1

Additional Rule
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P A or B P A P B P A and B
P A B P A P B P A B
= +
= +

Binomial Coefficient
( )
!
! !
n
n
n x x x
| |
=
|

\ .

Binomial Probability
( )
( )
!
! !
x n x n
P x p q
n x x

Central Limit Theorem
x
=
Central Limit Theorem (Standard Error)
x
n
o
o =
Chebyshevs Theorem: At least
2
1
1
k

Combination
( )
( )
!
,
! !
n
C n r
n r r
=

Complement Rule ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 P not A P A P A = =
Confidence Interval for estimate for proportional,
p

( )
2
p q
x
p Z p
n n
o
' '
' ' =

Confidence Interval for mean, (o known)
( )
2
X Z
n
o o
| |

|
\ .

/2
x E x E where E Z
n
o
o
< < + =

Confidence Interval for mean, (o unknown)
( )
, 1
2
s
X t df with df n
n
o
| |
=
|
\ .

/2
s
x E x E where E t
n
o
< < + =

Correlation
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
n xy x y
r
n x x n y y

=




( )
1
x y
z z
r
n
=

Covariance of x and y

( )
( )( )
,
1
x x y y
covar x y
n

=

Degrees of freedom for error

( ) df error n c =

Degrees of freedom for factor

( ) 1 df factor c =

Degrees of freedom for total

( ) 1 df total n =

2

Depth of sample median ( )
1
2
n
d x
+
=
Empirical Probability
( )
( ) n A
P A
n
' =

Equation for line of best fit
0 1
y b b x = +
Estimated for variance of slope

( )
( )
1
2 2
2
2
2
t t
b
s s
s
SS x
x
x
n
= =

Estimated variance of error

( )
2
2
2
t
y y
s
n

0 1
2
2
2
t
y b y b xy
s
n

=

Experimental error

e y y =

Factorial ( )( ) ! 1 2 3 2 1 n n n n =

Mann-Whitney U test

( )
1
1
2
a a b b b b
U n n n n R = + +

( )
1
1
2
b a b a a a
U n n n n R = + +

Mathematical model

, ( ) c k c k c
x F c = + +

Mean
x
x
n
=


Mean (binomial)
n p =

Mean (frequency table)
f x
x
f

Mean of Discrete random variable ( ) x P x = (


Mean square for error

( )
( )
( )
SS error
MS error
df error
=

Mean square for factor

( )
( )
( )
SS factor
MS factor
df factor
=

Multiplication Rule ( ) ( ) ( )
P A and B P A P B A =

Mutually exclusive ( ) ( ) ( ) P A or B P A P B = +

Paired differences

1 2
d x x =

3

Pearsons Correlation Coefficient
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ,
x y
SS xy covar x y
r
S S
SS x SS y
= =

Permutation
( )
( )
!
,
!
n
P n r
n r
=

Probability ( )
( )
( )
n A
P A
n S
=

Range H L
Sample mean of paired differences

d
d
n
=


Sample size for 1 o confidence estimate for

( )
2
2
n Z
E
o o (
=
(


Sample standard deviation of paired differences

( )
2
2
1
d
d
d
n
s
n

Slope for line of best fit
( )
( )
1
SS xy
b
SS x
=

( )( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
n xy x y
b
n x x

Spearmans rank correlation coefficient

( )
2
2
6
1
1
s
x
r
n n
=

Standard deviation
( )
2
1
x x
s
n

Standard deviation about line best fit
2
t
t
s s =

Standard deviation (binomial) n p q o =
Standard deviation (frequency table)
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
n f x f x
s
n n
(
(

(

=

Standard deviation (prob. Dist) ( )
2 2
x P x o
(
=
(

Standard Score
x
x x
z or
s

o

=

4

Sum of squares due to factor ( )
( )
3 1 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
2
error
C C C
x
SS
k k k n
(
(
= + + +
(
(

Sum of squares of x
( )
( )
2
2
x
SS x x
n
=

Sum of squares of xy
( )
x y
SS xy xy
n

Variance (shortcut)
( )
2
2
2
1
x
x
n
s
n

Variance (binomial)
2
n p q o =
Variance for a probability distribution (easier
computations)
( )
2 2 2
x P x o
(
=
(

Variance for a probability distribution (easier to
understand)
( ) ( )
2 2
x P x o
(
=
(

Variance of discrete random variable
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
x P x xP x o
(
= (

(



y-intercept for line of best fit
1
0
y b x
b
n

=