An overview of status of drinking water and sanitation in schools in India

Jammu & Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh Punjab Uttarakhand Haryana Arunachal Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Bihar Sikkim Assam Meghalaya Manipur Jharkhand Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Orissa Maharashtra West Bengal Tripura Mizoram Nagaland

Andhra Pradesh Goa

Karnataka

Tamil Nadu Kerala Lakshadweep

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

unite for children

Global WASH-in-Schools scenario

WASH interventions critical for child survival
50% Percentage reduction in morbidity from diarrhoeal diseases 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Handwashing Hygiene Water Quality Sanitation Water Supply
Students are agents of change in their communities Globally, around 2.65 billion people live without access to proper toilet facilities, and 883 million dont have access to safe water. WASH in Schools can help mitigate the risks and overcome the challenges. Children are generally more receptive to new ideas and can more easily change their behaviour and promote improved practices within their families and among their communities WASH in Schools promotes gender equality WASH in Schools fosters social inclusion and individual self-respect by offering an alternative to stigma and marginalization. Girls in developing countries, for example, often report that issues related to managing menstrual hygiene cause them to be absent from school, frequently a first step towards dropping out altogether. Improving WASH in Schools is achievable Every school can be equipped with quality WASH programmes. Students, teachers, communities, local and national governments, civil society and private companies all need to work together. Media and public opinion around the world can influence political leaders to act now Childrens health improves with WASH in Schools Schools with quality WASH programmes can effectively reduce the transmission of diseases. More than 40 per cent of diarrhoea cases in schoolchildren result from transmission in schools rather than homes

44%

42% 39% 36%

Education and health are inseparable. Nutrition deficiencies, diarrhoea and worm infestations are all related to poor WASH and all affect school participation and learning. WASH in Schools is a first step towards ensuring a healthy physical learning environment. Schools with quality WASH programmes can effectively increase attendance and learning outcomes WASH in Schools increases attendance and cognitive development

23%

Findings from statistical data analyzed by Cairncross (2008) reveal that improved water supply & sanitation can contribute to 23% and 36% decreased morbidity due to diarrhoea. Moreover, finding from the metaanalysis by Fewtrell & Colford using handwashing and hygiene promotion data reveal that handwashing & hygiene promotion alone contribute to 44% and 42% reduction in morbidity due to diarrhoea, implying that handwashing at critical times can prove vital. Source: Meta-analysis by Fewtrell and Colford, 2004; Hand washing data by Curtis & Cairncross, 2003; Updated sanitation data by Cairncross, 2008

What is WASH in Schools?

Access to sufficient quantities of safe water for Drinking Handwashing, cooking and personal hygiene Sufficient water for Cleaning flushing toilets, school farms etc. when appropriate. Toilet facilities that are Sufficient, adequate and Child friendly, gender specific, culturally appropriate, separate and well maintained toilet facilities for boys and girls. Personal hygiene materials Water, soap, sanitary pads etc. Safe disposal of solid and liquid waste Hygiene education Curriculum, wall paintings, competitions, child cabinets etc. Control measures to reduce transmission and morbidity of WASH related illnesses. Approach to control vector borne disease De-worming campaigns, nutritional supplements

Drinking water and sanitation facilities in schools still remain a challenge in most countries
Percentage of schools with drinking water facilities 34 countries

100

Percentage of schools with sanitation facilities 28 countries

100

80
80 60 40 20 0 2008 2009 60 46 47 40 37 38

Girls

Boys

42

43

20
0 2008 2009

Source: Data from UNICEF Country Office Annual Reports 2008 & 2009. Water data from 34 countries, Sanitation data from 28 countries.

40 per cent of the global population some 2.65 billion people live without access to proper toilet facilities, and 883 million dont have access to safe water. More than 4,000 children under age five die from diarrhoea every day. This is a global crisis, and WASH in Schools can help. WASH in and through schools is one of the best routes to reach entire communities. Direct engagement with students can lead to community adoption of good WASH behaviors and technologies as well as improved health. Because children are agents of change, education for good hygiene practices in schools links students, families and communities.

Water and sanitation facilities in schools in India

Impressive coverage of drinking water facilities in schools from 2005-06 to 2009-10
1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 85 800,000 600,000 400,000 75 200,000 0 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011
No. of schools with drinking water facility

Total no. of schools - 13,62,324

93 87 83 88 93

95

90

85

80

Number of schools having drinking water facility has increased from nearly 0.9 million (~83%) in 2005-06 to 1.30 million (93%) in 2010-11. Drinking water facilities in rural schools increased from nearly 0.7 million schools (82%) in 2005-06 to nearly 0.85 million schools (93%) in 2009-10.* In all, 181 million children in schools have access to drinking water facilities.* [Source: DISE, NUEPA, New Delhi]

70
Perentage of schools with drinking water facility

Separate toilets for girls need to become a priority

Total no. of schools - 13,62,324 Total no. of girls & Co-ed schools - 13,42,843
80 67 60 54 60 84

100 90 80 70 Percentage 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

1,100,000 1,000,000 900,000 800,000 700,000 Coverage 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0

58 52 43 37

63 51

2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-2011

No. of schools with toilets %age of schools with toilets

No. of schools with separate girls' toilets %age of schools with separate girls' toilet

Number of schools having toilet facility has increased from 0.6 million (~52%) in 2005-06 to ~1.14 million (84%) in 2010-11. In rural schools, toilet facility increased from 0.4 million schools (49%) in 2005-06 to 0.7 million schools (79%) in 2009-10, where they have at least one toilet facility.* In all, more than 160 million children in schools have access to toilet facilities.* Number of schools having separate toilet facility for girls increased from ~0.4 million (~37%) in 2005-06 to ~0.8 million (~60%) in 2009-10.* However over 0.5 million (~40%) schools do not have this facility.* [Source: DISE, NUEPA, New Delhi]

Total Sanitation Campaign accelerated provision of toilets in rural government schools

Cumulative number of of toilets constructed under Total Sanitation Campaign
1,101,720 996,211 851,731 598,727 362,468 230,926

Urban schools face similar challenges of drinking water & toilet facilities
120

1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000

1,224,191 Percentage of schools

100 80 60 40 20 0

93

97 89 79

0
2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012

drinking water facility Rural

toilet facility Urban

The Total Sanitation Campaign supports the School Sanitation & Hygiene Education programme. Launched in the year 2004-05, nearly 1.22 million toilets have been constructed in rural government schools under the program. [Source: http://tsc.gov.in, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Government of India

The situation in urban schools is also similar to those in rural areas. [Source: DISE 2009-10, NUEPA, New Delhi]

* Calculated on basis of DISE disaggregated data (2009-10). To be updated for 2010-11, when disaggregated data 2010-11 is available.

The functionality disparity

Functionality of water and toilet facilities continues to remain as a major gap to be plugged 93
Percentage of schools

76 80 61

100 50 0

Drinking water Coverage

Sanitation Functional

Though 93% schools have drinking water facility, only 82 % schools have improved drinking water facility, while it is functional in only 79% schools (as against availability). Functional drinking water facility is less than 60% in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur. Only Six out of 10 schools have functioning toilet facilities. Out of the ~2.7 million toilets, over 2 million (~76%) are functional. In 3 states ( AP, Nagaland and Meghalaya) less than 50% of the toilets are functional. [Source: DISE 2009-10, NUEPA, New Delhi]

Independent assessment of WASH facilities in schools show a similar trend in functionality

100
Percentage of schools

Facility Vs Functionality
90 84 77 75 90

90 80 70 60 50 56 2005

One in ten rural schools are without toilet facilities. Where toilets exist, only one in two is usable. [Source: Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2010

2007

56 2009

51 2010

Percentage of schools with drinking water facility

Percentage of schools with functional drinking water facility

State-wise functionality of drinking water facilities in schools*

State-wise functionality of toilets in schools*

Jammu & Kashmir 62.9 Himachal Pradesh 90.7 Chandigarh 99.4 Punjab 96.0 Uttarakhand 69.3 Haryana 86.8 Delhi 97.9 Rajasthan 80.5

Jammu & Kashmir 69.8 Chandigarh Arunachal Pradesh 96.4 Uttarakhand Assam 60.7 Sikkim 73.7 78.5 Delhi 91.6 96.2 Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan 77.8 Bihar Meghalaya 85.8 Nagaland 52.5 45.7 32.3 Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh Manipur Gujarat 51.7 82.8 Tripura 85.4 86.5 67.6 Mizoram Chhattisgarh West Bengal Orissa 89.2 68.3 Maharashtra 82.8 57.2 D&N Haveli 93.5 92.4 Daman & Diu 84.0 Goa 83.9 Andhra Pradesh 31.0 Karnataka 61.3 Puducherry 93.1 Lakshadweep Tamil Nadu 93.6 93.0 National average - 76% Kerala Below 75% 89.2 75 - 90%
above 90%

Arunachal Pradesh 53.3 Meghalaya 46.7 Nagaland 38.6

Himachal Pradesh 75.3 Punjab Haryana 95.2 88.1

Sikkim 81.1 Uttar Pradesh 82.5 Assam 77.6 Bihar 67.2

Gujarat 85.1

West Bengal 81.7 Madhya Pradesh 79.6 Jharkhand 69.4

Manipur 56.9

Chhattisgarh 76.2 Orissa 74.8 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 92.3 Maharashtra 85.5 Daman & Diu 97.2 Andhra Pradesh 64.6 Goa 88.8 Karnataka 88.2 Puducherry 98.7
National average - 79% Below 70% 70 - 80% Above 80%

Mizoram 69.2 Tripura 66.2

Lakshadweep 97.7 Tamil Nadu 91.7 Kerala 92.6

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 96.9

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 100.0

Functionality of drinking water in schools is below the national average in 8 states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura. Functionality of toilet facility in schools is less than the national average in 13 states, which implies that a lot has to be done in ensuring safe sanitation to children in schools. [Source: DISE 2009-10, NUEPA, New Delhi]

* Calculated on basis of DISE disaggregated data (2009-10). To be updated for 2010-11, when disaggregated data 2010-11 is available.

March 2012

WASH in Schools progress- Acceleration required

Percentage of children (by enrolment) without access to drinking water facility* Percentage of children (by enrolment) without access to toilet facility*

All India - 3.5% More than 3.5% 1.5 - 3.5 % Less than 1.5%

All India - 14% More than 14% 5 - 14% Less than 5%

Although the availability of drinking water stands at 93% in schools across India, yet a total 6.50 million children (3.46 % children of total enrolment) do not have access to drinking water facility in schools., 13 states (Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Manipur and Andhra Pradesh) account for more than 3.39 million children without access to drinking water facility in schools. A total of 27.6 million children (14.1 million boys and 13.5 million girls) accounting for 14.7% of total children enrolled do not have access to toilet facility in schools. 7 states (Orissa, Meghalaya, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Assam and Bihar) account for almost 50% (13.8 million) children without access to toilet facilities in schools. [Source: DISE 2009-10, NUEPA, New Delhi]

Toilets in all schools and separate toilets for girls is still a long way to go..
Percentage of schools without toilets
100 80 60 40 20 0
Delhi

91 73 53 56 38 35 31 28 11 0 0
Punjab Sikkim

79 69 45 63 64 70 70 40 40

52 40 42 40 24

48 35

50

37 18 11 5 3 2
Puducherry Karnataka Haryana

33 5
Kerala

38 39

36 12 7 9
Rajasthan Nagaland

23

2
Chandigarh

2
Daman & Diu

2
Gujarat

5
Tamil Nadu

7
Maharashtra

9
Uttarakhand

30 32 34 24 27 20 20 19 16 16 17 9 10 10 10 13
Himachal Pradesh All India Mizoram Bihar West Bengal Jharkhand Goa Madhya Pradesh Orissa Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Lakshadweep A & N Islands D & N Haveli Tripura Assam

Chhattisgarh

Percentage of schools without toilets

Percentage of schools without girls' toilets

Improving access to toilets in 6 states (UP, MP, Bihar, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Assam would reduce the gap by 50%. Similarly, improving the access to girls toilets in 7 states (Chhattisgarh, J&K, Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa, Assam, Manipur and MP) would reduce the gap by 50%. [Source: DISE 2010-11, NUEPA, New Delhi]

* Calculated on basis of DISE disaggregated data (2009-10). To be updated for 2010-11, when disaggregated data 2010-11 is available.

Manipur

Hygiene practices - key to child survival & development

Handwashing with soap before Mid Day Meal still remain a challenge.
Percentage of schools with designated Handwashing space 49 51 88
Schools with designated handwashing space Schools without designated handwashing space

Percentage of schools with soap/detergent for handwashing 12

Yes No

Material used for handwashing before MDM 42

49

Water

Soap/ detergent

Findings of an assessment conducted in 540 schools in nine states in India on Mid Day Meal (MDM) program reveal that: Nearly half (51%) of the schools have a designated hand washing space and in 44% of the schools observed the hand washing space was being used. Only close to one in ten (12%) of schools had soap/detergent available at the hand washing space. Nearly half (49%) of the students washed their hands using only water. Only two out of five (42%) students use soap/detergent. [Source: Hygiene Practices in schools during Mid-Day Meals, UNICEF-India study 2009 unpublished] Policy environment for WASH in schools in India Constitution Article 21-A free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right Legislation Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 RTE necessitates ensuring drinking water and sanitation facilities at school level Supreme Courts sets deadline for all states to ensure water and sanitation facility by November 2011. Policy Implementation Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) for universalizing elementary education School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE) component of Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) Nirmal Gram Puraskar (Clean Village Award) mandates functional toilets in all Government, Government aided and private schools and all Co - ed Upper Primary schools to have separate toilets for boys and girls. NGP incentive amount can be used for creation of additional sanitation facilities in schools & anganwadis and construction of incinerators in girls schools.