Design of Steel and Composite

Structures to Eurocode 4
Prof Dennis Lam
Contents
Introduction
Shear connection
Design of composite slabs
Design of composite beams
Design of composite columns

Aims of the Eurocode Programme
To harmonise all the code of practices across the whole
European communities.

To harmonise between different construction materials
and construction methods.

To achieve full consistency and compatibility in terms of
loading, safety factors, etc.

To eliminate technical obstacles to trade and
harmonisation of technical specification.
The Structural Eurocodes
EN1990, Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural Design
EN1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
The Structural Eurocodes
EN1990, Eurocode 0: Basis of Structural Design
EN1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
EN1994
Composite
Structures
EN1993
Steel
Structures
EN1991
Actions
Dead Imposed Wind
EN1990
Basis of Design
EN1992
Concrete
Structures
Differences from BS5950
Symbols
Terminology
Axes
Classification of cross sections
Materials properties
Slenderness
SYMBOLS
BS5950 EN1993 BS5950 EN1993 BS5950 EN1993
D h S W
pl


p
y
f
y

B b I
x
I
y


P
b
_
LT
f
y

T tf I
y


I
z
P
c
_f
y

t tw H I
w
r i
Z W
el

J I
t


TERMINOLOGY
BS5950 EN1993
- Force, F
- Capacity, P
c
- Design strength, p
y
- Dead load
- Live load
- Wind load

- Action, N
Ed
- Resistance, N,
Rd
- Yield strength, f
y
- Permanent action
- Variable action
- Another type of
variable action
CONVENTIONS FOR MEMBER AXES
Member Axes
Symbol used in
BS5950
EN1993
- Major axis
- Minor axis/
vertical
axis
- Direction along
the member
- Definitions:
x-x
y-y
z-z
y-y
z-z
x-x
CLASSIFICATION OF CROSS SECTIONS
BS5950
EN1993
= (275/py) = (235/fy)
Plastic (Class 1)
Compact ( Class 2)
Semi-compact (Class 3)
Slender (Class 4)

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
MATERIALS PROPERTIES
Properties BS5950 EN1993
Youngs Modulus
Shear Modulus
205000 N/mm
2

79000 N/mm
2

210000 N/mm2
81000 N/mm2
Slenderness,

Value of for the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness, should be

determined from:

Shear Connection
Shear connector capacity in composite beams
Standard Push Test
Load Slip Characteristics
Modes of failure
Shear failure of the headed stud
Conical concrete failure
Combined failure of concrete and stud
BS5950 3.1
Design Resistance of Headed Stud Shear
Connectors in Solid Slabs
EN1992-1-1 Table 3.1
EN1992-1-1 Table 3.1
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, E
cm

GPa
f
E
cm
cm
3 . 0
10
22
(

=
f
cm
= f
ck
+ 8 MPa
The modulus of elasticity of a concrete is controlled by the moduli of
elasticity of its components. Approximate values for the modulus of
elasticity E
cm
, secant value between
c
= 0 and 0,4fcm, for concretes
with quartzite aggregates, are given in Table 3.1. For limestone and
sandstone aggregates the value should be reduced by 10% and 30%
respectively. For basalt
aggregates the value should be increased by 20%.

Note: A Countrys National Annex may refer to non contradictory
complementary information.
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, E
cm

Profiled steel sheeting transverse to the beams
n
r
is the number of shear connectors in one rib, but not > 2.
K
t,max
: Upper Limit for K
t
Design Resistance of Headed Stud Shear
Connectors in Metal Deck Flooring
Design Resistance of Headed Stud Shear
Connectors in Metal Deck Flooring
solid Rd t decking Rd
P K P
, ,
=
Composite slabs with
Metal Deck flooring
Composite slabs have been the most widely used
method of suspended floor construction for steel
framed buildings.
The profile steel sheeting is very thin for economic
reasons, usually between 0.9 to 1.2 mm, it has to be
galvanised to resist corrosion and it is about
0.04mm thick.
The modern profiles are usually Class 4, therefore,
calculation of the resistance to bending is complex
and involves iteration, therefore safe load tables for
bending resistance are based on experimental
testing.
Design of composite
slabs
Bending Resistance
d yp p f c
f A N
, ,
=
( )
pl p f c Rd
x d N M 5 . 0
,
=
( ) b f N x
cd f c pl
85 . 0 /
,
=
Resistance to longitudinal shear
For profiled sheeting that relies on frictional
interlock to transmit longitudinal shear, there is
no satisfactory conceptual model.
The shear resistance is based on m-k test.
Graphical determination of m and k

to EN1994
Graphical determination of m and k

to EN1994
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = k
bL
mA bd
V
s
p
vs
p
Rd

Reduction line
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.07
0.06
1
m
r

k
r

A
B
Regression line
cm s s
E
f d B
V
cm v s
p
f L B
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
cu r
s s
p r
s s
s
f k
L B
A m
d B
V
25 . 1
Graphical determination of m
r
and k
r
to BS5950
Composite beam with
metal deck flooring
At mid-span or an internal support
b
eff
= b
0
+ b
ei



Effective width
Moment Resistance, M
pl,Rd
full interaction between structural steel, reinforcement, and
concrete.
the effective area of the structural steel member is stressed
to its design yield strength f
yd
in tension or compression.
the effective areas of longitudinal reinforcement in tension
and in compression are stressed to their design yield
strength f
sd
in tension or compression.
the effective area of concrete in compression resists a
stress of 0,85 f
cd
constant over the whole depth between the
plastic neutral axis and the most compressed fibre of the
concrete, where f
cd
is the design cylinder compressive
strength of concrete.

Tension Capacity of the Steel Section, N
a
:



A
a
= cross section area of the steel section
f
yd
= design strength of the steel

M0
= material partial safety factor

0 M
yd a
a
f A
N

=

Compression Capacity of Concrete Flange, N
c,f




b
eff
= effective breadth of concrete
f
ck
= design strength of the steel

c
= partial safety factor for concrete

c
p s eff ck
f c
h h b f
N

) ( 85 . 0
,

=
N
c,f
N
a
(P.N.A. in concrete flange)
Neutral axis depth, x
Take moments about the top of concrete flange
P.N.A
.
N
a

N
c,f

= N
a

f
y

h
s
- h
p

h
a

h
p

x
( )
p s
f c
a
h h
N
N
X =
,
2 2
,
x
N
h
h N M
a
a
s a Rd pl

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 2
,
,
p s
f c
a a
s a Rd pl
h h
N
N h
h N M
N
a
> N
c,f
(P.N.A. in steel)
(i) N
a
> N
c,f
> N
a,w
(P.N.A. in steel flange)
(ii) N
c,f
< N
a,w
(P.N.A. in steel web)
where,
N
a,w
= N
a
2N
a,f

N
a,f
= b
f
t
f
f
yd

(i) N
a
> N
c,f
> N
a,w
(P.N.A. in steel flange)
P.N.A.
N
a

N
c,f

f
yd

h
s
- h
p

h
a

h
p

f
yd

(h
s
- h
p
)/2 + h
p

x
yd f a f c yd f
xf b N N xf b = +
,
f c a yd f
N N xf b
,
2 = +
yd f
f c a
f b
N N
x
2
,

=
Neutral axis depth, x
(i) N
a
> N
c,f
> N
a,w
(P.N.A. in steel flange)
N
c,f

N
a

f
yd

2f
yd

N
a
- N
c,f

C.L.
Beam
P.N.A.
Take moments about the top flange of steel beam
( )
2 2 2
, , ,
x
N N
h h
h N
h
N M
f c a
p s
p f c
a
a Rd pl

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
( )
yd f
f c a p s
p f c
a
a Rd pl
f b
N N h h
h N
h
N M
4 2 2
2
,
, ,

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
(ii) N
c,f
< N
a,w
(P.N.A. in steel web)
P.N.A.
N
a

N
c,f

f
yd

h
s
- h
p

h
a

h
p

f
yd

h
s

N
a

Neutral axis depth, x
(ii) N
c,f
< N
a,w
(P.N.A. in steel web)
f c w yd
N x t f
,
2 =
w yd
f c
t f
N
x
2
,
=
N
c,f

f
yd

f
y

M
a

N
c,f

f
yd

f
yd

P.N.A.
C.L. of
Beam
x
2 f
yd

(ii) N
c,f
< N
a,w
(P.N.A. in steel web)
N
c,f

f
yd

f
y

M
a

N
c,f

f
yd

f
yd

P.N.A.
C.L. of
Beam
x
2 f
yd

Take moments about the centre line of steel beam
2 2 2
, , ,
x
N
h h
h
h
N M M
f c
p s
p
a
f c a Rd pl

(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ + + =
w yd
f c p s a
f c a Rd pl
t f
N h h h
N M M
4 2
2
,
, ,

(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ =
Full Shear Interaction
Partial Shear Interaction
Partial Shear Interaction
Moment Resistance, M
pl,Rd
( )
cf
c
Rd a pl Rd pl Rd a pl Rd
N
N
M M M M , , , , , + =

Composite Columns
Typical cross-sections of composite columns
Cross-sections limit for the composite columns
Cross section resistance

Steel contribution ratio, o

o = A
a
f
yd
/ N
pl,Rd
0.2 o 0.9

If o < 0.2, the column should be designed as RC
If o > 0.9, the column should be designed as Steel

N
pl,Rd
= A
a
f
yd
+ A
s
f
sd
+ 0.85A
c
f
cd


CHS:
Relative Slenderness
0 . 2
,
< =
cr
Rd pl
N
N

N
Pl,Rk
= A
a
f
yd
+ A
s
f
sd
/
s
+ 0.85A
c
f
cd
/
c

N
cr
= t
2
(EI)
eff
/ L
2

(EI)
eff
= E
a
I
a
+ E
s
I
s
+0.6 E
c,eff
I
c


Buckling resistance
t Ed Ed G
cm eff c
N N
E E
) / ( 1
1
,
,
+
=
Buckling resistance
Buckling curve EN1993-1-1
Resistance to axial & bending
Calculate N
pl,Rd
, N
pm,Rd
, M
max,Rd
and M
pl,Rd

N
pl,Rd
= A
a
f
yd
+ A
s
f
sd
+ 0.85A
c
f
cd

N
pm,Rd
= 0.85A
c
f
cd

M
max,Rd
= W
pl,a
f
yd
+ W
pl,s
f
sd
+ 0.85W
pl,c
f
cd
/2

M
pl,Rd
= M
max,Rd
- W
pl,a,n
f
yd
- 0.85W
pl,c,n
f
cd
/2

Construct Interaction N-M Curve
Interaction N M polygon
Conclusions
Eurocode 4 is the latest standard for design of composite
structures.
It covers the composite design of slabs, beams as well as
composite columns which is not previously covered in
BS5950-3.1.
This presentation highlights the major differences in
design using Eurocodes to the British Standard BS5950
on steel and composite structures.
Thank you