Urban Spatial Structure of High density of Urban Village (Assessments, Concept and Strategies towards Sustainable Settlement)

By : Beta Paramita Department Architecture of Vocational Education Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia betaparamita@gmail.com

Bandung got the 4th rank as a populated city in Indonesia, and similar with many Indonesian big cities, especially in Java Island face the complex of demographys problem on an urban spatial structure associated with the population growth, such as land use, water supply, equipping settlement and its facilities. Bandung is clustered of urban village, which is spread across the city, formed in the strategic point of downtown. Tamansari is one of many urban villages in Bandung, that have a strong historical correlation with Bandung development, even to the present. This phenomena was made the environmental chaos of the central city became linked to the social problem of urban life. In addition, claims about higher densities suggest benefits in energy savings through combined heat and power (CHP) provision, but that benefits might be outweighed by the loss of open space. (Moughtin, et al. 2005). This provision of open an especially green space is included: reduced surface and air temperature, due to daylighting, high humidity, effect of the wind tunnel. Physically, these villages even look like a slum area, and somehow this area is an easy target to be displaced, mostly changed into commercial function, because its land value. However, it's just like changing a mask without solving the problems of a settlement area, kind a move the slum area to another place. The uncontrolled urban structure of high density urban villages due to the population growth make the writer wanted to know about the environmental implications of urban form for particular combinations of building types, urban forms and open spaces. Keyword: Tamansari, Urban structure and form, urban village

A. INTRODUCTION
1. History of Cikapundung Taman Sari community around the river bank The city history dates from 1488 when the first reference to Bandung exists, but from ancient archeological finds, we know the city was home to Australopithecus, Java Man. These people lived on the banks of the Cikapundung in north Bandung, and on the shores of the Great Lake of Bandung. Flint artifacts can still be found in the Upper Dago area and the Geological Museum has displays and fragments of skeletal remains and artifacts. Since the early 20th conservation ecology of Cikapundung River has been the priority through the Committee of Van Leeuwen, who has compiled Cikapundung watershed conservation program includes the following activities: Zoological Garden (Wildlife Park) and Mini

Botanical Garden (Botanical Garden "mini") greening the land on the banks of Cikapundung, from Maribaya to Taman Sari. Tamansari then serves as the "Forest City", which accommodates 1200 plant species. It was start from the rebellion of DI/TII in the early days of 1

the revolution in Garut, Sumedang, and other outskirts of Bandung, which caused many residents to flee to the city center. Then the many refugees who settled until now, and up to now they claim native to this area. Part of Cikapundung River is Tamansari area, and here is the high density of urban village in Bandung. Tamansari right now has gradually changed from a green area of the city into a dense residential. Its strategic location and lack of planning and control tools that anticipate the development of the region, this is cause Tamansari decrease as physical quality, environment and social. In addition, there is transfer of land use than they should be open space and greenery that protect ecosystems along the river, has been transformed into uncontrolled and an irregular residential which are very dense. This history of Cikapundung and the community who live around Cikapundung then drive the writer to know the urban structure of this area, since there are a big transformation from Forest City become a high density of urban village 2. Problem Restriction and Formulation The study of urban spatial structure will cover a very

broad spectrum of issues, this is refers to a cluster of concepts concerned with the arrangement of urban public space. The way that urban public space is arranged affects many aspects of how cities function and has implications for accessibility,

environmental sustainability, safety, social equity, social capital, cultural creativity and economics. The first limitation relates to the area of study, which is serially north, south, west and east are bounded with Jl. Siliwangi, Jl. Wastukencana, Jl. Cihampelas and Jl. Tamansari. The second limitation, related to the problem. In the context of architecture, this research is limited in characteristic of urban structure physically which is influenced by the density of urban
Figure 1. Tamansari area (source : RTBL Tamansari, Dirjen Cipta Karya, 2008 )

built and architecturally to improve the quality of the city. This aspect includes two things. First, the anatomy of the quality of the city, which adopted an indicator of Shirvani (1985) and Urban

Design Compedium (2000). Second, the identity architecture, which adopts the concept image of the city of Kevin Lynch (1981) and place of Mark Zanhd theory (2003). 2

On that basis, the main problem then is formulated as follows: " To what extent and in what ways does urban form contribute to the quality of city life and find the optimal approach in addressing the problems of urban village Based on these major issues, reduced to some sub-problems: a. The description of physical characteristic of Tamansaris urban form such as size, shape, scale, allocation and land use, type of building, layout of urban blocks, the distribution of green space. b. How to assess the physical condition of Tamansari in order to improve the quality of city life? 3. Hypotheses This research is built around the hypothesis that urban spatial structure has strong correlation with the quality of city life. The increase of population in Bandung has give occasion to create the growth of uncontrolled settlement. Taman sari as one of urban village in Bandung has fulfill demand of land use, economical requirement, and shape the unique social community. The lack of government surveillance of house construction has create many clustered slum urban village. It signed with unorganized urban spatial structure, such as : building orientation, height and width of building, and street width.

B. RATIONALE AND STATE OF RESEARCH

The major research question addressed is: To what extent and in what ways does urban form contribute to the quality of city life and find the optimal approach in addressing the problems of urban village ? This question derives from the aim purpose of this research which is finding the implication of urban spatial structure for particular combination of building types, urban structure and open space to the quality of city life. It is important to tackle and addresses several gaps in knowledge identified from analysis and review of research in the field. The sections below indicate some of the key problems that led to this research question. 1. Urban spatial structure the physical aspect of city life The term urban form can be used simply to describe a citys physical characteristics. However, urban form is closely related to scale and has been described as the morphological attributes of an urban area at all scales (Williams et al., 2000) 1 . Urban form
1

In Jenks, Mike, 2010

generally encompasses a number of physical features and nonphysical characteristics including size, shape, scale, density, land uses, building types, urban block layout and distribution of green space. Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design - they shape and articulate space by forming the streetwalls of the city. Well designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of place. In contrary, urban high density and unorganized building form could generate the lost space. It applies equally to all places - to the centre and the suburb and everything in-between and to the city, town and the village. Urban structure is important because it provides the foundations for the detailed design of individual developments enabling (Shirvani, 1985) :
Integration with surrounding area Individual elements to function efficiently together Environmental harmony A sense of place Commercial viability

Thus, when we talk about the shape of the city then we are indeed talking about the quality of the city in accommodating the quality of life of its citizens. Respect is of a determined good well of this,

Shirvani (1985) states that the

quality

of most cities at sense that the

least quality

by three if the

factors. First, functional quality, in the spaces between buildings, a with other environment,

city

liaison system between

the buildings, as quality,

as liaison aesthetic

city systems, work well

too. Second, visual

including

namely the appearance of architecture on the scale of urban areas and

not visible from the building unit. 2. The Identity of Place The shape of city as mentioned above by Jecnk, showing a good connectivity between spatial and social order. More clearly, Ardrey in Lawson (2001), shows that the need for stimulation, security, and identity that shape social life, is determined by the spatial

layout, such as shape, size and scale that is perceived by the user. The concept of architectural identity is adopting the concept of "image of the city" theory of "place" from Mark Zanhd (1999),

from Kevin Linch (1981) and the

which states that the architectural identity of meaning and feelings

associated with the

user about the place (sense of place) and the image of architecture, where a person know 4

and understand their environment, because it has a special character, uniqueness, or a certain clarity. Variable identity of architecture consists of three indicators: (1) indicators of identity itself, in the form of understanding based on the identification of objects, typical of places / regions, and differences between objects, with the criteria of historical context, cultural, and social, (2) indicators of the structure vision of patterns, relationships between objects, and intersubject-object, with criteria: path, edge, district/sub regions, node, and landmarks,

(3) Indicators of meaning, the form of experience on the meaning of the object, subject-object meanings, feelings about the place, precedent / events / functions / activities that occur. In connection with the second indicator, namely the structure of the vision of patterns,

relationships between objects, and inter-subject-object, further Lynch (1991) reveals that there are five elements to reveal the image of the city, namely the path, edge, district (area), node, and landmark.

C. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
In order to facilitate assessment in the area, then the object of study is divided into neighborhood units, as shown in the picture on the side :

Figure 2. Object study area source : RPKPP Cikapundung, 2010

UL 1

DESCRIPTION UL-1 is located in the administrative area of Lebaksiliwangi, RW-08 with an area of 4.40 hectares and a building density of 582 per ha. PROBLEM High density population areas, Illegal building along Cikapundung River bank, no infrastructure for waste water, it doesnt meet health standard, back part of building orientation to the river, no septic tank for wash, bath and toilet activity. URBAN STRUCTURE Physical building condition as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building in medium level, (b) Building density <80 unit / ha, (c) Temporary Buildings 25-50%, (d) Building coverage > 70%, (e) 1.5 to 3m distance between buildings. Demographic characteristics : (a) level of density < 400 people/ha and (b) population growth <1.7 % POTENTIAL OF AREA (a) Good access, (b) near by tourist area, (c) contain of pathways that is connect the neighborhood, (d) available of open space (greenbelt) in apart of Cikapundung river bank, (e) possible to point as a sample of high density urban village

DESCRIPTION UL-5 is located in the Tamansari administrative area, contain of RW07 RW-15 and 9.38 ha area with building density 652 per ha PROBLEM Back part of building orientation to the river, high density population areas, there is still a house without septic tank, there is narrowing of the pathways broken alley URBAN STRUCTURE Physical condition of the building as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building high level, (b) the building density < 80 units/ha, (c) Temporary Buildings > 50% (d) Building Coverage > 70%, (e) distance between buildings <1.5m Demographic characteristics : (a) level of density > 500 people / ha and (b) population growth> 2.0% POTENTIAL OF AREA (a) Near the education facilities (ITB) (b) There are en existing street in 3-5width (c) Have a open space to be used as greenbelt and septic tank.

UL 2

DESCRIPTION UL-3 is located in the Tamansari administrative area and RW-05 RW-04 with an area of 6.15 hectares and a building density of 402 per ha. PROBLEM High density population areas, there a settlement on government land, lack of open space. URBAN STRUCTURE Physical condition of buildings as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building in high level (b) the building density < 80 units/ha, (c) Temporary Buildings 25-50%, (d) Building Coverage > 70%, (e) distance between buildings <1.5 m, Demographic characteristics (a) level of density 400-500 people / ha and (b) population growth <1.7% POTENTIAL OF AREA Wide access, infrastructure and facilities of area in a good condition, there is partiallyordered settlement

UL-3

UL-4

DESCRIPTION UL-4 is located in the Tamansari administrative area and contain of RW-07, RW-15 with an area of 9.38 hectares, a building density of 652/ ha. PROBLEM Back part of building orientation to the river, no septic tank for individual building/ communal, there are many semi-permanent home with a narrow range of buildings. URBAN STRUCTURE Physical condition of the building as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building in high level, (b) the building density <80 units / ha, (c) Temporary Buildings> 50%, (d) Building coverage > 70%, (e) distance between buildings <1.5 m. Demographic characteristics (a) level of density> 500 people / ha and (b) population growth> 2.0% POTENTIAL OF AREA Nearby the commercial area (Cihampelas), there are historical sites with Cikapundung inscription, could be developed as a conservation area

UL-5

DESCRIPTION UL-5 is located in the Tamansari administrative area, contain of RW-10 with an area of 4.37 ha and a building density of 225 per ha. PROBLEM In the pathways, there is unused culverts, a black water flood, semi-permanent and illegal house with back part facing along the river. URBAN STRUCTURE Physical condition of buildings as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building in high level, (b) 80100unit/ha building density, (c) temporary buildings 25-50%, (d) BC > 70%, (e) distance between buildings <1.5 m. Demographic characteristics (a) level of density> 500 people / ha and (b) population growth <1.7% POTENTION OF AREA Possible to point as a sample of high density urban village, street width is 2-3m, there is a heritage site, mentioned as Cikapundung Epigraph, there is an open space to be used as greenbelt and sport facility, the oldest settlement of Tamansari, there is a fragment of an inspection road that can be used as a pilot project of riverbank restructuring

DESCRIPTION UL-6 is located in the Tamansari administrative area of RW-09 with an area of 6.29 ha with a building density of 367 per ha. PROBLEM Lack of open space and green belt, there are high density of settlement on the government land, narrowing access in the settlement. URBAN STRUCTURE With the physical condition of buildings as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building in high level, (b) the building density <80 units / ha, (c) Temporary Buildings 25-50%, (d) BC > 70%, (e ) 1.5 to 3 m distance between buildings. Demographic characteristics (a) level of density 400500 people / ha and (b) population growth <1.7% POTENTION OF AREA Nearby the commercial facilities (Cihampelas), good access in-out of area

UL-6

settlement 1.5-2.5m

UL-7

DESCRIPTION UL-7 is located in the Lebaksiliwangi administrative area, contain of RW-16 with an area of 4.5 hectares and a building density of 308 per ha. PROBLEM Flooding due to river overflow, no septic tank for individual building/communal in the settlement area URBAN STRUCTURE Physical condition of the building as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building in low level, (b) the building density<80 units/ha, (c) semi-permanent building <25%, (d) BC 50-70%, (e) distance between buildings> 3 m. Demographic characteristics (a) level of density <400 people / ha and (b) population growth <1.7% POTENTION OF AREA As a gate to the area, as a pilot project of riverbank restructuring, lowest density, street width in the

DESCRIPTION UL-8 is located in the Tamansari administrative, contain of RW-11,RW-12 and RW-13 with an area of 9.47 hectares and a building density of 728 per ha. PROBLEM No septic tank for individual building/communal, high density population areas, illegal building and back part facing along Cikapundung River bank URBAN STRUCTURE Physical condition of buildings as follows: (a) Increased illegal buildings are very high, (b) the building density <80 units / ha, (c) semi-permanent building 25-50%, (d) BC > 70%, (e) 1.5 to 3m distance between buildings, as well as demographic characteristics (a) level of density <400 people / ha and (b) population growth <1.7% POTENTION OF AREA There is spot, that is planned as mansions, Pulosari as an area that is replaced as greenbelt of neighborhood, There is an orderly settlement that could point as pilot housing of Cikapundung , good access and potential as gate to area from Tamansari street, Balubur Mall as a landmark of neighborhood.

UL-8

UL-9

DESCRIPTION UL-9 is located in the Tamansari administrative area of RW-14 and RW-20 with an area of 5.28 hectares and a building density of 357 per ha. PROBLEM There is an orderly settlement on government land, no septic tank for individual building / communal, illegal building and back part facing along Cikapundung River bank URBAN STRUCTURE Physical condition of the building as follows: (a) accretion of illegal building in low level , (b) the building density <80 units / ha, (c) semi-permanent building > 50%, (d) BC 50 -70%, (e) 1.5 to 3 m distance between buildings, as well as demographic characteristics (a) level of density <400 people/ha and (b) population growth <1.7% POTENTIAL OF AREA Nearby education facilities (Unisba), street as a urban forming in a good visual quality

D. RESEARCH PLAN
This research is conducted as the diagram shown below :
URBAN FORM ALTERNATIVE APPROACH CLUSTERED AREA
Size Shape Scale Density Land use Building type Urban block layout Green space

SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT

URBAN CATALYST

Model 1
4th Modelling

Model 2

Model 3

FEED BACK
2nd Concept and Plan 1st assessment

3rd Strategies + measurement

Diagram 1 Concept and Plan of Tamansari Source : analysis, 2011

10

To achieve the aims as mentioned above, these activities was done into 4 phases, that were: 1. Assessment
2

This assessment is used to decide the priorities of urban village management which is used criteria that are grouped in : a. b. c. d. Non Economic Vitality Vitality of Economic Sphere Infrastructure and Facilities of Tamansari Government commitment

Assessment of Tamansari was done by gravimetric analysis on each of the above criteria, and based on Slum Area Identification Guidelines Buffer Area Metropolitan City, Distarcip, 2006 The variations of treatment action for urban village:
No A B C D Criteria Non Economic Vitality Economic Vitality Infrastructure+Facilities Gov. commitment Property Dev high avrg low
275-400 120-150 200-250 200-250 200-274 90-119 150-199 150-199 160-199 60-89 100-149 100-149

Urban village scoring Community Based Dev high avrg low

275-400 120-150 200-250 200-250 200-274 90-119 150-199 150-199 160-199 60-89 100-149 100-149

Guided Land Dev high avrg low

275-400 120-150 200-250 200-250 200-274 90-119 150-199 150-199 160-199 60-89 100-149 100-149

Source : Slum Area Identification Guidelines Buffer Area Metropolitan City, Distarcip, 2006

The following Assessment Criteria Environment Unit is shown below : No.

A. 1. 2.

Gravimetric Item
Non Economic Vitality Conformity with spatial planning Building physic a. The accretion of illegal building b. Building density c. Temporary building d. Building coverage e. The distance between buildings Demography a. Demography density b. Pertumbuhan SUB TOTAL Economic Vitality Strategic location The distance to workplace/activity Land use of surrounding area

UL 1 20 30 20 30 50 30 20 20 220 50 20 50

UL 2 20 50 20 50 50 50 30 20 290 50 20 50

UL 3 20 50 20 30 50 50 30 20 270 50 20 50

UL 4 20 50 30 30 50 50 50 20 300 50 20 30

UL 5 20 50 20 50 50 50 20 20 280 50 20 30

UL 6 20 50 20 30 50 30 30 20 250 50 20 30

UL 7 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 170 30 20 20

UL 8 20 50 50 50 50 50 50 20 340 50 20 50

UL 9 20 30 20 50 30 30 20 20 220 50 20 50

3.

B. 1. 2. 3.
2

Pedoman Identifikasi Kawasan Permukiman Kumuh Daerah Penyangga Kota Metropolitan, Distarcip, 2006.

11

D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. E. 1.

2.

SUB TOTAL Infrastructure and Facilities Street/pathways Drainage Water supply Waste water Waste disposal SUB TOTAL Government Commitment Indication of desirability a. Financing b. Public institution/organization Effort of handling a. Disaster b. Improving Physical c. Improving of urban area SUB TOTAL
Source : Analysis, 2011

120 20 50 20 50 50 190

120 20 50 20 50 50 190

120 20 30 20 50 30 150

100 20 50 20 50 50 190

100 20 30 20 50 50 170

100 20 30 20 50 50 170

70 20 20 20 30 30 120

120 20 50 20 50 30 170

120 20 30 20 50 30 150

20 50 20 50 20 160

20 50 20 50 20 160

20 50 50 50 20 190

20 50 20 50 20 160

20 50 20 50 20 160

20 50 20 50 20 160

20 50 50 50 20 190

20 50 50 50 20 190

20 50 20 50 20 160

2. Concept and Plan of Tamansari development The priority of Tamansari treatment based on assessment : No 1 2 Kind of treatment Land use handling Priority to handling
UL 1 UL 2 UL 3 UL 4 UL 5 UL 6 UL 7 UL 8 UL 9

CBD I

PD IV

GLD III

GLD I,IV

CBD I, III

PD II

GLD I

PD IV

GLD II

River Cikapundung defined as urban catalyst in the planning area, with a turn on green space and planned as a core activity areas with functions of recreation and tourism under the theme of culture and environment. The development of this area is associated with the development of commercial areas that are expected to spur growth in the region behind the commercial area. The function of this urban area as a center of activity directed environment and culture that is strengthened by the character of the village settlements. The concept of macro-region arrangement is done by Urban Catalyst Concept which is expected to further turn the region planning. In the area of Tamansari-Cihampelas, one way to improve the quality of the Cikapundung River is restructuring the river bank to restore the lingkage areas and open space. The face of the residential community which is overlooking the Cikapundung River become a pedestrian circulation path, and part of Cikapundung River become more organized with a regular border with residential zone. Supporting the pedestrian path at the front of the dwelling then began to grow micro-scale commercial functions that serve the community and tourist who walk there. So this could be of economic value for the region.

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PLANNING OF CIKAPUNDUNG AREA, BASED ON CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

Gg.Aki Minan

URBAN CATALIST : a. Water front resident and green belt along river bank b. Using the open space under the flyover to make a node as a activity support c. Build the Tamansari mansions as a trigger to restore the slum settlement d. Restructuring the Pulosari as green belt of region
Jala an an Hew n Tam

Jalan Cihampelas

Gg.Sawargi

ENCLAVE SETTLEMENT Point as pilot of the arrangement of river front settlement RESETTLEMENT (Property Dev) - High density settlement > 100 unit /ha - Low quality of infrastructure and physical building Potential as a gate to the area

Gg. Masjid

Jalan Kolam Renang

Gg.M asjid

Jalan

Peles

iran

REDEVELOPMENT (CBD) - Medium density settlement > 100 unit/ha - medium quality of infrastructure and physical building
Jalan Kebon Bibit

Gg.Pelesir VII

Jalan Cihampelas

Gg.Pelesir III

Gg.Pelesir I

Gg.Pelesir IV

Gg.Pelesir VI

Gg.Pelesir V

Gg.Pelesir

IX

Gg.Pel esir II

Jala n an sari Tam

Jal

an

REDEVELOPMENT (CBD) - Medium density settlement > 100 unit/ha - medium quality of infrastructure and physical building Urban heritage GUIDED LAND DEV. - Under control density - Pilot project as water river settlement

Pe

les ira n

Potential as a gate to the region GUIDED LAND DEV. - Under control high density - Pilot project as urban village Balubur Mall as a landmark

Jala n Ke bon

Bib

it Bar

it Utar a

m Ci lan Ja

au

ng

n la Ja

eb

on

Bib

it

Jala n Keb

on

Jl Ke

bon

at Bar

Bib

it Ba Bib

rat

at I
Jalan Keb on Bibi t Utar a II

Jalan

Kebo n Bibit

Utara

n Bib it Ba rat

Ke bo n Bi bi t Te ng ah

Ja lan
Jal

Ja lan

Gg Marga Setia

Ja lan

Ke bo n Bi bi t Te ng ah

Jalan Cihampelas
an
Gg Bongk aran

Jl.

Ke

bo

Jalan

Kebo n Bibit

Ke bon

Ke bo n Bi bit
Bib it Sel

Te

ng ah

ata n

lan Ja

Keb

on

ah ng t Te bi Bi

Ja lan Ke bo n Bi bi t
yan La g Pas

r-C teu

pay ika

-Su ang

ati rap ati rap

Se

lat an

Jal

an

Jal

an

yan La

g Pas

r-C teu

pay ika

-Su ang

Jalan
Karya

Kebo

n Kemb

ang

Gg

Panca

Gg Panca

Warna

Gg Panca

Marga

Potential as a gate to the area MIXED USED DEVELOPMENT - Low rise Settlement - High rise settlement - Open space - Commercial

Gg Pa nca a Sil

Gg Panc ra a Lud

Gg Panca

Tunggal

Jalan Cihampelas

RESETTLEMENT (Property Dev) - High density settlement > 100 unit bgn/ha - Low quality of infrastructure and physical building Potential as a gate to the area
Jalan Cihampelas

Gg.Su mo

an

ne

n Su m an tri

Ja lan Li ng ga was tu

Ga

ng

Un

en

Gg

Su ma ntr i

.Pa

ngum

bah an

II

Gang

Kary

a Bakt i

Gg.Pa ngumb ahan

ana Gang Karyalaks

Gg.Pangum bahan I
Jalan Taman

sari bawah

GUIDED LAND DEV. - Under control high density - Pilot project as urban village UNISBA as a landmark

wastu Jalan Lingga

Jalan Linggawastu

Jalan Tamansari

Jalan

Was

cana tuken

Jal

Jalan

an

Tam

wa stu

an Sari

Ke nca na

Baw ah

Jalan

Tama n Sar i

Jalan

Tam

ans ari

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