Promotion and Maintenance of

MAN 204

Wellness
Jestoni D. Maniago, RN., RM., MAN., MA,Ed., (ip), DNSc. (ip) Course Instructor / Facilitator

Health, Illness, and Wellness

Health is the process through which a person seeks to maintain an equilibrium that promotes stability and comfort. Health is a dynamic process that varies according to a persons perception of well-being.

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Health, Illness, and Wellness

Health refers to all aspects of a persons life.
Physical status Emotional well-being Social relationships Intellectual functioning Spiritual condition

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Health, Illness, and Wellness

Illness is the inability of an individuals adaptive responses to maintain physical and emotional balance, which results in an impairment of functional abilities. Wellness is the condition in which an individual functions at optimal levels.

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Models of Health
Health is the maintenance of harmony and balance among body, mind, and spirit.
Balance or homeostasis is an equilibrium among psychological, physiological, sociocultural, intellectual, and spiritual needs.

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Models of Health
Clinical model Health-belief model High-level wellness model Social learning theory Host-agent-environment model Health promotion model

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Cultural Influence on Health

Culture affects how an individual views health and illness. Ones cultural background influences health-related behaviors and expectations of treatment when illness occurs.

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Family Influences on Health Care

Families help determine the following:
Whether or not to seek treatment. What type of treatment is appropriate. Who should provide the treatment or care. Where the treatment or care should be provided.

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Family Influences on Health Care

Families are often the major caregivers for their relatives. Extended families and communities have traditionally acted as a buffer against excessive stress and illness.

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Family Influences on Health Care

Lack of social support from family or significant others results in psychological and spiritual isolation, which may negatively impact a persons physiological state.

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Illness Perspectives
Illness is the result of a disease or injury that affects functioning and occurs when there is an inability to meet ones needs. An acute illness is usually characterized by a rapid onset, intense manifestations, and a relatively short duration. A chronic illness is usually characterized by a gradual, insidious onset with lifelong changes, usually irreversible.
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Wellness Perspectives
Wellness places health on a continuum, from ones optimal level (wellness), to a maladaptive state (illness). High-level wellness means functioning to ones maximum health potential while remaining in balance with the environment.

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Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health

Behavior is defined as the observable response of an individual to external stimuli. All behavior has meaning.

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Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health

Variables Influencing Health
Lifestyle Locus of Control Self-Efficacy Health Care Attitudes Self-Concept Cognition

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Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health

Variables Influencing Health
Age and Developmental Levels Gender Previous Experiences with the Health Care System Environment Economic Resources

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Health Maintenance
Behavior directed toward maintaining a current level of health Health maintenance activities are the activities/behaviors an individual performs to maintain or improve a current level of health.

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Health Maintenance
Characteristics of Health Maintenance
Perception Motivation Maintenance

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Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Health Protection)

Health Promotion
Behavior motivated by the desire to shape a health lifestyle. Process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve their health. Includes avoidance of unhealthy behaviors. Health promotion efforts intervene with healthy, rather than ill populations.
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Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Health Protection)

Disease Prevention
Activities/behaviors that protect people from the ill effects of actual or potential health threats
- Primary prevention - Secondary prevention - Tertiary prevention

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Health Promotion on a Global Level

World Health Organization
Organizes international conferences and meetings and disseminates successful health promotion strategies, programs, and policies.

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Health Promotion on a Global Level

Fifth Global Conference on Health Promotion
Established Priorities for Health Promotion in the 21st Century

Healthy Cities Movement

A vehicle to stimulate local-level health promotion Public, private, and nonprofit responsibility
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Health Promotion
Healthy People Initiative
Promote healthy behaviors. Promote healthy and safe communities. Improve systems for personal and public health. Prevent and reduce diseases and disorders.

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Assessment
Risk Factor Identification in Health Maintenance
Physical, environmental, psychological behaviors that increase the vulnerability of an individual to disease or injury

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Assessment
Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests and Health Maintenance
Laboratory data includes cholesterol levels, blood glucose, urine studies. Health maintenance behaviors may be measured with varieties of diagnostic tests and equipment. Client education about what to do with results obtained from these tests is given.
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Nursing Diagnosis
Ineffective Health Maintenance Health-Seeking Behavior Noncompliance Deficient Knowledge Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management

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Planning and Outcome Identification

In many ineffective health maintenance situations, desired outcomes of care are best accomplished in small increments.

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Implementation
Health Promotion and Vulnerable Populations
Children The Elderly Economically Disadvantaged Homeless

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Implementation
The Individual as a Holistic Being
The client with health maintenance considerations is a holistic being. Individuals function as complete units that cannot be reduced to the sum of their parts.

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Implementation
Needs and Health
The entire person (mind, body, and spirit) is influenced by satisfaction of needs. Basic human needs are those that are necessary for every persons survival.

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

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Needs and Health

Physiological Dimension
Focuses on achievement of the basic needs of a client. The nurse must assess for system alterations and then provide interventions to meet these needs.

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Physiological Dimension of Needs and Health

Physical Self-Examination Techniques Health Maintenance in NutritionManagement Behaviors Health Maintenance and Alterations in Sleep Patterns

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Psychological Dimension of Needs and Health

Treating the client as a unique individual. Protecting confidentiality. Using touch and personal space in a therapeutic manner. Recognizing and respecting cultural differences. Decreasing anxiety through stress management techniques.
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Sociocultural Dimension of Needs and Health

Empowerment is a process of enabling others to do for themselves. Nurses empower clients by teaching them and their families how to develop skills for self-care and for healthier living.

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Intellectual Dimension of Needs and Health

Cognitive function and development can be impaired by multiple factors.
Infection Exposure to toxins Substance abuse Trauma Psychological problems

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Spiritual Dimension of Needs and Health

Spirituality assists a person in determining the sense of meaning or purpose in ones life. Spirituality is multidimensional.
A sense of ones self A sense of connection with others A relationship with a higher power or divine source
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Sexual Dimension of Needs and Health

Sexuality refers to all aspects of being male or female, including feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. Sex roles are culturally determined patterns associated with being male and female.

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Evaluation
The client and nurse together measure how well the client has achieved the goals specified in the plan of care. Factors that contribute to a goal achievement are identified. Certain goals may need to be reevaluated.

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