10

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND R EPRODUCTION

CHAPTER REVIEW
Water transport in plants occurs within xylem. The cohesion-tension model of xylem transport states that transpiration (evaporation of water at stomates) creates tension, which pulls water upward in xylem. This method works only because water molecules are cohesive. Stomates open when guard cells take up potassium (K+) ions, and water follows by osmosis. Stomates open because the entrance of water causes the guard cells to buckle out. Transport of organic nutrients in plants occurs within phloem. The pressure-flow theory of phloem transport states that sugar is actively transported into phloem at a source, and water follows by osmosis. The resulting increase in pressure creates a flow, which moves water and sucrose to a sink. Plant hormones control plant responses to environmental stimuli. Tropisms are growth responses toward or away from unidirectional stimuli. When a plant is exposed to light, auxin moves laterally from the bright to the shady side of a stem. Thereafter, the cells on the shady side elongate, and the stem moves toward the light. Plant hormones most likely control photoperiodism. Short-day plants flower when the days are shorter (nights are longer) than a critical length, and long-day plants flower when the days are longer (nights are shorter) than a critical length. Some plants are day-length neutral. Phytochrome, a plant pigment that responds to daylight, is believed to be a part of a biological clock system that in some unknown way brings about flowering. Flowering plants have an alternation of generations life cycle, which includes separate microgametophytes and megagametophytes. The pollen grain, the microgametophyte, is produced within the stamens of a flower. The megagametophyte is produced within the ovule of a flower. Following pollination and fertilization, the ovule matures to become the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit. The enclosed seeds contain the embryo (hypocotyl, epicotyl, plumule, radicle) and stored food (endosperm and/or cotyledons). When a seed germinates, the root appears below and the shoot appears above. Many flowering plants reproduce asexually, as when the nodes of stems (either aboveground or underground) give rise to entire plants, or when an isolated root produces new shoots. Micropropagation, the production of clonal plants utilizing tissue culture, is now a commercial venture. The particle-gun technique allows foreign genes to be introduced into plant cells, which then develop into adult plants with particular traits.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

10.1 WATER

AND

MINERAL TRANSPORT (P . 170)

Evaporation pulls water and minerals from the roots to the leaves in xylem.

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1. With the help of the accompanying illustration, match these terms with a, c, e, g, and i below and answer the questions. tension cohesion and adhesion of water molecules tracheids and vessel elements negative pressure transpiration positive pressure root hairs

The sun causes water to evaporate the energy for xylem transport comes from the sun. xylem in leaf vein

water molecules outside air stomate mesophyll cells

Transpiration (evaporation) of water from leaves creates tension that pulls the water column in xylem from the roots. cohesion by hydrogen bonding between water molecules cell wall adhesion due to polarity of water molecules Water column is held together by cohesion; adhesion keeps water column in place.

xylem

root hair soil particles xylem water molecule

Water from soil enters xylem in root; tension in water column extends from leaves to root.
a. _________ are

the conducting cells in xylem. Why is there an open pipeline from the roots to the leaves? b. _____ water from soil. When water enters the root and makes its way to xylem, what type of

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. _________ absorb

pressure results? d. _________________________________________________________________________________

e. _________ is

evaporation of water. Why does water evaporate? f. ________________________________________ created by the evaporation of water. What type of pressure results from the evaporation of water? a water column to hold together. Why must the water column be continuous? j. _____________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
g. _________ is h.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

i. _________ causes

_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 77

2. Using the input from question 1, explain the cohesion-tension model of xylem transport. _________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Opening and Closing of Stomates (p. 172) Stomates must be open for evaporation to occur. 3. Stomates open during photosynthesis when
b. ____________________ c. ____________________, a. ____________________

ions are actively transported

d. ____________________

( into/out of ) the guard cells. Water now enters the guard cells by causing the cells to buckle out due to their ( thick/thin ) inner

walls. 4. Rearrange the letters of steps a e to demonstrate how stomates proceed from closed to open positions. ____________________ a. CO 2 decreases in leaf. b. K + enters guard cells. c. Stomates are closed. d. Stomates are open. e. Water enters guard cells. 5. What two important events are occurring when stomates are open?
a. b.

10.2 ORGANIC NUTRIENT TRANSPORT (P . 174)

Osmotic pressure causes organic nutrients to flow in phloem, usually from the leaves to the roots.

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6. With the help of the accompanying illustration, match these terms with a, c, d, e, f, g , and i below and answer the questions. active transport (used twice) osmosis positive pressure sieve-tube cells sink source

xylem vessel

Sucrose is actively transported into phloem, and water follows by osmosis. source (mature leaf cells) sieve-tube element companion cell

phloem

This creates a positve pressure that causes sap to flow within phloem.

water molecule

sucrose molecule

sieve plate

sink (root and other growth areas)

Sucrose is actively transported out of sieve-tube cells, and water follows by osmosis.

a. _________ are b.

the conducting cells of phloem. Why can substances move from cell to cell in phloem? sugar is made in leaves. sugar to enter phloem. after sugar enters phloem.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. _________ means d. _________ causes e. _________ occurs f. _________ exists

in phloem after sugar and water enter. sugar to exit phloem. Why is the exit of sugar from phloem a necessary part of phloem

g. _________ causes

transport?

h. _______________________________________________________________________________________

sugar is removed in roots. 7. Using the input from question 6, explain the cohesion-tension model of phloem transport. _______________________________________________________________________________________________

i. _________ means

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10.3 PLANTS

RESPONSES TO

ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI (P . 176)

Plants respond to outside stimuli by changing their growth patterns. Plant hormones regulate plant growth patterns. 8. State wether the following is phototropism, gravitropism, or thigmotropism: a. movement in response to touch b. movement in response to light stimulus c. movement in response to gravity d. Explain what is ment by movement of a plant. d. _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. State whether the following is an example of positive tropism or negative tropism. a. Stems curve upward, opposite the direction of gravity. b. Stems curve toward light. 10. Complete the first column of this table by filling in the names of plant hormones.
Table 10.2 Type Growth Promoters Plant hormones Primary Example Notable Function

______________ a.

Indoleacetic acid (IAA)

______________ b. ______________ c.
Growth Inhibitors

Gibberellic acid (GA) Zeatin

Promotes cell elongation in stems; phototropism, gravitropism, apical dominance; formation of roots, development of fruit Promote stem elongation; release some buds and seeds from dormancy Promote cell division and embryo development; prevent leaf senescence and promote bud activation

______________ d. ______________ e.

Abscisic acid (ABA) Ethylene

Resistance to stress conditions; causes stomatal closure; maintains dormancy Promotes fruit ripening; promotes abscission and fruit drop; inhibits growth

Phototropism and Auxin (p. 177) 11. Indicate whether the statements that follow, concerning oat seedling experiments, are true (T) or false (F). Rewrite all false statements to true statements. a. Oat seedlings with tips removed still bend toward the light. Rewrite: _____ b. When an agar block (containing auxin) is placed on one side of a tipless coleoptile, the shoot curves toward that side. Rewrite: _____ c. Auxin normally moves to the shady side, and thereafter, the stem bends toward the light. Rewrite:

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12. Explain this diagram.

cell wall H+ ATP ATP H+

H+

ATP

receptor auxin ATP ATP H+

H+

Photoperiodism (p. 178) Some plant responses are controlled by the length of daylight (photoperiod). 13.Study the diagram and then answer the questions that follow.

A long-day (short-night) plant flowers when the night is a. ____________________ than a critical length. A short-day (long-night) plant will not flower when the night is b. ____________________ than a critical length. A long-day (short-night) plant will not flower when the night is c. ____________________ than a critical length. A short-day (long-night) plant will flower when the night is d.____________________ than a critical length. A long-day (short-night) plant will flower if a flash of light interrupts a night that is e. ____________________ than a critical length. A short-day (long-night) plant will not flower if a flash of light interrupts a night that is f. ____________________ than a critical length. The conclusion is that it is the length of the g. ____________________, and not the h. ____________________, that controls flowering. 81

14. a. Label the three arrows in the diagram with the following terms: metabolic conversion, absorbs red light, and absorbs far-red light.

b. Place the following terms above and below the arrows as appropriate: daytime, and shade and evening. c. Place the following terms to one side of P r or P fr as appropriate: flowering is stimulated and stem elongation is inhibited. d. The conclusion is that P fr .

10.4 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

IN

FLOWERING PLANTS (P .180)

In the plant life cycle, the pollen grain carries sperm from flower to flower. 15. Label this diagram of a flower with the following terms: anther filament ovary ovule petal pistil pollen grain pollen tube sepal stamen stigma style

16. Name the following parts of a flower: green leaves that form a whorl colored leaves of a flower a vaselike structure a slender stalk a sticky enlarged knob
a. _____________________ b. _____________________

c. _____________________that

consists of:

d. _____________________

e. _____________________ f. _____________________

an enlarged base containing ovules stamen components include:

a saclike container that produces pollen grains a slender stalk 82

h. _____________________

g. _____________________

17. a. Label this diagram of the life cycle of a flowering plant with the following terms: anther megagametophyte megaspore microgametophyte microspore a. ovary b. sporophyte zygote
petal ovule sepal

h. c. diploid (2n) haploid (n) e. egg g. d. sperm microgametophyte (pollen grain)

fertilization

meiosis

18. Fill in the blanks. In this life cycle, the dominant sporophyte produces two types of spores, called the a. _________ and
b. _________.

The microspore develops into the mature c. _________, a pollen grain that contains a d. _________. The megaspore develops into the e. _________, an embryo sac that contains an f. _________. When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a g. _________ results. The zygote becomes an embryo enclosed within a seed. Fruits and Seeds (p. 183) Seeds within fruits are the products of sexual reproduction in flowering plants. Seeds must be dispersed and must germinate to complete the plant life cycle. 19.What is the pericarp?
a. _____________________ b. _____________________

Explain the term simple fruit. Explain the term dry fruit.

c. _____________________ d. _____________________ e. _____________________

Explain the term compound fruit. A peach is a simple fruit with a(n)
f. _____________________,

pericarp, while a nut is a simple fruit with a(n)

hard pericarp.

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20. List four ways that seeds and fruits are dispersed. a. b. c. d. 21. Label each statement as describing the structure and germination of either the bean seed (B) or the corn kernel (C). a. It is actually a fruit. b. The plumule is enclosed in a sheath called the coleoptile. c. Most of the food storage tissue is endosperm. d. Shoot is hook shaped.

10.5 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (P . 186)

IN

FLOWERING PLANTS

Plants reproduce asexually. This ability can be commercially utilized to mass produce identical plants, sometimes after genetic engineering. 22. Place a check in front of the example(s) of vegetative propagation. a. strawberry plants grown from the nodes of stolons b. potato plants grown from the eyes of a potato c. ornamental plants grown from stem cuttings 23. Place a check in front of the characteristics of vegetative propagation. a. sexual reproduction b. asexual reproduction c. new plant genetically identical to original plant d. new plant genetically dissimilar to original plant 24. Micropropagation is a commercial way to produce thousands of ( identical/dissimilar ) seedlings utilizing from flower
c. ____________________, a. ____________________ b. ____________________

culture. Somatic embryos can be grown

e. ____________________

which is free of viruses. Anther culture, which allows the production of alleles, uses the tube cell of grains. The

plants that express called

d. ____________________

process of culturing individual cellsderived from root, stem, or leafto produce desirable chemicals is
f. ____________________.

A protoplast is a(n)

g. ____________________

that can go on to develop into an

entire plant.

CHAPTER
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. 1. What role does transpiration play in water transport? a. no role b. pushes the water c. pulls the water 2. For transpiration to occur in the leaves, a. water must exhibit cohesiveness. b. the stomates must be open. c. water must evaporate. d. All of these are correct. 84

TEST

3. Turgor pressure is important to a. stomate opening and closing. b. plant cell rigidity. c. water flow in xylem. d. Both a and b are correct. e. All of these are correct. 4. The Casparian strip causes a. water to enter the vascular cylinder. b. sucrose to enter phloem. c. water to stay within xylem during transport. d. All of these are correct.

5. During water transport, negative pressure is due to the a. cohesion of water molecules. b. active transport of sucrose into root cells. c. evaporation of water from the leaves. d. All of these are correct. 6. When stomates are open, a. carbon dioxide enters leaves. b. potassium and water have entered guard cells. c. negative pressure pulls water upward. d. All of these are correct. 7. During phloem transport, the sink has a. the higher solute concentration, accounting for why water flows to it. b. the lower solute concentration, due to the active transport of sucrose out of it. c. the higher solute concentration because that is where sucrose is needed. d. Both a and c are correct. 8. Select the incorrect association. a. positive gravitropismresponse to gravity b. phototropismresponse to light stimulus c. negative gravitropismresponse to gravity d. thigmotropismresponse to chemical stimulus 9. Interrupting the dark period with a flash of white light prevents flowering in a a. long-day plant. b. short-day plant. 10. Select the incorrect statement about auxins. a. They cause breakdown of polysaccharides in the cell wall. b. Their concentration in leaves and fruits prevents leaves and fruits from falling to the ground. c. They are produced in the shoot apex of the plant. d. They are transported to the side of the plant receiving light. 11. Oat seedlings will NOT bend a. when exposed to artificial plant hormones. b. when coleoptile tips are cut off. c. when P r has become P fr . d. All of these are correct. 12. The reception of auxin leads to a. the removal of H + from the cell. b. ATP ADP + P. c. the weakening of plant cell walls. d. All of these are correct. 13. In a short-day plant, flowering is believed to depend on a. proper lighting. b. the presence of phytochrome. c. the proper hormonal balance. d. All of these are correct.

14. The ovule is to the pistil as the a. anther is to the stamen. b. anther is to the filament. c. filament is to the anther. d. All of these are correct. 15. The structure immediately preceding the megagametophyte is the a. microgametophyte. b. ovule. c. megaspore. d. pistil. 16. The pollen grain contains a. the sperm. b. the egg. c. the embryo. d. It depends on the photoperiod. 17. Insects a. routinely disperse seeds in angiosperms. b. are flower pollinators. c. are the only flower pollinators. d. All of these are correct. 18. Vegetative propagation a. is asexual propagation. b. can occur from stems. c. requires the use of leaves. d. Both a and b are correct. e. All of these are correct. 19. In the life cycle of flowering plants, the embryo sac a. is the equivalent of the pollen grain. b. has ten cells. c. contains an embryo. d. All of these are correct. 20. A(n) ______ produces four pollen grains. a. microspore b. microsporocyte c. anther d. microsporangium 21. Fertilization in flowering plants a. results in a 2n zygote and 3n endosperm. b. results in a 3n embryo and 2n endosperm. c. involves the polar nuclei but not the egg nucleus. d. occurs rarely. 22. Fruits are classified according to whether they are a. big or small. b. dry or fleshy. c. simple or compound. d. Both b and c are correct. e. All of these are correct. 23. A seed typically a. contains an embryo and stored food. b. germinates before it starts to grow. c. has cotyledons. d. All of these are correct.

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THOUGHT QUESTIONS
Answer in complete sentences. 24. Discuss how plants regulate the opening and closing of stomates.

25. What are one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual plant reproduction, compared to sexual plant reproduction?

Test Results: ______ Number right 25 = ______ 100 = ______ %

ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. tracheids and vessel elements b. Vessel elements are piled on top of one another. c. root hairs d. positive pressure e. transpiration f. Solar energy causes water to evaporate. g. tension h. negative pressure i. cohesion and adhesion j. Tension can only work if the water column is continuous. 2. The sun causes water to evaporate, and this creates a tension that pulls the water column, continuous due to the cohesion of water molecules that adhere to the sides of xylem. 3. a. potassium b. into c. osmosis d. thick 4. c, a, b, e, d 5. a. Water is lost by transpiration. b. Carbon dioxide is being absorbed. 6. a. sieve-tube cells b. Sieve-tube cells are connected by strands of cytoplasm. c. source d. active transport e. osmosis f. positive pressure g. active transport h. causes sugar to move from area of higher to lower concentration i. sink 7. a. When sugar is actively transported into phloem, water follows by osmosis, creating a positive pressure. When sucrose is actively transported out of sieve-tube cells, a gradient is established that causes sugar to flow from source to sink. 8. a. thigmotropism b. phototropism c. gravitropism d. Plants grow in a certain direction. 9. a. negative tropism b. positive tropism 10. a. auxin b. gibberellins c. cytokinins d. abscisic acid e. ethylene 11. a. F; . . . do not bend toward . . . b. F; . . . curves away from that side c. T 12. Auxin is attaching to receptors. Pump is breaking down ATP and pumping H+ out of the cell. H+ causes the cell wall to break down, water and then solutes enter, and the cell increases in size. 13. a. shorter b. shorter c. longer d. longer e. longer f. longer g. night h. day 14. a, b, c
daytime absorbs red light
Pr P fr flowering is stimulated and stem elongation is inhibited

d. is the metabolically active form. 15. a. anther b. filament c. stamen d. pollen grain e. stigma f. style g. ovary h. pistil i.petals j. sepal k. ovule l. pollen tube 16. a. sepals b.petals c. pistil d. stigma e. style f. ovary g. anther h. filament 17. a. anther b. ovary c. sporophyte d. microspore e. megaspore f. megagametophyte g. microgametophyte h. zygote 18. a. microspore b. megaspore c. microgametophyte d. sperm e. megagametophyte f. egg g. zygote 19. a. thickened ovary wall b. developed from an individual ovary c . pericarp is dry d. developed from a group of individual ovaries e. fleshy f. dry 20. a. hooks and spines b. defecation by birds and mammals c. squirrel activity d. wind and ocean currents 21. a. B b. C c. C d. B 22. a, b, c 23. b, c 24. a. identical b. tissue c. meristem d. recessive e. pollen f. cell suspension culture g. naked cell

CHAPTER TEST
1. c 2. d 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. b 8. d 9. b 10. d 11. b 12. d 13. d 14. a 15. c 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. a 20. a 21. a 22. d 23. d 24. Each stomate has two guard cells with a pore between them. Their inner walls are thicker than the outer walls. When water enters the guard cells, their lengthwise expansion causes them to buckle out and the stomate opens. During photosynthesis, an ATP-driven proton pump actively transport H + out of the cell. New potassium ions enter the guard cells, which take up water by osmosis, causing the stomate to open. 25. Asexual reproduction offers a quick, effective means of reproducing plants; however, it lacks the mechanism for genetic variability available through sexual reproduction. Through the latter, more adaptive forms of the organism may be produced.

absorbs far-red light and shade and evening

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