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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CHAPTER REVIEW
Cellular respiration includes aerobic respiration and fermentation. Aerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, is an exergonic reaction that drives ATP synthesis, an endergonic reaction. Oxidation involves the removal of hydrogen atoms (H + + e ) from substrate molecules, usually by the coenzyme NAD+, but in one case by FAD. Four events are required: glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytosol. Glycolysis produces two ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. When oxygen is available, pyruvate from glycolysis enters mitochondria. In mitochondria, the transition reaction and the Krebs cycle are located in the matrix, and the electron transport system is located on the cristae. Both the transition reaction and the Krebs cycle release carbon dioxide as a result of the oxidation of carbohydrate breakdown products. The electrons carried by NADH and FADH 2 enter the electron transport system. The electrons pass down a chain of carriers until they are finally received by oxygen, which combines with H+, forming water. As electrons pass down the electron transport system, energy is released and stored for ATP production. The term oxidative phosphorylation is sometimes used for 34 ATPs produced as a result of the electron transport system. The protein complexes of the electron transport system pump H + received from NADH and FADH 2 into the intermembrane space, setting up an electrochemical gradient. When H + flows down this gradient through the ATP synthase complex, energy is released and used to form ATP. This process of producing ATP is called chemiosmosis. Other carbohydrates, as well as protein and fat, can also generate ATP by entering various steps in the degradative paths of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. These pathways also provide metabolites needed for the synthesis of various important cellular substances. Fermentation, which occurs when oxygen is not available for aerobic respiration, involves glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate by NADH. The end product can be lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation produces a net yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Fermentation provides a quick, immediate source of ATP, but lactate buildup is toxic to the cell and creates an oxygen debt by the organism.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

7.1 AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION (P . 118)

During aerobic cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose drives the synthesis of ATP. 1. Consider the following equation. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy The molecule glucose is (oxidized or reduced)
b. ______________. a. ______________

while oxygen is (oxidized or reduced) reaction and therefore is used by

This is an (endergonic or exergonic)

c. ______________

cells to build up ATP.

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2. Complete the adajacent diagram and answer these questions: The (left or right) right)
e. ______________

b.

side of the
a. c.

diagram represents oxidation and the (left or

f. ______________

side of the diagram

represents reduction of NAD. Why is NAD + called a coenzyme of oxidation-reduction?

g.

________________________________________

d.

Phases of Aerobic Cellular Respiration (p. 119) Aerobic cellular respiration requires a number of reactions within three metabolic pathways. 3. Indicate whether the following statements pertain to glycolysis (GL), transition reaction (TR), Krebs cycle (KC), or the electron transport system (ETS). Some items require more than one answer. a. Series of carriers that pass electrons from one to the other. b. Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that release CO 2 . c. Pyruvate is oxidized to an acetyl group. d. Breakdown of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate. e. Energy is released and stored for ATP production. f. Occurs inside mitochondria. g. Occurs outside the mitochondria in the cytosol. h. Results in only 2 ATP.

7.2 OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA: GLYCOLYSIS (P . 120)

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that partially breaks down glucose outside the mitochondria. 4. Where does glycolysis occur? Does it require oxygen? Glycolysis begins with Glycolysis ends with
a. ______________

b. ______________ c. ______________.

d. ______________. e. ______________

How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule as a direct result of glycolysis? What type of phosphorylation occurs during glycolysis?
f. ______________

What coenzyme carries out the oxidation of substrates during glycolysis? ______________, and ______________

g. ______________ h. ______________,

Considering your answers to these questions, what is the output of glycolysis?

When glycolysis is a part of fermentation, what is the end product in humans? i. ___________________.

7.3 INSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA (P . 122)

The transition reaction and the Krebs cycle, which occur inside the mitochondria, continue the breakdown of glucose until carbon dioxide and water result.

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5. Label this diagram of a mitochondrion using the following terms: cristae cytosol a. inner membrane intermembrane space matrix outer membrane

b.

c. d. e. f.

6. Using your labels from question 5, where does each of the following processes occur? glycolysis
a. ______________ b. ______________ c. ______________ a. ______________

Krebs cycle

electron transport system

7. The Krebs cycle begins and ends with what molecule? cycle?
b. ______________

A two-carbon molecule acetyl group enters the Krebs cycle. What carbon molecules leave the Krebs How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule as a direct result of the Krebs cycle? What coenzymes carry out the oxidation of substrates in the Krebs cycle? ______________, ______________, and ______________ Electron Transport System (p. 124) The electron transport system, which receives electrons from NAD + and FAD, produces most of the ATP during aerobic cellular respiration. 8. What coenzymes bring hydrogen atoms (H + + e ) to the electron transport system? What happens to the electrons? b. ______________ What happens to the hydrogen ions?
c. ______________ d. ______________ a. ______________ c. ______________

d. ______________ e. ______________,

Considering your answers to these questions, what are the outputs of the Krebs cycle?

What molecule is the final acceptor of electrons from the electron transport system? accounts for the buildup of how many ATP?
e. ______________

Each pair of electrons carried by NADA from the Krebs cycle that passes down the electron transport system What type of phosphorylation is associated with the electron transport system? 9. During chemiosmotic ATP synthesis in mitochondria, H + build up in the When these H+ flow
b. ______________ f. ______________

a. ______________

space. is

their concentration gradient into the matrix,

c. ______________

produced from ADP + P . 10. Match the complexes with the following functions: 1 passes on electrons and pumps H + into intermembrane space 2 carries out ATP synthesis 3 receives electrons and passes them on to oxygen 4 oxidizes NADH and pumps H + into intermembrane space _____ _____ _____ _____ a. b. c. d. NADH dehydrogenase complex cytochrome b-c complex cytochrome oxidase complex ATP synthase complex

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Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism (p. 126) 11. In the following diagram, fill in the blanks with the correct numbers and with the terms NADH, FADH 2 , and ATP:
glucose Cytosol

glycolysis

2 pyruvate

2 acetyl-CoA

Mitochondrion

2 CO2 Krebs cycle 4 CO2 O2

Electron Transport System H2O

ATP Yield

7.4 METABOLIC POOL

AND

BIOSYNTHESIS (P . 127)

A number of metabolites in addition to glucose can be broken down to drive ATP synthesis. 12. The carbon skeleton of amino acids can be respired if the amino acid first undergoes When fats are respired, glycerol is converted to molecule
c. ______________, b. ______________, a. ______________.

fatty acids are converted to the two-carbon

d.

and the acetyl group enters the Krebs cycle. Excess acetyl groups from glucose ____

metabolism can be used to build up fat. Explain why the consumption of carbohydrate makes us fat.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

7.5 FERMENTATION (P . 129)

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that partially breaks down glucose under anaerobic conditions. 13. What happens to pyruvate during fermentation? in humans Why is fermentation wasteful? What is its advantage?
d. c. a. __________________

in yeast b.

What is oxygen debt in humans? e.

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14. Label the following processes I, II, and/or III, based on this pyruvate diagram: a. occurs under anaerobic conditions b. fermentation c. glycolysis d. transition reaction 15. Consider III in the diagram for question 14. Which has more hydrogen atoms, pyruvate or lactate? In yeast, the product of this reaction is What happens to NAD + produced by the reaction? 16. Consider II in the diagram for question 14. What happens to NADH?
a. _______________ b. ______________ a. ______________

glucose I

NAD+ NADH

NA D+

b. ______________. c. ______________

pyruvate
DH NA

NA DH

+ D NA

II

III

acetyl group

lactate

What happens to the acetyl group?

Cellular Respiration Roulette

On the table before you are three locations to place a bet. These locations are labeled:
G Glycolysis K Krebs cycle E Electron Transport System

You can place a chip on more than one of these locations. For every chip properly placed, you would hypothetically win $5.00. Place your bets! Where should you place (a) chip(s) for each of the following: 1. occurs in cytoplasm 2. occurs in mitochondrion 3. glucose 4. oxygen 5. carbon dioxide 6. NADH produced 7. NADH received 8. water produced 9. 2 ATP 10. 32 ATP 11. product from transition reaction enters here 12. How much money did you win?

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CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. 1. Fermentation is a. glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. b. glycolysis and the reduction of pyruvate. c. glycolysis only. d. the reduction of pyruvate only. 2. Each of the following is a product of aerobic respiration EXCEPT a. ATP. b. carbon dioxide. c. oxygen. d. water. 3. Per glucose molecule, the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis is a. two. b. four. c. six. d. eight. 4. Fermentation supplies a. glycolysis with free NAD + . b. hydrogen to the transition reaction. c. oxygen as an electron acceptor. d. the Krebs cycle with oxygen. 5. The process that occurs first is a. chemiosmosis. b. glycolysis. c. the electron transport system. d. the Krebs cycle. 6. Which is NOT an event of the transition reaction? a. breaks down pyruvate b. converts a citrate molecule c. oxidizes pyruvate d. transfers an acetyl group 7. Select the incorrect association. a. electron transport systemcristae b. fermentationplasma membrane c. glycolysiscytosol d. Krebs cyclematrix 8. Select the process with the greatest yield per glucose molecule. a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. transition reaction 9. The energy yield by ATP molecules per glucose molecule is closest to a. 25%. b. 40%. c. 50%. d. 60%. 10. Inside a cell, glycerol is broken down into a. amino acids. b. acetyl-CoA. c. fatty acids. d. PGAL. 11. Which of the following reactions is NOT a part of aerobic respiration? a. glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. electron transport system d. transition reaction e. fermentation 12. The coenzyme used in the transition reaction of aerobic respiration is a. ATP. b. NAD + . c. NADH. d. coenzyme A. e. RuBP. 13. The carbon dioxide given off by aerobic respiration is produced by a. glycolysis. b. the transition reaction. c. the Krebs cycle. d. the electron transport system. e. Both b and c are correct. 14. The final acceptor for electrons in aerobic respiration is a. ATP. b. NAD + . c. FAD. d. oxygen. e. carbon dioxide. 15. Which of the following reactions occurs on the inner membrane of mitochondria? a. the Krebs cycle b. the transition reaction c. the electron transport system d. glycolysis e. the Calvin cycle 16. The coenzymes NAD + and FAD carry hydrogen atoms (H + + e ) to the a. glycolysis reactions. b. transition reaction. c. Krebs cycle. d. Calvin cycle. e. electron transport system.

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17. Which of the following statements is NOT true about fermentation? a. It is an anaerobic process. b. The end products are toxic to cells. c. It results in two ATPs per glucose molecule. d. In the absence of O 2 , muscle cells form CO 2 and alcohol. e. It can be used to make bread rise. 18. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding fats? a. Fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA. b. Eighteen-carbon fatty acids are converted to nine acetyl-CoA molecules. c. Glycerol is converted to PGAL.

d. Fats are the least efficient form of stored energy. e. Carbohydrates can be converted to fats. 19. The process directly responsible for most of the ATP formed during aerobic respiration is a. the Krebs cycle. b. the transition reaction. c. the electron transport system. d. chemiosmosis. 20. A pathway that begins with glucose and ends with pyruvate is a. glycolysis. b. the Krebs cycle. c. the electron transport system. d. the transition reaction.

THOUGHT QUESTIONS
Answer in complete sentences. 21. Explain how the human body obtains the reactants for aerobic respiration and what happens to the products.

22. Why would you expect the Krebs cycle to be located in the matrix of the mitochondrion and the electron transport system to be located on the cristae?

Test Results: ______ Number right 22 = ______ 100 = ______ %

ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. oxidized b. reduced c. exergonic 2. a. 2H b. NADH + H + c. 2H d. NAD + e. right f. left g. It becomes reduced when it accepts electrons from a substrate and becomes oxidized when it passes electrons on to another carrier. 3. a. ETS b. KC c. TR d. GL e. ETS f. TR, KC, ETS g. GL h. GL, KC (two turns per glucose molecule) 4. a. cytosol b. no c. glucose d. pyruvate e. two ATP f. substrate level g. NAD + h. NADH, ATP, pyruvate i. lactate 5. a. cristae b. matrix c. outer membrane d. intermembrane space e. inner membrane f. cytosol 6. a. cytosol b. matrix c. cristae 7. a. citrate b. CO 2 c. two ATP d. NAD + and FAD e. NADH, FADH 2 , ATP, and CO 2 8. a. NADH and FADH 2 b. pass down the system c. pumped into intermembrane space d. O 2 e. three ATP f. oxidative 9. a. intermembrane b. down c. ATP 10. a. 4 b. 1 c. 3 d. 2 11. see Figure 7.8, page 126, in text 12. a. deamination b. PGAL c. acetyl-CoA d. The acetyl groups, which result from carbohydrate breakdown, can be used to make fat. 13. a. reduced to lactate b. reduced to alcohol and CO 2 c. produces only two ATP d. does not require oxygen e. O 2 needed to metabolize lactate 14. a. I, III b. III c. I d. II 15. a. lactate b. alcohol and CO 2 c. returns to glycolysis 16. a. goes to the electron transport system b. enters the Krebs cycle

CELLULAR RESPIRATION ROULETTE

1. G 2. K, E 3. G 4. E 5. K 6. G, K 7. E 8. E 9. G, K 10. E 11. K 12. Calculate your winnings.

CHAPTER TEST
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. d 11. e 12. d 13. c 14. d 15. c 16. e 17. d 18. d 19. d 20. a 21. Glucose enters the body at the digestive tract and oxygen enters at the lungs. Glucose and oxygen are delivered to cells by the circulatory system. Water from aerobic respiration enters the blood and is utilized by the body or excreted; we breathe out the carbon dioxide. 22. The Krebs cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions, and one reaction is tied to the next because the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next. The electron transport system is the passage of electrons from one carrier to the next. These carriers are stationed in their correct order on the cristae, otherwise the passage of electrons would not release energy in the most efficient manner.

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