2 pawns and the black c7-f7 pawn could have passed each other on the way to their promotion squares. That is easily possible, but as we have four white bishops of the dark squares, we still have to explain that at least three white pawns have promoted on black squares. Is that possible? Just. Black has captured dxe at one point, and White cxd, and

exd

fxg;

precisely enough for three white bishop promotions on d8, and one

queen promotion on g8. B ut why so much trouble, one might ask, to promote to bishops ; wouldn' t queens have helped j ust as well in the stalemating?

They could have promoted on white

squares just as well. Sure, but we mustn't forget the second part of the stipulation: if White does not stalemate, B lack must win. And with a queen instead of even one of White ' s bishops, B lack could not do that. So that is that. The position is possible, White can stalemate, and we now tum to B lack's task of winning after any other move than

1 . xel .

In fact, White only

has one: Vli'h2. The way in which the nine remaining horses, all of whom were pinned only a moment ago, now break loose massively, is almost as

414

Sui Generis

impressive us t he whole Horse Concoction itself. Black plays 1 ... {3!, a move we would be tempted to call silent if we didn' t hear the deafening whinnying of
the four knights that are now unpinned. than at move 1 2. The main variation is: would also have followed

4Jxfl

mate is threatened, and after

extensive analysis, Goldsteen has concluded that White will be mated no later

2. xd3+ g4!! (That beautiful move 2.xf2+) 3.hxg3+ hxg3 4. xg3+ 2xg3 s:xg3+ xg3 6.'(it xel 2f3+ 7.g2 xet+ 8.xf2 dc2 9.J}.xgS.
Seven knights have now perished, but the remaining three have concocted a

mate :

9 ... d3+ 10.g2 eel+ l l .h2 eS 12 ... {3.

and mate next move by

There are numerous side variations. (December 2000)

415

( * = posit ion on l y )
Adams, M . 1 08 Alden 52* Alekhine, A. 207, 2 1 5 , 309 Allwermann, C. 1 1 , 1 2* Almeida 1 00 J\nand, V. 49* , 370 Bade 52* Ball, L. 1 1 8 Beliavsky, A . 1 02 Benko, P. 29 1 Berger 1 8, 63* Bernstein, 0. 5 1 * Bier 1 04 Bischoff, K . 335* Blatny, P. 1 07, 379 B lumenthal 332 Bolbocban, Julio 349* Bologan, V. 3 80* Bosboom, M. 3* Botvinnik, M. 74* , 270*, 272* Bouwmeester, H. 3 8 6 Boyce, J. 3 1 Bronstein, D . 5 1 *, 305 Burkett, M. 26 Burlyaev 3 8 B urn , A. 1 60, 1 62, 1 64, 1 65, 1 66, 1 68 , 1 69, 1 7 1 , 1 74, 1 79, 1 80, 1 8 1 , 1 88 Capablanca, J. R. 5 1 *, 76*, 207, 210 Chekarov, V. 54* Cheron, A. 71 * Chigorin, M. 3 1 9 Christiansen, L. 47 * Cifuentes 66* Ciocaltea, V. 1 0 1 Cohn, E . 1 88 Csulits 52* Davies, N. 22 Delchev, A. 379 Detthow, B. 1 09 "Dogswellington" 1 5 3 * Donchenko 74*

Dun ner.

J. If . .l59,..

E h l vc s t , J . I H6

Euwe, M. 67* , 308 Fahrni,

H. 1 92*

Fehling 337* Fischer, R. J. 73*, 349 * Forsberg, B. 29 Forster, R. 395 Gallagher, J. 1 87 Galliamova, A. 385 Garcia 1 00 Giacopelli 1 2 * Gip slis, A . 29 Gligoric, S. 48 Goldsteen, H. 4 1 3 * , 4 1 4* Grave, P. 3 1 Grigoriev 46 Grigoriev, N. 304* Griinfeld, E. 23 1 Harding, T. 3 1 Hausner 34 Havasi, K. 2 1 2 Hebden, M . 1 03 Herbrechtsmeier, C. 1 02 Herbstmann, A. 49* H<>eg, N. 4 1 3 Hoffman 36 Holst 99 Hrivnak 99 Hromadka 340* Ilic, L. 3 8 1 Illescas, M. 1 86 Ivanchuk, 'f. 368, 370 Janowski, D. 207 Jensen, A. 24 Jirovsky, M. 1 24 Joshi 1 07 Kalandadze, V. 5 2 * Kalinichev 1 1 Karlov 65 * Karpov, A. 36, 47* , 300, 339* Kasanen 338* Kasparov, G 3*, 4, 72*, 77*, 300, 339* Kasparyan, G. 5 5 *

416

Keres, P. 270 * , 272* Khal i fman, A. 74*

Khenkin 65 * Kochiev 46* Kolikshtein 336* Korchnoi, V. 269* , 3 8 1 , 385, 395 Koskinen 338* Kotkov 339* Kotlerman 63 * Kotov, A. 74*, 1 24 * Kramnik, V. 49* , 7 2 * , 7 7 * , 3 7 1 Krasenkov, M. 1 4, 399 Kubbel, L. 49* , 54* Kuznetsov 339* Langeweg 66* Larsen, B . 1 8, 22, 56, 304 Lasker, Ed. 76* Lautier,

N apier, W. 3 1 9

Neidig, S . 1 24 Neishtadt, Y. 29, 34, 3 8 Neustadt! 2 6 Nilsson 5 2 * Nimzovitch, A. 77*, 1 87, Ninkovic 3 8 N.N. 45 * , 1 1 8, 143, 1 45, 1 46, 334*, 345 * Nogueiras, J. 4 1 , 335* Norman, G. M . 47 Nunn, J. 1 02 Nyffenegger, U. 35 Oim, T. 22 Osterberg 99 Owen, J. 1 58 , 1 60, 1 62, 1 64, 1 65 , 1 66, 1 68, 1 69, 1 7 1 , 1 74, 1 79, 1 80, 181 Pachman, L . 340* Panikovsky 46 Paulsen, L. 1 04, 329 Perlis, J. 1 84 Petrosian, T. 3 1 0 Pirc, V. 48 Podhorzer, D. 23 1 Polgar, J. 1 08 Polgar, Sofia 386 Prasad 1 07 "R." 1 5 3 * Razvaliev 3 3 6 * Razuvajev 47* Reicher 1 0 1 Reynolds, R. I l l Rongguang, Y. 1 00 Rossolimo, N. 334* Rotlewi, G. 1 92 * Rubinstein, A. 2 1 7 Ruetschi, U . 3 3 7 * Sackmann, F. 5 3 * Sadde, C. I 09 Sakaev, K. 379 "Sally" 1 42, 1 43 , 145, 146 Salwe, G. 1 87 Sax, G. 3 1 6 Scherzer 72*

J. 78*, 380*

Lawless 26 Lepre, L. 35 Leriche 99 Levenfish, G. 1 87 Liberzon, V. 3 1 0 Likavsky, T. 379 Ljubojevic, L. 48 Loyd, s. 5 3 * Lupi, F. 309 Lupu 1 05 Mannheimer 45 * Marin 63 * Marshall, F. 29 Marusenko, P. I 03 Maurian 330 Matisons, H. 2 1 0, 2 1 1 * , 2 1 2, 2 1 3 * , 2 1 4*, 2 1 5 , 2 1 7 Matrisch 3 8 McGunnigle 332 Mestrovic 47 * Mikenas, V. 5 1 * Miles, A. 43 , 1 05 , 380* Milner-Barry, S . 29 Morgado, J. 22 Morphy, P. 1 5 8, 330 Muller 71 *, 336 Najdorf, M . 1 24 *

417

Schlechter, K . 26, I K4
S..:hnci dcr. I I . N

Schultz, D. 345 * Seeshar,

Oott sdm l l 7 7 T. 2K Wal l i nger, M. 37

Von Von Scheve,

J. 1 42

Walther, E. 73*

Seres 1 00 Shinkman, W. A. 5 3 * Shirov, A. 1 5 , 64 * , 75*, 7 8 * , 1 07, 398 Short, N. 38 1 * , 382 Simkhovich, F. 50* Slovinianu 63* Smyslov, V. 100 Somlai 72* Spassky, B . 269* , 304, 305 Spielmann, R. 3 3 6 Steinitz, W. 329 Strobel 7 1 * Suba, M . 3 1 6 Suetin, A. 43 Sulava, N. 3 8 1 *, 3 8 2 Sulskis 102 Svensson, E. 37 Svidler, P. 37 1 Szentra 1 14 Tal, M. 46* , 29 1 , 294 Tartakower, S. 28 Terentiev, S. 1 87 Thiele 1 1 4 Thomas, G. 29 Tietz, V. 26 Timman, J. 48, 1 00 Timoschenko, G 3 6 Tolksdorf, H. 37 Topalov, V. 4, 64* , 75* Tretyakov 47* Trichkov 1 00 Troianescu, 0. 359* Unzicker, W. 56 Uschold,

Weber 34 Winston, H. 1 1 1 Woh1, Aleks 4 1 Wolff, P. 68* Yanofsky, A . 67* Yusupov, A. 368 Zagorovsky, V. 24 Zaiser, P. 3 1 Zarske, J. 36, 39 Zhuravlev 47*

J. 37

Van Room, P. 308 Van Wely, L. 14, 1 5 , 1 00, 398, 399 Vasyukov, E. 294 Vidmar, M. 47 Virtmanis, A. 54* Volkovich 34

418

Accrs. J ude 30 Achieving the Aim 27 1 , 272, 277, 284 Adams, Edward Z. 335 Adams, Michael 98, 1 08- 1 09, 144 Advanced chess 369-370 Age, The 140 Agon{a de un genio 309 Akopian, Vladimir 8 Albertson, Bruce 87 Alden 52 Alekhine, Alexander 4, 26, 85, 87, 1 1 1 , 1 28- 1 29, 307-3 1 0, 325, 333, 348 Alexander Alekhine s Chess Games, 1902-1946 333 Ali, Muhammad 27 1 Allwerman, Clemens 1 0- 1 2, 373 Almeida 1 00 Almrot 325 Amaral, Luciano I l l American Chess Bulletin 1 94, 1 95 , 205 American Chess Journal 1 93, 207 Amos Bum, the Quiet Chessmaster 1 59 Amsterdam T elegraaf 1 94, 1 95 Anand, Viswanathan 2-4, 7, 9, 1 3 , 49, 1 08, 1 1 4, 1 29, 269, 270, 308, 322, 370, 392, 404-406 Anderssen, Adolf 290, 3 1 9, 329 Andersson, Ulf 393 Ang, Robert Pe 403 anti-Semitism 9, 229-230, 233, 238239, 354 Antonio, Rogelio 403 Apsienieks, Fricis 2 1 2 Amason 323 Article 10 (FIDE rule) 1 1 4- 1 1 9, 1 3 1 , 206, 368-369 Art of Chess Analysis, The 365 Australian Chess Forum 140, 147 Averbakh, Yuri 73, 247, 264, 275, 277-279, 288, 334 Avery, Dan 86

Avni, A matzia M7,

336

Azmaiparashvili, Zurab 378, 383 Baburin, Alexander 135, 1 36, 1 39,

406
Bade 52 Baden-Baden 1925 320 Bailey, Kevin 97 Bakker, Ineke 24 1 Ball, Laurence 1 1 8 Bangiev 325 Barbero 324 B arden, Leonard 267, 286 Barua 22, 1 3 6 Basman, Michael 40 Batsford Books 328, 348-355 Baturinsky, Viktor 247 Bavarian Chess Federation 373 Beating the French 1 1 3 Beethoven, Ludwig van 222, 258 Beliavsky, Alexander 102, 1 03, 324, 377 Benko, Pal 73, 76, 29 1 -292, 363 Beria, Lavrente 24 1 , 277 Berger 63-65 Berger, Bela 1 8 - 1 9, 2 1 Berger tables 205 Berman, Clarence 87 Bernstein, Ossip 5 1 Best Move, The 365 Betins, Karlis 2 1 5 Bhatia, Kanwal 1 04 Bier 1 04 Bilguer, Paul 1 8 Bischoff, Klaus 335 Bishop s Opening, The 1 8, 25, 33, 37 Bishop versus Knight: The V erdict 315 Blackbume, Joseph 308, 329 Blake, J. H. 1 59 Blatny, Pavel 1 07, 379 Blumenthal, M. D. 332 Bobby Fischer I Knew and Other Stories, The 239, 345 Boden, Samuel 20, 24

419

Bodleian l .i hrury 1 7
B oersma, Pau l 3 M 5

Bogart, Mary 90 Bogolyubov, Efim 205-207, 253,

27 1 , 307
Bohatirchuk, Feodor 268 , 269, 277 Boleslavsky, Isaac 1 8, 27 1 , 276,

277
Bolbochan, Julio 349, 350 Bologan, Victor 66, 3 80 Bondarevsky, Igor 303 Book, Eero 325, 326 Borik 325 Bosboom, Manuel 2 Botvinnik, Mikhail 74, 87, 227, 245, 247, 250, 252-254, 258-26 1 , 265-29 1 , 293, 297, 298, 304, 306308, 3 17, 3 1 8, 365 Bourdonnais, Louis Charles de Ia

1 7 1 , 329
Bouwmeester, Hans 3 86 B oyce, J. 3 1 Braveheart 342 Brett, Jeremy 228 Brezhnev, Leonid 242 British Chess Federation (BCF) 56,

283, 3 1 8, 392, 4 1 0 British Chess Magazine (BCM) 1 59, 282, 30 1 , 327, 348 Brockman, Roland 1 22 Bron, Vladimir 2 1 1 Bronstein, David 5 1 , 85, 269, 27 1 , 275-279, 289, 290, 305, 335, 355 Bronstein mode 1 20 Brophy, Donna 94 B rowne, Walter 42, 255 Bryson 323 Budiman, T. 1 3 1 Budzinski, Glen 321 Buljovic 335 Burgess, Graham 350, 35 1 , 353, 355 Burkett, Max 26, 30 Burn, Amos 1 5 8- 1 82, 1 88- 1 90 Caddyshack 142

Calc de Ia Rcgcncc 1 57 Cafferty, Bernard 282, 2M3, 2M6-28M Camaratta, Frank 346-347 Campbell, J. F. 1 28 Campomanes, Florencio 343, 344, 347, 402, 403 Capablanca 2 1 9 Capablanca, Jose 4, 5 1 , 76, 8 7 , 88, 90, 9 1 , 108, 1 94, 195, 1 97-207, 2092 1 1 , 2 1 9-228, 234, 248-250, 253 , 260, 269, 27 1 , 302, 307, 308, 336 Capablanca, Olga 2 1 9-228 Capablanca 's Last Chess Lectures 220 Capote, Truman 344 Caro, Horatio 39 Castle, The 1 47 Cave, The 44 Chajes, Oscar 1 84 Chandler, Murray 2 1 , 87 Charlemagne 236 Charushin, Victor 343 Chase, Chevy 142 Chekarov, V. 54 Chernev, Irving 86, 87 Chernin, Alex 48, 56 Cheron, Andre 7 1 , 366 CHESS (a.k.a. Chess Monthly) 1 44, 266-268, 274, 285 ChessBase (computer software) 3334, 76, 80, 3 1 4, 350-355 ChessBase Magazine 15, 337 Chess Braintwisters 363 Chess Curiosities (web-site) 45, 328 Chess Diary (web-site) 283 CHESSDON 343-348 Chess Endgame Lessons 13, 76 Chess Explorations 2 19, 333 Chess Mail 17 Chess Life 87, 268-270, 274, 279, 280, 285, 286, 355, 363, 364 Chess Life & Review 364, 365 Chess Notes 2 1 9, 220, 354, 4 1 0 Chess Olympiads 2 1 1 Chess Pieces 237

420

Clw.u Rcview 2J2. 2.\(J, :B I Chess Under the Mic:roscope 34 1 343 Chessworld 140, 220 Chicago White Sox 289 Chigorin, Mikhail 306, 3 1 9 Chopin, Frederick 222, 258 Christiansen, Larry 47 Chukovsky, Komey 294 Churchill, Winston 344 Cifuentes 66 Cimmino 25 Ciocaltea, Victor 1 0 1 - 1 02 City of London Chess Magazine 1 59, 1 64- 1 67, 1 79 Cohn, Eric 1 8 8- 1 92 Coles, R. N. 159
Commonwealth Chess Federation

De Kon i ng

44

Delchev, A. 42, 379, 380 Denker, Arnold 239, 345, 346 Denomee, Pierre 1 1 5

1 36 Complete Defense to 1 P-K4, A 28 Complete Dragon, The 325 Comprehensive Chess Course 290 Connery, Sean 305 Conquest, Stuart 377 Correa, Claudio I 09 Correspondence Chess World 17 Correspondence Chess Yearbook 25 Cozens, W. H. 348 Crisovan 335 Csulits 52 "Cunningham" 332 Curdo, John 1 05 Dadian, Prince of Mingrelia 333 Danger ln Chess 336 Das Zentrum in der Schachpartie 336 Dautov, Rustem 1 3 Davies, Nigel 22, 23 De Amsterdammer 333 De Bruycker 4 1 , 44 Debussy, Claude 223 De Firmian, Nick 1 09- 1 1 1 Detthow, Bo 1 09- 1 1 1 Deeper Blue (computer) 369 De Gaulle, Charles 239

De nugis curialium 237 De 1ijd 356 Detroit Free Press 53 Deutsche Schachzeitung 53, 333 De Volkskrant 356 De Weger, Richard 355, 361 De Vreugt, Dennis 397 Diemer, Emil 356 Distl 333 Dixon, Phil 98 Dokhoian, Yuri 369 Dolmatov, Sergei 56 Donaldson, John 87 Donchenko 74 Donner, Jan Hein 45, 25 1 , 355-361 Dorfman, Iosif 29 Doyle, Steven 299 Dreev, Alexei 56 drug testing 3 83-385, 393, 409-4 1 0 Durie 324 Dutch Chess Federation 244 , 384, 385, 407 Dvojris 322 Dvoretsky, Mark 55, 63, 65 , 76, 85, 87, 328, 332, 35 1 Dzindzichashvili, Roman 3 1 0 Ehlvest, Jan 1 86 Einstein, Albert 56 Elgendy, Hesham 1 29 El Pais 400 Elseviers W eekblad 356 Emrns, Jonathan 76, 327-34 1 Encyclopaedia of Chess 2 1 2 Encyclopedia of Chess Openings, The (ECO) 36, 366 Endgame Preparation 1 23 Enklaar, Bert 24 1 En Passant 372 Escafre, Stephane 1 3 1 Essener Allgemeine Zeitung 194 Estrin, Yakov 34, 38, 365

42 1

Euw. M a x 10, 1 1 . 17, 67, ti'J, 1 0 1 , 2 1 2. 2 1 X, 227, 22M, 21M-265 , 279, 284, 307, 308, 343, 356-358, 402 Euwe-Sosonko Match 240 Evans, Larry M. 33, 87, 268-270, 272-275, 280, 285, 286, 344, 349, 353-355, 360, 365 Eventov 37 Fahrni, Hans 192, 1 93 Fehling, M. 337
FIDE (Fcderation Internationale des Echecs) 17, 1 14, 1 1 5, 1 20- 1 24, 1 26,

1 32, 1 35, 1 3 8 , 1 40, 209, 2 1 1 , 240-247, 255, 257, 262, 264, 274, 276-279, 28 1 , 282, 29 1 , 303, 343, 344, 347, 348, 355, 372, 374, 376, 378, 379, 389394, 396, 397, 399-410 FID E Commerce 3 89, 390, 397, 399, 400, 402, 403, 407, 408 Field, The 1 6 1 , 1 62, 1 64, 1 74, 1 801 82, 3 1 9 Fierro, Martha and Elsie 392 50-move rule 1 23- 1 26 Fighting Fajarowicz. The 1 7 Fire o n Board 7 8 First Amateur Chess Olympiad, The 211 Fischer clock/mode/modus 14, 1 1 91 22, 374, 405 FischerRandom chess 1 3 Fischer, Robert J. (Bobby) 9 , 1 0, 40, 73, 82, 85, 88, 238, 239, 242, 243, 245-247, 25 1 , 254, 27 1 , 28 1 , 288, 293 , 302, 303, 305-308, 323, 344, 346, 348-356, 359, 364 Fiske, Daniel 1 57 Flamberg 323 Flanagan, Michael 1 1 2 Flear, Glen 326 Flohr, Salo 245, 248 , 252, 256, 260, 262, 27 1 , 272, 276 Foldeak, Arpad 2 1 1 , 332 Ford, Harri son 44 Forsberg, Bruno 29

1 28, 2 1 9, 267, 298, 369, 392,

1 5M , I M2. '27, .N5 Frcm/'urttr A llgntwim Ztillmg 400 Fried, Sidney 363-366 Fritz (computer program) 38, 1 30, 1 83, 372 From Russia With Love 305 Fugitive, The 44 Fundamental Chess Endings 10 Ftirstenberg, Tom 276, 342, 366 Gallagher, Joe 1 87 Galliamova, Alisa 3 85 Gaprindashvili, Nona 3 58 Garcia 100 Garcia, Leontxo 400 Garmendiz, Florentino 304 Geller, Yefim 253, 259, 279, 288, 302, 307, 365 Gelowitz, Mark 87 German Chess Federation 1 2, 70, 407 Gernud 325 Geurink 1 1 3 Ghitescu, Teodor 359 Giacopelli 1 2 Giertz 36 Gijssen, Geurt 8, 1 1 4, 205, 366, 369, 373, 375, 379 Gillam, A. J. 87 ginkgo biloba 385 Gipslis, Aivars 29 Glazkov, Alexander 38 Gleich, Valery 346 Gligoric, Svetozar 1 8, 48, 269, 308, 325, 365, 395 GM Secrets: Endings 72 "Gofmeister" 333 Go1dsteen, Harry 4 1 2-4 1 5 Go1ombek, Harry 2 1 2 Gomez, Domingo 225, 227 Gould, Stephen J. 287
Fors t e r, R i c hard

Grandmasters Association (GMA)

39 1 , 394, 403
Grave, P. 3 1 Graves, Robert 3 6 1 Greco 1 8

422

Orilg. Ed vurd 22.\ Gri ffith 3 8

Grigoriev 46 Grigoriev, N. 305 Grischuk, Alexander 406

Hol mes, M . J .

1 29

Holmes, Sherlock 228 Holst 99 Hooper, David 28, 33, 267, 270 Horowitz, I. A. 1 8 , 30 Hort, Vlastimil 325, 326, 365

Gruenfeld Defense, The 365

Grtinfeld, Ernst 2 14, 228-23 1 Guevara, Che 360 Gufeld, Eduard 42, 325 Gurevich, Mikhail 378 Gurgenidze, Bukhuti 5 8

House at Pooh Comers, The 4 1 How to Open a Chess Game 365

Hrivnak 99 Hromadka, Karel 2 1 2, 340 Hubner, Robert 48, 246, 335, 372, 373, 396, 397

Handbuch des Schachspiels 1 8

Hanke, Tim 8, 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 Hansen, Carsten 328 Hansen, Curt 3 9 1 Harding, Tim 1 7, 2 5 , 3 1 , 209, 40 1 Hardinge, Julian 353 Harsh, S . L. 1 37- 1 40 Hartman, John 1 0 1 Hartman, S y 8 2 Hartston, William 2 1 2, 2 1 9 Hausner 34 Havasi, Kornel 2 1 2, 2 1 4 Haworth, Guy 1 26 Hazai 324 Hebden, Mark 1 02, 1 03 Heisenberg Principle 290 Hellers, Ferdinand 1 1 0 Helms, Hermann 209 Herbrechtsmeier, Christoph 1 02 Herbstmann, Alexander 49 Heston, Charlton 1 1 0 Heuer, Valter 267, 268, 270-272, 274, 275, 278, 279, 28 1 , 282, 289 Hilbert, John S . 3 1 8-2 1

Huddersfield College Magazine 1 59 Human Comedy of Chess, The 2

International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) 209

Ich Spiel Auf Sieg 20 I, Claudius 3 6 1

Ilic, L. 38 1 , 382 Illescas Cordoba, Miguel 1 86

Illustrated London News, The 1 73

Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan 348, 349, 393, 394, 396, 399-404, 406-409 Indian Chess Federation 1 35 , 1 3 9

Informator (a.k.a. Chess Informant, Sahovski Informator) 63, 75, 80,

1 84, 328, 329, 339, 366, 367, 368

Inner Game, The 1 06

Innes, Phil 1 1 9

Inside Chess 349, 35 1 , 354, 372 Istorichesky A rchiv 287

lstratescu 324 lturbi, Jose 222 lvanchuk, Vasily 2, 3 , 1 30, 307, 367, 368, 370 Ivanov 56 Ivanov, Alexander 322 Ivanov, Igor 238 Ivan the Terrible 225 Jaenisch, Carl Friedrich von 17, 29 Janowski, David 39, 1 99, 205-207 Jansa, Vlastimil 365

History of Chess 1 0 1 , 237

Hitler, Adolf 28 1 , 284, 406 Hjartarson, Jon 344 Hmelnitsky 37 Hochberg, Burt 228, 363 Hodgson, Julian 42, 58, 87 H6eg, Niels 4 1 2, 4 1 3 Hoffman 36 Hofmeister 333 Hogan, Paul 1 40

Jaque 348
Jensen, A. A. 24 Jirovsky, Milos 1 24

423

Jolm Nmm :\ C llt'.\',\' Pu:.:.lt /look I M2 Johnson, Jeff MM Jose Raoul Capablanca Ein Schachmythos 220 Joyce, James 87 Juel, Henrik 4 1 3 Kafka, Franz 87, 1 47 Kagan, Bernhard 1 98 , 1 99 Kalanadze, V. 52 Kaldegg 333 Kalinichev 1 0, 1 1 Kamsky, Gata 322, 367, 368, 402 Kamsky, Rustam 367 Kant, Immanuel 263 Kantor, Jay 88 Karotamm, Nikolai 282 Karlov 65 Karpov, Anatoly 7, 9, 36, 40, 47, 88, 1 04, 1 30, 207, 238, 243, 246, 25 1 -254, 257, 272, 28 1 , 298-300, 302, 303, 306-308, 3 1 8, 322-325, 339, 344, 365-368, 37 1 , 378, 393395, 402, 404 Kasanen 338 Kashdan, Isaac 248 Kasimdzhanov 65 Kasparov, Garry 2-7, 9, 1 2, 1 3 , 40, 72, 77, 78, 1 04, 1 06, 1 14, 1 19, 1 29, 1 30, 1 93, 207, 208, 237, 238, 247, 25 1 , 253, 254, 270, 274, 298-304, 306-308, 3 1 7, 3 1 8, 326, 333, 336, 339, 344-346, 366, 369, 370, 372, 373, 378, 390, 392-395 , 40 1 , 402, 404, 408 Kasparov mode 1 1 9- 1 20 Kasparyan, Genrik 55, 2 1 1 , 4 1 2 Kaulfuss 1 05 Kavalek, Lubomir 244, 364-366 Keene, Raymond 86, 345, 35 1 -353 Keres, Maria 275 Keres, Paul 32, 33, 37, 38, 87, 245, 250, 253, 255, 257, 265-289, 308, 365 Keres, Robert 275 Kerouac, Jack 344

Kcrh1sz :n2 K U B 24 1 , 242, 266- 26M, 27M, 279 2 8 2 2 8 7, 344 Khalifman, Alexander 8, 1 3 , 1 4, 74, 1 27 , 306, 404 Khan, Sultan 2 1 7 Kharlov 65 Khenkin, Victor 1 3, 65 King, Daniel 87, 337 King, The 355-36 1 Kingpin 140, 285, 353 Kings, Commoners and Knaves 2 1 9, 333, 335 Kingsley, Ben 82 Kingston, Taylor 265, 279, 286, 332, 34 1 , 343, 355 Kirilovs, V. 209 Kissinger, Henry 242 Klovans 324 Kmoch, Hans 2 1 4, 228, 232, 259, 263 Knight, Norman 237 Kochiev, Alexander 46 Kok, Bessel 394 Kolikshtein 336 Kolisch, Ignatz 333 Koltanowski, George 2 1 2, 275 Korchnoi, Viktor 48, 58, 88, 24 1 244, 246, 247, 260, 269, 277, 28 1 , 288, 302, 303, 307, 324, 325, 346, 356, 358, 3 8 1 , 385, 393, 395, 402 Korneev 48 Kornetzky 36 Koskinen, Heikki 338 Kostic, B oris 1 83 , 23 1 Kotlerman 63-65 Kotkov 339 Kotov, Alexander 74, 85, 1 24, 27 1 , 275, 3 1 7, 334 Kozul 3 1 2 Koya, P. T. Ummer 1 35- 1 40 Krabbe, Jeroen 44 Krabbe, Tim 44, 283, 284, 286, 306, 328, 335, 34 1 , 356, 4 1 2
, ,

424

K rn nm i k ,

V l a d i m i r 2, 1 2. I

J, 49,

Len i n , V. I . 26 1 , 360

72, 77, 1 1 4, 1 1 9, 1 30, 1 57, 304, 306308, 3 1 8, 369, 37 1 -373, 378, 394, 40 1 , 404, 405 , 408 Kiasenkov 14, 378, 399 Krause, C. 1 3 2 Kiogius, Nikolai 240, 24 1 , 257 Krylenko, Nikolai 22 1 , 247 , 248, 273 , 277, 284 Kubbel, L. 49, 54 Kudrin, Sergei 1 40 Kushnir, Alia 244 Kutin, Boris 375 Kuznetsov 339 Kvistendahl 329 Lahiri, Atanu 1 40 Lakeport, G. J. 97 Lamprecht, Frank 70

Leong, Ignatius 403 Leopold III 22 1 Lepre, L. 35 Leriche 99 Lev 22 Levenfish, Gregory 1 87 Levy, David 365 Liberzon, Vladimir 3 1 0 Liburkin, Mark 2 1 1

Life and Games of Carlos T orre, The

30 1 , 335

Life and Games of Mikhail T al, The

293, 298 Ligterink, Gert 5 Likavsky, T. 379 Lillienthal, Andor 332 Lindsay, Robin 96 Lipnowksi, Irwin 372

La Nacion 1 94
Langeweg, Christian 66 Lane, Gary 98, 1 1 4 Larsen, Bent 1 8, 1 9, 20-24, 29, 30, 34, 36, 56, 58, 60, 60 1 , 246, 248, 303, 304, 323, 340, 365, 395

Liverpool Weekly Albion 1 59, 1 62,

1 69, 1 7 1 , 1 7 3 , 1 75 Ljubojevic, Lubomir 48 Loeffler, Stefan 400 Loman, Rudolf 333 Loshinsky, Lev 4 1 2 Loyd, Sam 5 3 , 4 1 2 Lukin 56 Lupi, Francesco 307, 309 Lupu 1 05, 1 06 Lybrandt 1 57 MacArthur, Douglas 227

Larsen 's Selected Games of Chess 1948-69 1 9

Lasker, Edward 76, 205-207, 333 Lasker, Emanuel 87, 88, 1 83 , 193209, 2 1 4, 227, 229, 237, 250, 253, 260, 27 1 , 302, 306-308, 329

Latvian Correspondence Chess and Latvian Gambit 2 1 1

Lautier, Joel 78-80, 237, 308, 380 Lawless 26 Lawrence, AI 290, 299, 300, 346, 347 Lawson, Dominic 1 06

Macbeth 342
MacDonald 3 8 MacDonnell, G. A. 24 "MacGonnegal" 332 Maczuski 333 Makropoulos 399 Malmstrom 30 Manley, Johathan 285 Mannheimer 45 Mansfield, Comins 4 1 2 Map, Walter 237 Marco, George 3 1 9, 320 Marcos, Ferdinand 402 Marin 63, 64

Learn From Your Defeats 238 L' Echiquier 333

Lederer, Norbert 1 94, 1 95 , 1 98-200, 207-209

Le Figaro 1 7 1 Leipziger Jllustrierte Zeitung 53

Leko, Peter 13 Lengyel, Levente 1 8, 20, 23

425

1 97 . 20 I . 2 0 5 207 335 Marshal l, Frank 29, 204-207, 3 1 8, 327 Martial 9 1 Marusenko, P. I 02, I 03 Marx, Zeppo 363 Master Jacobson 44 Matanovic, Alexander 323 Matisons, Hermanis 209-2 I 9 Matrisch 38 Matthew, Santosh I 23 Matulovic, Milan 28 I Maurian, Charles 330 Max, Jonathan 92 Mayer, Steve 3 I 5 Mazoomdar, S . 1 35 , 1 39 McDonnell, Alexander 24, 1 7 1 McGunnigle, T. E . 332 Mednis, Edmar 69, 87, 365 Meier, R. 338 Mencken, H. L. 357 Mercurio 39 Mestrovic 47 Metz, Hartmut 373 Meyer, Claus Dieter 78, 79 Meyerson, Sandra 94 Michaelis, Hanny 357 Mickelwright, Kevin 83 Mieses, Jacques 28, 32, 38, 1 89 Mihokovich, Donald 89 Mikado, The 285 Mikenas, Vladas 5 1 Mikhail Chigorin 3 2 I Mikista 323 Miles, Anthony J. (Tony) I 2, 40, 43, I 05 , I 35, 378, 380, 3 89 Milne, A. A. 4 I Milner-Barry, Stuart 29 Minev, Nikolay 87, 332 Mit Kasparov zum Schachgipfel 237 Modem Benoni, The 326 Modem Chess Openings (MCO) 35 Modem Chess Strategy 340 Modern Defense, The 365
M :tmczy. ( ici'.:t
-

Maro v i c

M u l l e r, P. ] ] 5 Mo.\'1 A ma:.ing Clw.u MtW(',\' t/' A ll Time, The 76, 327-34 1 Moran, Pablo 309 Morgado, Juan S. 22, 348 Morphy, Paul 8, I 57- I 59, 290, 3 1 9, 329-33 I Morsch, Frans 1 30 Motwani, Paul 34 1 -343 Muller 7 1 , 336 Muller, Karsten 70, 76 Muller, S . 338 Murray, Harold 1 7, 1 0 1 , 237 My Best Games 365 My Best Games of Chess 1 908-1923 333 My Best Games of Chess 1908-1937 85 My 60 Memorable Columns 1 40 My 60 Memorable Games 85, 348355 My System 85, 3 1 3 Nabokov, Vladimir 87 Nagomov 325 Najdorf, Miguel I 24, 253, 276, 333 Najdorf V ariation, The 365 Nakamura, Clyde 1 1 0, 1 1 1 Napier, the Forgotten Chessmaster 3 1 8-32 1 Napier, William 3 1 8-2 1 Nasha Smena 248 Nataf, Igor 392 Neidig, Stefan 1 24 Neishstadt, Yakov 29, 34, 37, 38, 87, 325, 326 Nemerov, Joseph 1 97, 200 Nenashev, A. 1 3 Nesis, Gennady 325 Neumann, Gustav 329 Neustadtl, Hermann 26, 32 New Analysis of the Chess Openings 17 New in Chess (NJC) 2 , 239, 267, 274, 282, 3 14, 328, 339, 354, 355 Newton, Isaac 259

426

Nt n Yorktt;

71u J4 1

New Ytnk PtW 9

New .YtJrk Times 1 94

Nezhmetdinov, Rashid 332 Nielsen-Stokkeby, Bernd 272 Nijboer, Friso 376, 397 Nikitin, Alexander 237 Nilsson 52 Nimzovitch, Aron 76, 77, 85, 87, 1 87, 1 88, 229, 248, 269, 3 1 2-3 1 8 Ninkovic 38 Nixon, Richard 242, 289 NKVD 267 Nogueiras, Jesus 40, 4 1 , 335 Norman, G. M. 47 Norwood, David 325, 326 NRC Handelsblad 2 Nunn, John 2 1 , 70, 87, 1 02, 1 821 85, 2 1 7, 269, 280, 326, 328, 34935 1 , 354, 355 Nyffenegger, U. 35 Nyholm, Gustav 3 24 O'Connell, Kevin 365 O' Connor, Jonathan 1 06 Oim, Tonu 22 Omega Man, The 1 10 Opening Preparation 332 Ossimitz, Guenther 1 25 Osterberg 99 Owen, Rev. John 15 8- 1 8 1

Oxford Companion to Chess, The 183, 267, 282 Pachman, Ludek 36, 340, 356 Pam, Max 44, 283, 286, 356 Pandolfini, Bruce 82, 1 14, 147 Panikovsky 46 Panno, Oscar 40 Pari Savam Laikmetam 209 Parker, Dorothy 24 1 Parr, Larry 345 Patton, George 227 Paul Keres: The Quest for Perfection 269 Paulsen, Louis 1 04, 329 Pavlov, Sergey 24 1 , 243, 244

1 44, 2H5 1 84, 1 85 Petrosian, Tigran 88, 25 1 , 254, 259, 269, 287, 288, 29 1 , 307, 308, 3 10, 3 1 6, 355 Philadelphia Inquirer 194, 1 95 Philidor 1 7 , 1 8 , 203 Philippine Chess Federation 403 Phillips, Harold M. 1 96 Piket, Jeroen 397 Pillsbury, Harry N. 306, 307, 3 1 9, 329 Pinkney, Foster 1 27 Pirc, Vasya 48, 248 Pitt database 25, 26, 28-30 Player's Chess Association (PCA) 382, 392 Play the French 3 1 2 Podhorzer, David 23 1 Polerio, Giulio 1 0 1 Polgar, Judit 9, 1 08, 1 30, 1 93 , 383 Polgar, Sofia 386 Polish Immortal, the 333 Pollock, William 329 Polugaevsky, Lev 25 1 , 328 Pomeranc, Max 82 Ponce, Alberto 20 1 , 202 Ponomariov, Ruslan 383 Ponziani, Domenico 30 Pope, Nick 1 82 Popov 335 Porreca, Giorgio 335 Portisch, Lajos 307, 325, 365 Positional Play 332 Poslednye Novostni 248 Potter, William H. 1 65, 1 75- 1 78 Praktische schaaklessen 240 Prasad 1 07 Priedite, lngrida 2 1 9 Prins, Lodewijk 356, 358 Probleemblad 4 1 2 Prokofiev, Sergei 222 Proust, Marcel 87 Przepiorka, David 2 1 4 Quah, S. S . 1 1 7
M alco l m Perl is, J u l i u s

Pci n ,

427

:, ( iamhit A. t 't 't'f1ltd 12 273 Rachmaninov, Sergei 222, 223 Ragozin, Vyacheslav 290 Rand Springer 1 1 1 Rashkovsky 42 Rasputin 29 1 Rausis, Igors 2 1 9 Rauzer, V sevolod 7 3 Razuvajev 47 Razvaliev 336 Ree, Hans 2, 9, 236, 280, 289, 354, 355, 358, 369, 372, 383, 393 , 396, 406, 407 Reicher 101 Reinfeld, Fred 86, 87 Rentero, Luis 369 Reshevsky, Samuel 1 27, 237, 253, 265, 269, 273, 279, 284, 289 Reti, Richard 87, 20 1 , 202, 205207, 209, 2 1 1 , 2 1 4, 229, 245, 247, 333 Reuben, Stewart 1 1 6, 376 Reynolds, Robert I l l Ribli, Zoltan 37 1 Rigasche Rundschau 2 1 1 Rilke, Rainer Maria 248 Risdon 3 1 Rodin, Auguste 263 Rogard, Folke 402 Rogozenko, D. 64 Rokhlin, Yakov 250 Rol, Guus 4 1 3 Romanov 322 Romih, Max 332 Rommel, Erwin 227 Rongguang, Ye 100 Roods 1 1 1 Roshal, Alexander 301 Rossolimo, Nicolas 333, 334, 352 Rothman 1 05 Rothschild, Baron Albert von 229, 233 Rotlewi, Gedali 36, 1 92 Rowson, Jonathan 1 44
Qutt'll
Rabi novich, l l y a

Roycroft . A rt h u r J .

1 26, 2 1 1 . 2 1 4,

219
Roszypal 3 3 3 Rubinstein, Akiba 38, 88, 1 82, 1 88,

2 1 4, 2 1 7, 229, 230, 234, 235, 269

Ruetschi, Urs 337 Russell Collection 1 57, 1 94, 209 Russell, Hanon 7, 277, 3 1 8, 32 1 Russian Silhouettes 239 Saavedra, Fernando 4 1 2 Sackmann, Franz 5 3 Sadde, C. 1 09 Sahovic 42 Saidy, Anthony 286 Sakaev, K. 379 Salwe, Georg 1 87 Samaranch, Juan Antonio 409, 410 Samisch, Friedrich 3 56 San, Linda Yap Tjoen 397 Santayana, George 289 Sauve, Richard 1 2 1 Sax, Gyula 3 1 6, 324 Schaakbulletin 356 Schaaknieuws 397 Schach 335 Schachmagazin 64 78 Schach war mein Leben 332 Schachwoche 395, 396 Schaefer 29 Schiller, Eric 87, 1 10, 1 1 1 , 321 -327 Schlechter, Karl 1 8 , 26, 28, 32, 1 841 88, 204, 324 Schmidt, Ulrich 1 28 Schneider 1 05 Schneider, H. 39 Schroeder, James 266-268, 270, 274, 275, 282, 285, 287 Schulenberg 29 Schultz, Don 343-348 Schwartzmann, Gabriel 344-346 Schweizer Schach-Magazin 339 Schweizerische Schachzeitung 333, 335, 337 Searching for Bobby Fischer 82 Secrets of Chess Training 56

428

Strtrt. o/ Motll'l'n C 'lt.H Stralt'RY 85, .4 1 2- .\ I X Secrets tl Pawn Endings 70 Seeshar, J . 1 42, 1 43 Segovia, Andres 222 Seitz, Jakob 2 1 4 Seirawan, Yasser 86, 87, 286, 308, 403 Seres 1 00 Shaked, Tal 56 Shakhma 54, 55, 278 Shakmatny Biulletin 3 1 7 Shakmatny Listok 2 1 2 Shakhma v SSSR 54 Sherzer 72 Shinkman, William 53 Shipley, Walter Penn 1 94, 1 95 Shirov, Alexei 2, 1 3 , 1 5 , 58, 64, 65, 75, 78, 79, 107, 327, 369, 378, 393 , 394, 398, 404 Short, Nigel 1 06, 1 14, 1 29, 253, 269, 378, 38 1 , 382, 404 Silman, Jeremy 87, 35 1 , 354 Simkhovich, F. 50 Sinatra, Frank 363 64-Square Looking Glass, The 363 Skakbladet 340 Skinner, Leonard 333 Slovinianu 63 Smith, Alan 1 82 Smyslov, Vasily 1 00, 25 1 , 252, 254, 257, 258, 265, 269, 27 1 , 279, 282, 284, 286-288, 290, 307, 308, 385, 395 Soko1ov, Ivan 326 Solozhenkin 74, 1 06 Soltis, Andrew 72, 86, 87, 28 1 , 286, 288 Solving In Sle 2 1 7 Somlai 72 Sorcerer s Apprentice, The 276 Sosonko, Gennady 239, 240, 244, 255, 256, 283 Soviet Chess Encyclopaedia 25 Soviet Chess Federation 278

Sovitt Cht.u I f) 1 7 - I f)'J I 28 1 cif Chess, The 3 1 7 Spaan, Henk 393 Spassky, Boris 9, 242-245, 252, 254, 269, 275, 288, 301 -307, 322, 323, 344, 358, 364, 365 Speelman, Jonathan 58, 1 09, 1 23, 145, 35 1 Spieler, Robert 1 32 Spielmann, Rudolf 229, 230, 247, 323, 336 Stalin, Joseph 22 1 , 266, 277, 279282, 284, 286-288, 401 Standard Chess Openings 321 -327 Staunton, Howard 17, 22, 29, 1 57 Steinitz, Wilhelm 20, 1 7 1 , 1 72, 1 74, 253, 306, 3 1 3, 3 1 8, 3 19, 325, 329, 330, 357, 405 Stetsko, Oleg 325 Stieg 3 1 Stoltz, Gosta 248 St. Petersburg 1 914 3 2 1 Strobel 7 1 Suarez, Pablo 221 Suba, Mihai 3 1 5-3 1 7 Suetin, Alexander 43 Stichting, Hugo 1 83 Sulava, N. 3 8 1 , 3 82 Sulskis 1 02 Surrat, David 1 3 1 Survey of Current Chess Openings, The 364-366 Sutovsky, Emil 65, 383 Suttles, Duncan 42, 58 Suzuki, Sinichi 90 Svensson, E. 37 Svidler, Peter 37 1 Sweeney, Tim 84 Szabo, Laszlo 269 Szentra 1 14 Sztein, Emanuel 277, 278, 286, 288 Tal-Botvinnik 1 960 298 Tal, Mikhail 46, 58, 209, 253, 254, 27 1 , 287, 290-30 1 , 304, 306, 307, 356, 365, 366
Soviet School

429

242 Tapper, Larry 3 1 2 Tarasov, Artiom 389, 390, 399, 400, 407, 408 Tarrasch, Siegbert 87, 1 89, 1 98, 20 1 , 202, 237, 3 1 3, 3 1 6, 348, 353 Tartakower, Savielly 28, 34, 87, 1 83, 1 84, 205-207, 2 1 4, 220, 229, 230-236, 238, 239, 333 Technique for the Tournament Player 65 Teichmann, Richard 1 83, 1 84, 1 88 Terentiev, S. 1 87 Tereschenk:o 36 Test Tube Chess 2 1 1 Thiele 1 1 4 Tholfsen, Erling 35 Thomas, Sir George 29, 227, 333 Thompson, Hunter S . 357 3 Double King Pawn Openings 3 8 1iempo 30 1 Tietz, Victor 26, 32 Timman , Anneke 26 1 Timman, Jan 3, 48, 1 00, 240, 253, 257-259, 280, 307, 339, 340, 356, 365-367, 383, 384, 39 1 , 393 , 394, 397 Timman, Rein 258, 26 1 Timoschenko, Gennady 36 Title Chess 363 Tiviakov, Sergei 1 30, 397 Think Like a Grandmaster 85, 3 1 7 Tolksdorf, H . 37 Tolstoy, Leo 25 Topalov, Veselin 2-6, 64, 75, 308, 325-327, 369, 370 Torre, Carlos 35, 230, 23 1 , 305, 306, 335 Torre, Eugenio 1 0, 308, 403 Town and Country 220 Tragedy of Paul Keres, The 268, 280, 285 Traxler, Karel 323 Trends in the London System vol. 2 326
n, l lcyrand

Trctyukov 47 Trichkov I 00 Trifunovic, Petar 274, 357 Troianescu, Octav 359 Troitzky, Alexei 49, 2 1 1 Troubled Years of Paul Keres, The 282 Tsagan 335 Turf, Field and Farm 1 80 Turgenev, Ivan 26 Turkmenskaya Iskra 50 Ulvestad, Olav 34 Uncle Jan Teaches his Nephew to Play Chess 360 Understanding the French Defense 364 Ungleichfarbige Liiuferendspiele (CD ROM) 74
United Arab Emirates Chess Federation 1 29 United States Chess Federation (USCF) 8, 290, 343, 344, 346, 347, 365 Unorthodox Openings 1 10 Unzicker, Wolfgang 56-62, 395 Updike, John 87 Urusov, Dmitry 25, 26 Urusov, N. 26 Urusov, Prince Sergey Semyonovich

25, 30
Uschold, J. 37 Vainstein, Boris 277 Vajda, Arpad 2 1 2 Van den Berg, Karel 258 Van den Bosch, Johannes 308 Van der Sterren, Paul 397 Van der Wiel, Jan 255 Van der Wielen. 3 84 Van bet Reve, Karel 244 Van Hoom, Petrus 308 Van Matsen, Willem 372 Van Pelt, Erwin 1 1 2 Van Steenis, Menno 1 1 3 Van Wely, Loek 2, 14, 1 5 , 48, 1 00,

1 0 1 , 1 29, 378, 397-399

430

44 312 Vasyukov, Evgeny 293-295 Vavrovski 3 1 Velasco, Gabriel 1 33, 30 1 , 335 Verhoeven, Robert 333 Vidmar, Milan 47, 1 83, 1 84, 2 1 7, 247, 357 Villamayor, B uenaventura 403 Virtmanis, A. 54 Visserman, Eeltje 4 1 2 Vliegenthart, Mrs. 384 Vojinovic 324 Volkovich 34 Von Gottschall 77 Von Holzhausen, Walter 32 Von Neumann, John 1 0 Von Scheve, Theodor 29 Vrij Nederland 283 Vukcevic, Milan 273-274 Wagner, Richard 259 Waitzkin, Josh 82 Walker, John 87 Wallace, David 342 Wallace, George 342 Wallace, William 342 Wallinger, M. 37 Walther, E. 73 Warriors of the Mind 353 Watson, John 40, 85, 87, 280, 286, 3 1 2-3 1 8 Weber 34 Week in Chess, The, a.k.a. TWIC (web-site) 3 1 3, 407 Welles, Orson 342 Wells, H. G 364 Whyld, Ken 1 82, 267, 270, 282, 283, 285, 286 Wilson, Fred 87 Wilson, Peter (a.k.a. "Piddle") 1 361 39 Winning at Correspondence Chess 17 Winning With Chess Psychology 363
Varga, M ar i an o

Va11i.hi11g.

1 1u

Harold I l l Winter, Edward 2 1 9, 285 , 329, 3 3 3 , 348 Wohl, Aleks 4 1 -43 Wolff, Patrick 68, 69, 322 Wood, B. H. 1 24
Winston.

World Championship Candidates ' Tournament, The 1 24 World Chess Council (WCC) 369, 390
World Chess Foundation (WCF)

390
Wybe 323 Yanofsky, Daniel Abraham 67 Yarosh 4 1 2 Yates, Frederick 1 99, 205-207, 2 1 4,

237
Yermolinsky, Alex 40, 41, 87 Yudina, Larissa 403 Yudovich, Mikhail 3 1 7 Yusupo Artur 1 3 , 56, 65, 269, 367,

368
Zagorovsky, Vladimir 24

Zahs 298
Zaillian, Steve 82 Zaiser, P. 3 1 Zapata 48 Zapruder film 280 Zarske, J. 36, 39, 40 Zavanelli, Max 3 1 Zeissl 333 Zemitis, Val 2 1 1 , 2 1 2, 2 1 9 Zhuravlev 47 Zilberstein 29 Zinkl, Adolf 233 Zuidema, Coenraad 24 1 Zukertort, Johannes 325, 329 Zukhar, V. 394 Zurich International Chess Tou rnament, 1 953 85

43 1

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