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UNIT TWO: CELL BIOLOGY (Text from Modern Biology, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston)
A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the process of life. By using
microscopes, naturalists in the 17th century were able to study objects two small
to be seen with the naked eye. Hooke Using an early light microscope, English
scientist Robert Hooke looked at a thin slice of cork from the bark of a cork oak
tree in 1665. He described “a great many little boxes” that reminded him of the
cells where monks live.
Leeuwenhoek
A Dutch trader named Anton van Leeuwenhoek made microscopes that had 10 times the
magnification of Hooke’s instruments. In 1673, he was able to observe living cells
of algae and protists.
It was not until about 150 years later than biologists began to organize
information about cells more completely. The observations of botanist Matthias
Schleiden, zoologist Theodor Schwann, and physician Rudolf Virchow were combined
to form the cell theory, a basic theory about how cells are related to life.
The Cell Theory-:
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units
of structure and function in an organism. Cells come from only the reproduction of
existing cells.
Developments in Cell Biology
After the initial formation of the cell theory, scientists began to further
investigate how cells function. In 1827, Karl Von Baer discovered the mammalian
egg and in 1855, Rudolf Virchow added to the cell theory. The Cellular Basis in
Life In addition to the seven characteristics mentioned in the last chapter, all
living things share a common history. All cells share characteristics.
Control Center Cells carry information in the form of DNA for regulating their
functions and reproducing themselves. Some cells have a membrane-bound organelle
that contains a cell’s DNA, called the nucleus .It maintains its shape with the
help of a protein nucleus. Skeleton called the nuclear matrix. Below is the
nucleus of a typical animal cell.
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells also have sub cellular structures called organelles which are
intracellular bodies’ organelles that perform specific functions for the cell.
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
Colonies
A colonial organism is a collection of genetically identical cells that live
together in a connected group.
Organs
An organ system is a group of organs that accomplish related tasks.
to be contd..