IL 05 Literature WS 2013

1. Penrlch lnformauon LlLeracy 2013: 3.
Sclenuc LlLeraLure
Sclenuc LlLeraLure
1. Penrlch lnformauon LlLeracy 2013: 3. Sclenuc LlLeraLure
PlsLory: sclenuc llLeraLure
Sclenuc publlcauon began as
lnLerpersonal communlcauon.
Schools (known as far back as
yLhagoras) and lecLures, semlnars
and dlscusslons all lnvolve !"#$ communlcauon
(oen supplemenLed by demonsLrauons).
lormal &"'()* arucles or books, someumes based
on Lranscrlpuons of Lalks, consuLuLe Lhe
convenuonal sclenuc llLeraLure.
Classlcally, sclenusLs presenLed Lhelr ma[or resulLs as
full-lengLh books (Luclld, Copernlcus and newLon).
2
PlsLory: sclenuc llLeraLure
Classlcally, sclenusLs presenLed Lhelr ma[or resulLs as
full-lengLh books (Luclld, Copernlcus and newLon).
1he rsL sclenuc [ournal, Lhe +"!,))-'*./ !0 12)
3!4#$ 5!,')146 began publlcauon ln 1800, as a
collecuon of absLracLs of longer publlcauons.
A few sclenusLs conunued Lo presenL Lhelr resulLs as
books, noLably
uarwln's 7* 12) 7"'.'* !0 58),')/ 94 :)#*/ !0
;#1<"#$ 5)$),=!*
lreud's >2) ?*1)"8")1#=!* !0 @")#A/B
3
1he sclenuc llLeraLure Loday
1oday, ln addluon Lo [ournals,
formaLs of sclenuc publlcauon lnclude:
presenLauons aL meeungs,
books, or chapLers conLrlbuLed Lo books,
maLerlal on Lhe Web,
lms, vldeo, 1v,
radlo and Lelevlslon programmes,
podcasLs.
4
Lconomlc facLors governlng access Lo scholarly publlcauons
CosLs of producuon lnclude:
Acuvlues of an edlLorlal omce: recelvlng submlsslons,
organlzlng peer revlew, decldlng on accepLance or
re[ecuon (someumes a long, drawn-ouL process).
reparauon of accepLed manuscrlpLs: copy-edlung,
layouL, eLc.
rlnung and dlsLrlbuuon
of Lhe [ournal lssue as a
physlcal ob[ecL.
5
!ournals' sources of supporL lnclude:
Sales (mosLly by subscrlpuon).
age charges Lo auLhors.
uonauon of ume by edlLorlal boards and referees, who
are usually employees of unlverslues and *!1 pald by Lhe
publlsher.
lees for permlsslons Lo reproduce maLerlal (a mlnor
componenL).
Subsldy from sclenuc socleues, or from foundauons.
Meeung and employmenL announcemenLs
A few [ournals publlsh commerclal adverusemenLs.
6
Several Lrends have shaken Lhe sysLem:
More papers are belng publlshed. As a resulL. many
exlsung [ournals are publlshlng more pages each
year. 1hls ls one of Lhe facLors drlvlng up cosLs.
1hls puLs llbrarles under nanclal pressure: Lo pay
Lhe lncreased cosLs of purchaslng greaLer volumes of
maLerlal, Lo blnd lL and Lo provlde space
LlecLronlc faclllues reduce Lhe cosLs of paper,
prlnung and dlsLrlbuuon, and also edlLorlal cosLs.
7
Cpen access
Cpen access ls a redenluon of Lhe auLhor/publlsher/reader
relauonshlp. Cpen access reLalns Lhe peer-revlew process as Lhe
crlLerlon for publlcauon. 1hen:
AccepLed arucles are placed on Lhe Web, wlLh free access,
lmmedlaLely upon publlcauon.
(Many commerclal [ournals lmpose a delay-Lyplcally 6
monLhs-beLween paper publlcauon and elecLronlc posung.)
AuLhors reLaln copyrlghL, raLher Lhan asslgnlng lL Lo Lhe
publlsher as mosL [ournals requlre.
1he conLenL ls freely usable by readers, sub[ecL Lo glvlng
proper credlL Lo auLhors.
CosLs of publlcauon are Lransferred from readers Lo auLhors.
8
1he ubllc Llbrary of Sclence (LoS)
1he LoS was sLarLed ln CcLober 2000
1he Wellcome 1rusL ln Lhe uk, and Lhe
uS nauonal lnsuLuLes of PealLh, requlre
open access Lo publlcauons reporung
work LhaL Lhey have supporLed.
17.7.2012 Lu announced Lo follow uk.
All funded research needs Lo be
publlshed open access from 2013
9
1radluonal and dlglLal llbrarles
1he funcuons of Lhe Lradluonal llbrary lnclude:
Archlvlng, caLalogulng and curaung prlnLed maLerlal.
Pelplng readers nd whaL Lhey need.
Crganlzlng Lhe reservauon, borrowlng and reLurn, and
phoLocopylng
rovldlng a place Lo read, sLudy, meeL and communlcaLe.
Crganlzlng exhlblLs and lecLures.
lnLeracung wlLh oLher llbrarles Lo enhance user servlces, such
as organlzlng lnLer-llbrary loans.
Speaklng up ln readers' lnLeresLs.
10
1radluonal and dlglLal llbrarles
ln a dlglLal llbrary, ln conLrasL:
1he archlves are ln elecLronlc form, noL on paper.
rovlslon of access ls aL a compuLer screen, raLher Lhan o a
shelf. 1he access polnL can be anywhere.
Llbrarlan asslsLance Lo readers musL be done by e-mall or
Lelephone, noL requlrlng a person sLauoned aL Lhe access polnL.
SecurlLy concerns more Lyplcally Lake Lhe form of password
conLrol raLher Lhan proLecuon agalnsL physlcal Lhe or damage.
ueveloplng enhanced user servlces, and represenung readers'
lnLeresLs, remaln vlable goals.
11
1he peer revlew process
lormal academlc publlcauons musL pass Lhe LesL of
peer revlew
12
researcher
revlewers
dlerenL
researchers
edlLor
of a [ournal
submlLs manuscrlpL sends ouL for revlew
evaluauon declslon
lormal academlc publlcauons musL pass Lhe LesL of
'peer revlew', an lmperfecL buL neverLheless valuable
crlLerlon of quallLy.
1he Web provldes an alLernauve Lo paper as a
mechanlsm of dlsLrlbuuon of Lhe regular sclenuc
llLeraLure. lL has creaLed novel medla and forms of
publlcauon:
bulleun boards, blogs, course noLes,
presenLauons from sclenuc meeungs or
courses, and organlzed compendla such as Lhe
Wlklpedla.
13
A fake cancer sLudy
14
A fake cancer sLudy
15
1angled web.
1he locauon of a [ournal's publlsher, edlLor,
and bank accounL are oen conunenLs aparL.
ulsLurblng buL....
1. eer 8evlew ls Lhe besL we
have
2. eer revlew ls whaL
dlsungulshes Sclence from all
Lhe resL of publlshlng
16
Web based publlcauons
Web-based publlcauons unlnhlblLed by peer revlew
are of hlghly varlable quallLy.
ln addluon, web slLes are volaule. Anyone who
browses encounLers many polnLers Lo vanlshed llnks.
lndeed, Lhe A)#* llfeume of a webslLe ls -3 monLhs.
8uL carful wlLh prlvaLe lnformauon. 8ecause of lLs
decenLrallzed organlzauon, lL ls baslcally lmposslble
Lo deleLe lnformauon.
17
1he sclenuc llLeraLure
1oday, [ournals appear elecLronlcally as well as on
paper.
1he emergence of dlglLal llbrarles has (aL leasL) !"#
%&'#(!)*! %&'+%,)-#*./
1. 1he dellvery of Lhe llLeraLure ls delocallzed, from a
reposlLory of paper coples aL one or more xed slLes, Lo
any polnL wlLh Web access and sulLable auLhorlzauon.
2. CompuLauonal meLhods of lnformauon reLrleval help Lo
ldenufy relevanL arucles from Lhe vasL amounL of
lnformauon avallable.
Searchlng has replaced browslng.
18
ubllcauon Lypes
Leuers are shorL descrlpuons of lmporLanL currenL research
ndlngs LhaL are usually fasL-Lracked for lmmedlaLe publlcauon
because Lhey are consldered urgenL.
8esearch noLes are shorL descrlpuons of currenL research
ndlngs LhaL are consldered less urgenL or lmporLanL Lhan
Leuers.
Arucles are usually beLween ve and LwenLy pages and are
compleLe descrlpuons of currenL orlglnal research ndlngs, buL
Lhere are conslderable varlauons beLween sclenuc elds and
[ournals.
8evlew arucles do noL cover orlglnal research buL raLher
accumulaLe Lhe resulLs of many dlerenL arucles on a parucular
Loplc lnLo a coherenL narrauve abouL Lhe sLaLe of Lhe arL ln LhaL
eld. 8evlew arucles provlde lnformauon abouL Lhe Loplc and
also provlde [ournal references Lo Lhe orlglnal research.
ubllcauon sLrucLure
Such arucles begln wlLh an absLracL, whlch ls a one-Lo-
four-paragraph summary of Lhe paper.
1he lnLroducuon descrlbes Lhe background for Lhe
research lncludlng a dlscusslon of slmllar research.
1he maLerlals and meLhods or experlmenLal secuon
provldes speclc deLalls of how Lhe research was
conducLed.
1he resulLs and dlscusslon secuon descrlbes Lhe
ouLcome and lmpllcauons of Lhe research.
1he concluslon secuon places Lhe research ln conLexL
and descrlbes avenues for furLher explorauon.
ubMed
ubMed ls a free daLabase accesslng prlmarlly Lhe
MLuLlnL daLabase of references and absLracLs on llfe
sclences and blomedlcal Loplcs.
1he unlLed SLaLes nauonal Llbrary of Medlclne (nLM)
aL Lhe nauonal lnsuLuLes of PealLh (nlP) malnLalns Lhe
daLabase as parL of Lhe LnLrez lnformauon reLrleval
sysLem.
ubMed was rsL released ln !anuary 1996.
1here are unlque ldenuers for each publlcauon
Mlu 4937203
ubMed
hup://www.ncbl.nlm.nlh.gov/pubmed/
1
2
ubMed Culck 1ours
hup://www.nlm.nlh.gov/bsd/dlsLed/pubmed.hLml#qL
ubMed 1uLorlal
hup://www.nlm.nlh.gov/bsd/dlsLed/pubmedLuLorlal/lndex.hLml
apers (MekenLos[ )
hup://mekenLos[.com/papers/
apers (for lhone, lad)
apers (Llbrary)
apers (ubMed)
Lxerclse for Loday:
1. uownload and lnsLall MekenLos[ apers
2(8CDDA)E)*1!/FB,!AD8#8)"/D
?ou can use apers for 30 days as a Lrlal verslon
l recommend buylng a llcense.
2. uo ubMed Culck 1our
2(8CDD&&&B*,9'B*$AB*'2B.!GD8<9A)-D
3. uo ubMed 1uLorlal
4. MekenLos[ apers ! Pelp CenLer ! 1uLorlal
3. Search and download arucles ln apers:
1. Cecko van der Waals lnLeracuons" Lo cllmb walls
2. CrlLerla of llfe
3. 8evlew Arucle on Le-rlghL asymmeLry ln verLebraLes
4. Arucle on feedback by ChrlsLoph nlehrs and Pans MelnhardL
6. SubmlL your search resulLs on CLL
PlnLs
Search ubMed by 1lLle:
Cecko[1l]

Search ubMed by keyword ln AbsLracL:
van der Waals"[A8]

Search ubMed by AuLhor:
nlehrs[Au]
Search ubMed by publlcauon Lype:
revlew[1]
Search ubMed by publlcauon daLe:
2009[u]
30

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1. Penrlch lnformauon LlLeracy 2013: 3.

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