Chapter 15: Density is mass per unit volume:

= m ( kg / m 3 ) V

The fundamental definition of pressure is force divided b area! The special unit is the "ascal# abbreviated as "a! 1 "a $ 1 %/ m&! 'igh heels are especiall troublesome (hen (alking on grass or soft ground because the heel part is so tin ! The do(n(ard force of a (oman)s (eight is partl supported b that heel! *ince the area is so small# the pressure becomes much larger because area is in the denominator of the pressure e+uation! The result is that the heel (ill sink into the soft ground! , % " = & is called a pascal ("a) - m Why are snowshoes better than regular shoes for walking in deep snow? *no(shoes spread the do(n(ard force of a person)s (eight over a much larger area! "ressure is force divided b area so (earing sno(shoes (ill result in less do(n(ard pressure on the sno(# making it easier to (alk! .hat is the weight of the atmosphere pushing do(n on us and also from ever direction at sea level/ "at$1!01 1 105 "a $ 101 k"a $ 12!3 lb/in& (psi) 1 bar $ 105 "a *o (h aren)t (e crushed/ 4 for the same reason that marine animals living at great depths in the ocean aren)t crushed: the pressure inside their bodies e+uals the pressure outside! THE PRESSURE ! " #$U D %" R S " #$U D& "'TS E(U"$$) ! "$$ D RE'T *!S+ "!D "'TS "T R ,HT "!,$ES T* "!) SUR#"'E-.hat is the pressure in a flat tire/ -tmospheric5 6auge pressure: "g$ " 7 "at *tatic 8+uilibrium in ,luids: This pressure is (hat our tire gauge reads!

.hat is the pressure e1perienced b a penn on the bottom/ "= " + ,fluid ,net , +, m g Vg = atm fluid = atm penn = "at + fluid = "at + fluid - penn - penn - penn - penn - penn fluid - penn hg - penn = "at + fluid gh

" = "at +

This (orks for successive points 4 this is a . , problem/sol0ing tip--1! 9ocate the point (here the problem is asking ou to find something! &! 9ocate another point (here ou have some information!

Torricelli barometer:

"atm$:gh h $ "at/:g ,or 'g# h $ 3;0 mm 4 if the fluid (ere (ater# h $ 10!3 m! This e1plains (h barometers of old used mercur instead5

.hen the pressure is the same on both sides (at 8V8<= point# b the (a 5) (a) the (ater levels are the same! .hat happens in (b) (here the heights are une+ual/ "ressure on the right side > pressure on the left# so there (ill be a net force pointing to the left and fluid (ill flo( to the left until the levels (and so the pressures) are e+ual!

?il and (ater: the problem asks us to find h# the difference in the t(o heights:

:.ater $ 1000 kg/m3 and :?il $ @&0 kg/m3 .here to begin/ h $ h& 4 h1 The pressure at - $ the pressure at A5 "- $ " A "at B :.ater g h1 $ "at B :?il g (5!00 cm) (1000 kg/m3) h1 $ (@&0 kg/m3) (5!00 cm) h1 $ (0!@&)(5!00 cm) $ 2!; cm h $ 0!2 cm Pas1al2s Prin1iple / states that an e1ternal pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted in its entiret to all parts of the fluid and also to the (alls of the enclosure! The reason for this is simple: (hile a gas can be compressed because the molecules are relativel far apart# a li+uid is in1ompressible! ,or this reason# the pressure is transmitted uniforml throughout because# (here else (ould it go/

.e increase the pressure on the left side b appl ing a force ,1! 8ver (here in the fluid# this pressure must increase b the same amount! , , ," = 1 = & *olving for ,& = 1 & ! Aecause - & > -1 # -1 - & -1 ,& must be greater than ,1 5 *o# are (e getting something for nothing/ %o (a 5 *ince (e assume the fluid is incompressible# (hen (e push do(n on the left piston# (e are displacing a volume of fluid# V1 = -1d1! This has to be the same volume (e displace on the right because# (here else is it going to go/ V1 = V& -1d1 = - &d & -1 < d1 -& -rchimedes) "rinciple: Insert stories about the old Greek here. 8ach obCect immersed in a li+uid feels a force pushing from the li+uid! This is called .uyoant #or1e! d & = d1

.uyoant #or1e is the up(ard force e1erted b a fluid on an obCect partl or completel immersed in it! .h is there a buo ant force/ <emember that pressure increases (ith the depth of the fluid and that pressure is force divided b area! %otice the force arro(s pushing in on the *DE8* of the green cube# pointing in opposite directions! -t e+ual depths# the (ill have the same magnitude but opposite directions all along the vertical sides of the cube! This means that the (ill cancel each other on the *DE8*! %o( look at the force arro(s on the top and bottom! The arro( on the top points do(n (because fluid pressure al(a s pushes D% on a surface and perpendicular to it)# and the arro( on the bottom pushes F"! 'o(ever# the *DG8* of the arro(s (representing the magnitudes of the forces) are !*T e+ual! The reason for this is that the top and bottom surfaces of an submerged obCect are al(a s at different E8"T'*# and so the bottom surface (ill e1perience a greater pressure (and force) than the top! Aecause force is a vector# (hen (e subtract the top do(n(ard force from the bottom up(ard force# there (ill be a %8T F".-<E ,?<C8! This is called the AF?=-%T ,?<C8! "R'H 3EDES PR !' P$E4 The bu oant (up(ard) force acting on an obCect in a fluid at rest is e+ual to the (eight of the fluid displaced b the obCect! To understand this better# letHs do (hatHs called a IgedankenI! This is a 6erman (ord for Ithought e1perimentI (8instein (as famous for proposing these# together (ith his friends "odolsk and <osen)! Dmagine an ordinar baking dish! 9etHs put a drinking glass in the dish and fill it ver carefull (ith (ater up to the ver top# (ithout spilling an into the baking dish! %o(# (hat (ill happen if (e gentl put a lemon into the glass of (ater/ .ater (ill flo( out of the glass and into the baking dish! 'o( much (ater/ 81actl the volume of the lemon5 %o( letHs pick up the glass and shake it carefull to dislodge an (ater clinging to the bottom! .e (ill pour the (ater that overflo(ed into the baking dish into a plastic bag (assume itHs magicall

(eightless# available at .al7JartK) and (eigh onl the overflo(ed (ater on a scale! The (eight ((hich (eHve learned is a ,?<C8) is e+ual to the up(ard buo ant force on the lemon! .hat if (e filled the glass (ith salt(ater ((hich is more dense than fresh(ater) or molasses/ The buo ant force (ould be 6<8-T8< because the more dense the li+uid the greater the buo ant force5 9etHs (ork out the , e+uation for the buo antforceL (eHll call it A ! -s (eHve alread seen# ,A is e+ual to the (eight of fluid displaced b the submerged obCect! ,A $ (mass of fluid displaced)M g! The mass of the fluid is difficult to determine directl because (hen (e pour it onto a scale# it runs all over the place and this gets mess ! Dnstead# (e use the densit formula:
= m V

! .e can rearrange this

as :V $ m and (e see that mass can be determined if (e measure the volume and kno( the densit of the fluid! ,A $ :Vdisplaced fluid g# (here : is the densit of the displaced fluid# V is the volume of fluid displaced (this is e+ual to the volume of the bod that is belo( the surface of the fluid) and g is the acceleration of gravit ! Why is it easier for a person to float in the o1ean rather than a pool? 5#loating6 means that the up(ard buo ant force e1actl e+uals the do(n(ard force of a person)s (eight# other(ise the person (ould be sinking (continuing to go do(n in the fluid)# or shooting up in the air (don)t laugh 4 take a beachball to the pool and push it under the surface of the (ater# then let go! .hat happens/) The buo ant force is e+ual to the (eight of fluid displaced b the person)s volume (SU.3ER,ED-&: ,A $ (mass of fluid displaced) N (gravit )! To find the mass of fluid displaced# (e use the relation densit $ (mass)/(volume) and solve for mass: mass $ EV! *o the buo ant force is greater for a substance (ith greater densit ! *alt (ater is denser than fresh (ater5 Therefore# the buo ant force (ill be greater# making it easier to float! .e see that the greater the densit of the fluid# the greater the buo ant force5 .e could float much easier in molasses# but (ho (ants to/ =uck5
! kg / m )! Df the balloon is a - 0!1&7kg balloon is filled (ith helium (densit = 013@ sphere (ith a radius of 5!& m# (hat is the ma1imum (eight it can lift (called the Opa loadP)/
3

,A

W9oad mg

Dgnoring the mass of the helium#

,luid ,lo( and Continuit :

The volume of fluid displaced per time at points 1 and & has to be the same ((here else can it go/)
1-1V1 = & - & V&

,or an incompressible fluid like a li+uid# the densit doesn)t change!

There are t(o t pes of fluid flo(: 1! 9aminar &! Turbulent Dmagine ou are looking at a river flo(ing smoothl past ou as ou stand on the shore! This is laminar flo(! %o(# imagine that the river flo(s around some partl submerged rocks! .hat ou see there (ill be turbulent flo(! .ernoulli2s Prin1iple: 7 Dt)s Cust conservation of energ -6-D%5 ,or a fluid undergoing stead flo( along a streamline# the sum of all forms of mechanical energ is the same at all points on the streamline7 ?Q# so (hat the heck is a streamline// - streamline is a tangent to the velocit vector of a fluid element (a little 37d OblobP of the fluid) that sho(s the direction the fluid element (ill travel at an instant in time! This principle refers to an 5ideal6 fluid 8 i7e7 one with no 0is1osity and states that (ith an change in the speed of the fluid there is a change in pressure! AernoulliHs "rinciple: ,or a fluid undergoing stead flo(# the static pressure is inversel proportional to the speed of the fluid at a particular place! ?r# n Plain English# the ,-*T8< T'8 ,9FDE D* J?VD%6# T'8 9?.8< T'8 "<8**F<85 9etHs look at ho( burro(ing animals have used this to Iair conditionI their underground lairs! These animals dig a tunnel (ith t(o different holes or entrances at t(o different places! .hen the (ind is blo(ing faster across one of the holes than across the other hole# the air pressure (here the (ind is blo(ing faster (ill be 9?.8< than the air pressure at the hole (here the (ind is not blo(ing as fast! This difference in air pressure bet(een the t(o holes (ill cause a nice breeRe to blo( through the tunnel5 This effect is also observed b people (alking through a IbreeRe(a I! - good understanding of AernoulliHs "rinciple (ill be ver important (hen ou stud ultrasound diagnostics in medical school because it also applies to the pressure of blood flo(! >.h do (e see trucks (ith tarps puffed up on the high(a / >.hen a truck speeds past ou on the high(a # (hat do ou notice/ (Aeing pulled to(ard it 4 (h /) >'ave ou ever noticed ho( a sho(er curtain is pulled in to(ard ou at first/ How does .ernoulli2s prin1iple make an airplane fly?

-n airplane (ing is rounded on the top and flat on the bottom! Eue to this difference in shape# the air flo(s faster over the top of the (ing than it does across the bottom! The faster flo(ing air on the top of the (ing causes a reduction in the air pressure there! 9o(er pressure on top and higher pressure on the bottom of the (ing results in (hat is called OliftP!

1 & "1 + v1 + g &

1 = "& + v & & + g &

&

>(a) ,ind the pressure difference on an airplane (ing (here air flo(s over the upper surface (ith a speed of 115 m/s# and along the bottom surface (ith a speed & of 105 m/s! (b) Df the area of the (ing is 3& m # (hat is the net up(ard force e1erted on the (ing/ .hat do (e kno(/ vupper# vlo(er# and .hat do (e (ant/ S" $ "lo(er 7 "upper 9et)s let point 1 be the upper and point & be the lo(er! (a) -ppl Aernoulli)s 9a( bet(een a point on the upper surface and a point on the lo(er surface! .e can neglect the difference in height bet(een the t(o surfaces since the difference in static pressures bet(een these points is negligible!
(b)

-nother problem!

>>- garden hose (ith a diameter of 0!;5 in has (ater flo(ing in it (ith a speed of 0!55 m/s and a pressure of 1!& atmospheres! -t the end of the hose is a noRRle (ith a diameter of 0!&5 in! ,ind (a) the speed of (ater in the noRRle and (b) the pressure in the noRRle! .hat do (e (ant/ v& and "& .hat do (e kno(/ d1 (and thus -1)# v1 # "1# d& (and thus -&) .hat fundamental ph sics does this problem involve/ ,luid flo(! .hat are the e+uations relevant to this/
(a)

Continuit and Aernoulli)s!

%b&

How does a perfume atomi9er make use of .ernoulli:s Prin1iple?

Aernoulli)s "rinciple sa s that for a fluid undergoing stead flo(# pressure is lo(er (here the fluid flo(s faster! 9et)s remember that air is a fluid5 ,or the perfume atomiRer# normal atmospheric pressure is pushing do(n on the surface of the perfume in the bottle! .hen the bulb is s+ueeRed# air is forced to move past the tube that e1tends do(n into the perfume! The moving air lo(ers the air pressure at the top of the tube so that the atmospheric pressure pushing do(n on the surface of the perfume is greater and pushes it up and out!

Torricelli)s 9a(

,or fluid flo(ing through a hole in some container: 9et)s appl Aernoulli)s 8+n! to points 1 and &: "oint 1 "oint &
& "1 + 1 & v1 + g 1 & = "& + 1 & v & + g & & "atm + 0 + gh = "atm + 1 & v & + 0

v & = &gh

This is TorricelliHs 9a(

Df the emerging fluid is directed up(ard# the fluid (ill rise to its original height! .h // -gain# conservation of energ !