UNIT – I
Objectives of Management
Today’s management is playing a vital role in the progress and the prosperity of the
business enterprises. The main purpose of the management is to run the enterprise
smoothly. The board objectives of the management are as follows:
1. Optimum utilization of resources: the most important purpose of the
management is to use resource of the enterprise in the most economic way. Proper
use of man, materials, machines and money will help a business to earn sufficient
profits to satisfy various interests, i.e. prop writers, customer, employee etc.
2. Growth and development of business : By proper planning , organization and
direction etc. management leads a business to growth and development. It leads to
a profitable expansion of the business. It provides a sense of security among the
employers and employees.
3. Better quality goods: the role of sound management has always been to reduce
the better products at minimum cost. Thus it tries to remove all types of wastage
in business
4. Mobilizing best talents: The employment of experts in various fields will help in
enhancing the efficiency of various factors and production. There should be a
proper environment ,which should encourage good persons to join the
enterprises. The better pay scale, proper amenities , future growth potentialities
will affect more people in joining a concern.
5. Improving performance:- Management objective is to improve the performance
of each and every factor of the production has the environment is made congenial
so that workers are able to their maximum to their enterprises. The fixing of
objective of various factors of production helps is improving their performance.
6. Planning for future:- Another important .objective of management is to prepare a
perspective plan. No management can feel satisfied with present if it has not
thought of tomorrow .Future performance will depend upon present planning.
The manager has to fulfill various responsibilities in order to achieve
organizational goal:-
(a) Provide direction to the firm :- Managers has to first of all set objectives
which the firm must achieve. Objectives provide the direction the firm must
take.
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(b) Managing survivor and growth:- Ensuring service to the firm is the critical
task of the manager along with survival. Manager has also to actively seek
growth no matter how big or powerful a firm may be. Today it is sure to be
left behind in the race by another healthier and more efficient firm if it does
not pursue growth.
(c) Managing firm efficiency in terms of profit generation:- Efficiency is ratio of
output. A manager has not only to produce result but to do so in the most
efficient manner possible .The more output that the manager can produce with
the same input the greater will be the profit generated. Profit is the surplus or
difference the manager can generate between the value of input and output.
(d) Meeting the challenge of increasing competition:-In today’s fast changing
world one of the critical tasks of every manager is to anticipate and prepare
for the increasing competition in term of more competitors , product and a
customer who is today better informed and more aware than ever before.
(e) Managing for innovation:-In the context of business ,innovation has to be
defined in terms of the additional value it impart to the existing product or
services .Value is not expressed in terms of increased cost or rise but in terms
of the difference it make to the customer. Successful firms innovate in
response to market needs involving potential user in the development of
innovation and understand users need.
Building human organization:-A good worker is the valuable asset to any company and
every manager must constantly be on the look out for the people with potential and attract
them to join his company. Manager with a competent team has already won half the
battle. .However, competent or brilliant individuals may be, if they cannot work together
with each other they are of not much use to accompany. It is to the manager to match
individuals in to a well-knit team. The manager who cannot build his team cannot
succeed. Teams should be built on the principles of the divisions of labour ,specialization
of work and mutual give and take.
Functions,
Planning:- Planning involves selecting mission and the action to achieve them; it requires
decision making, that is choosing future courses of action from other alternatives.
Planning bridges the gap from where we are to want to go .More plans exists until a
decision –a commitment of human or material resource has been made .Before a decision
is made, all that exists is a planning study, an analysis ,or a proposal ;there is no real plan.
For an organizational role to exist and be meaningful to people , it must incorporate clear
idea of the major duties or activities involve and understand area of discretion or
authority so that the person filling the role knows what he or she can to do to accomplish
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goals . It is in this sense that we think of organizing as(1) the identification and
classification of required activities (2) the group of activities necessary to attain
objectives (3) the assignment of each grouping to a manager with the
authority(delegation)necessary to supervise it ,and (4) the provision for coordination
horizontally and vertically on the organization structure.
Staffing:-involves filling and keeping the position in the origination structure. This is
done by identifying work force requirement ;inventorying the people available ;and
recruiting , selecting , placing, promoting , appraising , enhancing the careers by
compensating and training or otherwise developing both candidates and current
jobholders to accomplish theirs effectively and efficiently.
Leadership:- Is defined as the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive
willingly and enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals .Ideally ,people
should be encouraged to develop not only willingness to work but also willingness to
work with zeal and confidence . Zeal is ardor , earnestness and intensity in the execution
of work ; confidence reflect experience and technical ability . Leaders act to help a group
to attain objectives through the maximum application of its capabilities .They do not
stand behind the group to push and prod ; they place themselves before the group as they
facilitate progress and inspire the group to accomplish organization goals.
The most important problems arises from people –their desires and attitudes, their
behavior as individuals and in-group and that effective managers also need to be effective
leaders ,.since leadership implies followership and people tend to follow those who offer
a make of satisfying their own needs , wishes and desires, it is understandable that
leading involves motivation , leadership style and communication
Motivation:- Is the process that accounts an individual intensity, direction and persistence
of efforts towards attain a goal
Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries .This is the element most of us focus
on when we talk about motivation. However high intensity is unlikely to lead to a
favorable job performance outcome unless the efforts is channeled in a direction that
benefits the organization therefore we have to consider the quality of efforts as well as its
intensity. Finally motivation as a persistence dimension, is a measure of how long a
person can maintain their efforts. Motivated individuals stag with a task long enough to
achieve their goals
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Controlling:- It is measuring and correcting of activity of sub ordinates to ensure that
events conform to plan. It measures performance against goals and plans, shows where
negative deviation exist and by putting in motion actions to correct deviation help ensure
a compliment. Although planning must precede controlling plans are not self achieving.
Plans guide managers in their use of resources to accomplish group goals. Ideally people
should be encouraged to develop not only willingness to work but also willingness to
work with zeal and confidence.. Zeal is ardor , earnestness and intensity in the execution
of work. Confidence reflect experience and technical ability. Leaders act to help a group
attain objectives through the maximum application of its capability. They do not stand
behind the group to push and prod they place themselves before the group as they
facilitate progress and inspire the group to accomplish organizational goals. The most
important problem arise from people - their desire and attitudes , their behavior as
individuals and in groups and that effective leaders since leadership implies followership
and people tend to follow those offers a make of satisfying their own needs wishes and
desires, it is understandable that leading involves motivation leadership styles and
communication.
Managerial roles
A) Interpersonal roles:-Managerial roles that involve people and other duties that
are ceremonial and symbolic in nature. it includes:-
(i) the figurehead role (performing ceremonial & social duties as the
organization’s representatives
(ii) the leader role
(iii) the liason role(communicating particularly with outsiders)
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As business operator in society , it can’t exist and grow unless carrier for society. It exist
vis-à-vis society. It requires to meet different needs of the society. For meeting these
needs , business has certain social reasonability to discharge. “Corporate social
responsibilities “ is defined as considering the impact of the company’s action on society
.A newer concept ,”social responsibilities “, is defined as the ability of a corporate to
refute it’s operation and policies to social environment in ways that are mutually
beneficial to both the company and society. Social responsibilities of business are
different for different sections of society which include responsibilities towards.
(a) Employees
(b) Consumers
© Government
(d) Society as a whole
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Responsibilities towards society as a whole
UNIT – II
PLANNING
Planning is selecting mission and objectives & the actions to achieve them , it requires
decision making, that is ,choosing among alternative future course of action. Planning
bridges gap from where we are to where we want to go. There are several reasons of
planning.
1) Planning gives directions
2) Planning reduces the impact of change
3) Planning minimize waste
4) Planning set standards used in controlling
TYPES OF PLANS:-
A plan can encompass any course of future action ,which clearly shows that plans are
varied.. They are classified as –
1) Purpose or mission
2) Objective
3) Strategies
4) Policies
5) Procedures
6) Rules
7) Program
8) Budget
Purpose or Mission:- The mission or purpose identifies the basic function or task of an
enterprise or agency
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Objective ;- Objective or goods are the end towards which activity is aimed. They are
results to be achieved. They represent not only the end point of planning but the end
towards which organizing , staffing, leading and controlling are aimed.
Strategies :- Strategies are the determination of the basic long term objectives of an
enterprise and the adoption of course of action and allocation of resources necessary to
achieve these goals.
Procedure :- Procedures are plans that establish a required method of handling future
activities. They are guides to action , rather than to thinking and they detail the exact
manner in which certain activities must be accomplished. They are chronological
sequence of required actions
Rules :- Rules spell out specific required action or non actions, allowing non discretion.
A procedure might be looked upon as a sequence of rules, a rule however may or may not
be part of procedure for ex: “no smoking” is a rule quite unrelated to any procedure but a
procedure governing the handling of older may in corporate the rule that all older must be
conformed the day they are received.
Program:- The concern of program is to organize and schedule repetitive activities that
constitute a complete set or work in most efficient manner. They are concerned with
activities rather than decision.
Budgets :-A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numbered terms.
A budget may be expressed either in financial terms or in terms of hours , unit of product
, machine hours or any other numerically measurable term . It may deal with operations
as the operations budget does; it may reflect capital outlay , as the capital expenditure
budget does ; or it may show cash flow as the cash budget does.
The budget is the fundamental planning in many companies. The budget forces a
company to make in advance a numerical application of expected cash flow expenses
and revenues ,capital outlags, or labor or machine hour utilization. The budget is for
control, but it cannot serve as a sensible standard of control unless it reflects plans.
STEPS IN PLANNING
1) Be aware of opportunities :- An awareness of operations in the external environment
as well as with in the organizations is the real starting point for planning . it is
important to take a look at possible future operations in the light of the market
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,completions needs and wants of a customer and the company own strength and
weakness . setting objectives depends upon this awareness. Planning require realistic
diagnosis of the opportunity situation.
2) Establishing objective :- The second step is to establish objective for the enterprise
and than for each work unit . this is to be down for the long term as well as for the
shoot range . objectives specifies the excepted results and the end point of what is to
be down , where the primary is to be placed ,and what is to be accomplish by the
network of policies,products rules ,budget and program
3) Develoing promise:- Promise are the about the environment in which the plan is to
be carried out .forecasting is important in about kind of market will there be ? what
value of sales ? whatprice? What products? Etc. the more thoroughly changed with
planning understand and agree to until planning promise the more enterprise planning
will be.
4) Deterring course :- The fourth steps in planning is to search and examining
alternative courses of action, specify does not immoderation apparent . the planner
must usually make a examination to discover the most frontal possibilities.
5) Evaluating alternative courses :- After seeking out alternative courses and examine
their strong and weak points,the next step is the alternative by in the light of promises
of goals.
6) Selecting a course:- this is the point at which the plan is adopted the real point of
decision making . occasionally an annuluses and evaluation of alternative course will
disclose that two or more are advisable and the manager may decide to follow several
course rather than the one best course.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic management is a set of managerial decision and actions that determine the long
run of an organization. Strategy is concern with the direction in which human and
materiel resource will be applied in order to increase the chance of achieving selecting
objective.
Strategic planning is often referred to as strategy formulation or long range
lancing and is concerned with developing a corporation mission objective strategies and
polices. It begins with situation analysis. The process of finding a strategic fit between
external opportunities and interval strengths.
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The company has to further deiced weather it should compete head to head with
its major competitors for the biggest but most rough after share of the market, or
should a company focus on a Nichia in which it can satisfy a less rough after but
also refillable segment of the market.
Simply put, a company can choose a broad target(that is, aim at mass market) or a narrow
target (that is, aim at a market niche). Combining these two type of target markets with
the two combative strategies result in the four variations of generic strategies
When the lower cost and differentiation strategies have a board mass market
target, they are simply called cost leadership and differentiation. When they are
focused on a market niche (narrow target), however. They are called cost focus
and different focus
Plans and policies for r& d deals with product development , level of technology
used , technology transfer and absorption ,technological collaboration and support.
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d) Personal:- Personal plan and policies relate to the personal system
,organizational and employee characteristics and industrial relation
plan and policies relate to personal system deal with factors
like man power planning , selection , development ,
compensation and appraisal.
Organizational and employee characteristics include factors
, such as the cooperate image ,quality of manager , staff and
workers ,perception about the image of the organization as
a employer ,availability & development opportunities for
employee ,working condition and so on .
Plans and policies related to industry relation deals with such as union
management relationship , collective bargaining ,safety ,welfare and security , employee
satisfaction and moral and so on.
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Decision making is defined as selection of a course of action from among
alternatives; it is core of planning. The process leading to making a decision might
be thought of as (1) Premising (2) Identifying alternatives (3) evaluating
alternatives in terms of the goal sought and (4) choosing an alternative, that is
making a decision.
The criteria identified are rarely all equal in importance. So the third
step requires the decision-maker to weight the previously identified criteria
in order to give them the correct priority in the decision.
The final step in this model requires computing the optimal decision. This
is done be evaluating each alternative against the weighted criteria and selecting
the alternative with the highest total score.
ORGANIZING
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3. an understood area of discretion or authority so that the person filling the rolled
knows what he or she can do to accomplish goals.
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b. Departmentation by time: one of the oldest forms of Departmentation generally
used at lower level of the organization is grouping of activities on the basis of
time. The use of shifts is common in many enterprises where for economic,
technological or other reasons the normal work day will not suffice example this
kind of Departmentation can be found in hospitals, the fire department has to be
ready to respond to emergencies at any time.
Advantages:- services can be reentered that go beyond the typical 8 hour day ,
often extending to 24 hours a day.
Second ,it is possible to use process that can not be interrupted , those that require a
continuing cycle
Third ,expensive capital equipment can be used more than 8 hours a day .when workers
in several shifts use the same machine.
Fourth, some people student attending classes during the day for instance find it convent
to work at night.
functional daprtmentaion the most widely used basis for organizational activity and its
present in almost every enterprise at some level in the organization structure.the
characteristics of marketing ,production and financing are so widely recognized and
thoroughly understood that they are the basis not only of departmental organization but
also most often of Departmentation at the top level.
ADVANTAGES
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Departmenttion by terririrty offers a number of advantages. It places
responsibilities at the lower level, encourages local participation in decision
making and improves coordination activities in a region. Mangers can give
special attention to the needs & problems of local markets. Thus , they may result
local sales people who are familiar with special situation in the area. More over ,
these sales people can spend more time sailing and less time travailing.
DISADVANTAGES
E. CUSTOMER DEPARTMENTATION
ADVANTAGES.
DISADVANTAGES
F. DEPARTMENTATION BY PRODUCT.
Grouping activities on the bases of product or product lines has long been
growing in importance in multilane large scale enterprises. This structure permits
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top management to delicate to a division executive extensive authority over the
manufacturing , sales, services and engineering function that relate to a given
product or product line and to exact a considerable degree of profit responsibility
from each of the managers.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
G. MATRIX ORGNISATION.
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relevant, other person may mot. Any factors not identified in this stage are
considered irrelevant to the decision maker.
The criteria identified are rarely all equal in importance. So the third step requires
the decision maker to weight the previously identified criteria in order to give
them the correct priority in the decision.
The fourth step requires the decision maker to generate possible alternatives that
could succeed in resolving the problem. Once the alternatives have been
generated the decision maker must critically anile and evaluate each on. Rating
each alternative on each criterion does this. The strengths and weaknesses of
each alternative become evident as they are compared with the criteria and
weights established in the second and third steps.
The final step in this model requires computing the optimal decision. This is done be
evaluating each alternative against the weighted criteria and selecting the alternative with
the highest total score.
Span of control
Span of control is defined as the number of subordinates a manager can efficiently direct.
A wide span of management is associated with few organizational levels; a narrow span
with man levels, Factors that determine the span of control include.
a. Subordinate Training:- the better the training of subordinates the fewer the number
of necessary superior-subordinated relationship. Well-trained subordinated require
not only less of their managers time but also less contact with their managers.
b. Clarity of delegation of authority: - The principal causes of the heavy time burdens
of superior-subordinate relationship is to bee found in the poorly conceives and
confused organization. The most serious symptom of poor organization affecting the
span. If a manger clearly delegates authority to undertake a well defined task a well
trained subordinate can get it done with a minimum of mangers time and affection.
Clarity of plans: - much of the character of a subordinate job is defined by the plans to
be into effect. If these plans are well defined, if they are workable, if the authority to
undertake them has been delegated, and if the subordinate understand what is expected,
a little of supervisor time will be required.
Rate of charge:- certain enterprise charge much more rapidly ha others. The rate if
charge is an important determinate of the degree to which policies can be formulated and
the stability of polices maintained.
The time frame of decision:- where quick on the spot decisions must be made the
authority to make them must be delegated encouraging decentralization.
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1. Functional clarity:- the function to be performed, the methods of operation and the
results expected must be clearly defined the authority delegated must be adequate to
ensure that these functional are well performed.
2. Matching authority with responsibility:- Responsibility and authority are highly
interconnected. Authority should be adequate and should only match the duties to be
performed but also the personal capabilities of the subordinate.
3. Unit of command:- A subordinate should be responsible to only one superior who is
delegating the authority in the first place. in this manner the responsibility for mistake
or accomplishments is traceable and chances of conflict or confusion is minimal.
4. Principal of communication:- a misunderstood responsibility can be very
dangerous. A general authority can be easily misuse. Accordingly, both the
responsibility and authority must be clearly specify openly communication must be
continuously kept open for issuing direction as well as receiving feedback.
Even though delegation of authority has some definite advantages and is necessary for
optimal organizational operations, some managers are very reluctant to delegate
authority and many subordinate avoid taking on the responsibility and authority. the
causes for such reluctance are based upon certain beliefs and attitude which are
personal behavior in nature.
RELUCTANCE OF MANAGER
A) a manager may believe that he can do his work better than his subordinate. He might
think that his subordinate are not capable enough.
B) Since the manager is responsible for the action of his subordinate , he many not be
billing to “takes chances” with the subordinates
C) Some managers lack the ability to direct their subordinate. They may not be good in
organizing their thoughts as well as activity and thus may not no what to do after
delegation in order to help the subordinate complete the task.
D) Some manger feel very insecure in delegating authority, specially when the
subordinate is capable of doing the job better
RELUCTANCE OF SUBORDINATE:- while delegation of authority can be highly
motivating factor for some subordinate other may be reluctant to take it for the following
reasons.
a) many subordinates are reluctant to accept authority and make decision for fear that
they would be criticized or dismissed for making wrong decision. this is specially true
in situation where a subordinate has make a mistake earlier.
b) Some subordinate hesitate to accept new and added assignment where there is a
lack of necessary information and when the available resources are not adequate or
proper.
c) The subordinate may lack self. Confidence in doing the job and may fear that the
superior will not available for guidance once the delegation is made and this makes
them feel uncomfortable with additional responsibility.
The subordinate may not be given sufficient incentive for assuming extra responibilies
which could mean working harder under pressure. According in the absence of adequate
compensation in the form of higher salary or permeation opportunities a subordinate may
avoid the promotional opportunities a subordinate may avoid additional authority.
Delegation
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1. Size and complexity of the organization:- large organization with diverse
product line and conglomerates and companies involved in different field
would find decentralized t be more effective due to limitation in managerial
expertise as well as increased executive work load.
2. Location of target market:- If the customer of an organization are located
geographically for apart, decentralization would be more appropriate
management resources would be placed close to the customers allowing
quicker decisions and faster customer service.
3. Desirability of creativity in the organization:- Decentralization is
suggested if creativity within the organization is desirable and necessary. It
gives the subordinates freedom to be innovative and find better ways of
doing things freedom is a highly motivational factor which encourages
creativity.
UNIT – III
Motivation: it is process that accounts for an individual intensity direction and persistence
of effort towards attaining goal. Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries.this is
the element most of as focus on when we walk about motivation.however high intensity
is unlikely to lead to favorable job performance outcome unless the effort is channeled in
a direction that benefits the organization.therefore we have to consider the quality of
effort as well as intensity.Finally motivation has a persistence dimension. This is a
measure of how long a person can maintain their effort. Motivated individuals stag with a
task long enough to achieve their goal.
MOTIVATION
The purpose of motivation is to Crete conditions in which people are willing to work with
zeal, initiative, interest and enthusiasm, with a high personal and group moral
satisfaction, with a sense of responsibility , loyalty and discipline and with pride and
confidence in a most cohesive manner so that the goals of an organization are achieved
effectively.
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MASLOW NEED HIERARCHY THEORY OF MOTIVATION
One of the most widely mentioned threes of motivation is the hierarchy of needs theory
put forward by Abraham Mallow. According to Mallow, needs have a definite sequence of
domination i.e. unless the needs of the lower order are reasonably satisfied, those of the
higher order do not dominate.
1. man is a working animal whose needs depend on what he already has. Only needs
not yet satisfied can influence behavior. In other words, a satisfied need is not a
motivator.
2. Man’s needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance. Once one need is satisfied
another need emerges and demands satisfaction.
a. Physiological Needs:- at the lowest level are the Physiological needs. These are the
basis needs of sustaining human life itself, such as food, water, clothes and shelter.
Mallow took the position that until these needs are satisfied to the degree necessary
to maintain life, other needs will not motivate people.
b. Security needs:- when physiological needs have been reasonably satisfied, the next
higher needs emerge viz. the safety needs. The needs for security includes:-
3.affiliation or affection ends (social needs) since people are social beings, the need to
belong , to be accepted by others. These needs are concerned with:-
1. getting companyship, associating with someone , having a spouse and children.
2. Seeking acceptance by his fellow-beings.
3. Giving and receiving love and affection.
4. Becoming a member of a group, club, society etc.
5. esteem needs:- these needs are concerned with the awareness of importance to
others (self esteem) and actual esteem from others. Self esteem
1) self esteem (i.e. self esteem) :- comprising feelings of competence, autonomy,
independence, domainace, achievement and acquisition.
2) Esteem from others include the need for recognition attention, importance or
appreciation or prestige, status and power to control.
6. self actualization:- mash regards this as the highest need in his hierarchy. These are
the needs which help realize ones own potentialities for continued self development
and for creative. It is the desire to become what one is capable of becoming to
maximum one’s potential and to accomplish something.
Mastow,s need approach has been considerably modified by Fredrick herzberg. His
research purports to find a two factor theory of motivation according to herzberg.
1) there are some conditions of a job which operate primarily to dissatisfy employees
when they are not present. However, the presence of these conditions does not bring
strong motivation. herzberg called these factors maintain or hygiene factors, since
they are necessary to maintain current status, i.e. a reasonable level of satisfaction .
these factors causes much dissatisfaction when they are not present. But they do not
provides storage motivation. Some of the maintenance factors include
a) company policy and administration
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b) interpersonal relation with peers, subordinate and supervisor
c) technical supervision.
There are some job condition which, if present build high level of motivation and job
satisfaction. however if these condition are not present they do not causes
dissatisfaction. he called these motivation factors or satisfies these hour.
Achievement
Recognition
Advancement(through creative and challenging work)
Possibilities of personal growth
Responsibility
Herzberg was of the opinion that these factor, had to strong strong motivation, and,
there for , job satisfaction. When they are present, but do not cause much
dissatisfaction when they are absent.
Self actualization
Ego & esteem
Application or social needs
Security needs
Physiological needs
Room’s theory is that peoples motivations towards doing anything will be determine
by the value they place on the outcome of their efforts ( whether positive or negative)
, multiplied by the confidence they have that their efforts will Br materially and in
achieving a goal . in others words, vrooms makes the point that motivation is a
product of the anticipated worth that an individual place on a goal and the chances he
or she sees of achieving that goal. Using his own terms, vroom’s theory may be
stated as.
Force valency* expentancy
Where force is the strength of a person’s motivation. Valency is the strength of an
individual presence for an outcome and expentancy is the probability that a particular
action will lead to a desired outcome.
CARROT AND STICK THEORY
This theory assumes that people can be motivated to work if rewards are offered with
held. The rewards are attached to, and made contingent upon, effective performance.
Person are rewarded for special accomplishment. But are penalized if their false
below some minimal level . this approach is meaningful only so long as an individual.
Is struggling for subsistence. It does not work at all once. He has reached an
adequate substance level and his motivating primarily. By higher need. “the
philosophy of management by direction and control is inadequate to motivate
because human needs, on which these theory realize ,are today unimportant
motivator of behavior. Direction and control are essentially useless in motivation
people whose important needs are social and egoistic.
Management generally uses financial and non financial motivators to motivate their
employee.
Financial motivators:- such motivation is a connected directly or indirectly with
money. Wages and salary , bonus, profit sharing, live with pay, medical
reimbursement etc. are included under this type of motivation.
Non financial motivators:- non financial motivators are psychic rewards, of the
rewards of enchanted position, that can be secure in the work organization. Some of
the most commonly used non finical motivator are
1) apparisal, praise and prestige.
2) Status and pride
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3) Competition
4) Delegation of authority
5) Participation
6) Job security
7) Job enlargement
8) Job rotation
9) Job enrichment
10) Quality of work life.
1.apparisal, praise and prestige:- when he does his work well the employed naturally
wants it to be praised and recognized by his boss and fellow workers. Praise seems
to have its greatest value when given and received as recgnigation. Recognition
stacified human need for esteem by other and for self-esteem. This recognition may
be shown in the form of praise, of a pat on the beck of the employee or a
recommendation for a pay raise, promotion or assignment of more interesting tasks.
2.STATUS AND PRIDEU:- status refers to the “social rank of a person” and satisfies
social egoistic needs. A management often tries to satisfy these needs by
establishing status symbols and distinctions in its organization. Individual try hard to
gain these have been achieved, there is a carving for higher status symbols.
6. Job security:- for some employees, this is an equally important motivator. Job
security implies that an employee would continue on the job in the same plant or
elsewhere and that he shall enjoy economic and social security against sickness,
unemployment, disability, old age and death.
7. Job enlargement:- it is the process of increasing the complexity of the job in order to
appeal to the higher order needs of workers. It implies that the employee perform
more varied tasks, which are all of the same level the idea being to make the jobs
less monotonous. The idea of job enlargement is to provide the workers with the
opportunity to make greater use of their need for self esteem and dignity.
8. job rotation:- it implies the shifting of an employee from one job to another so that
monotony and boredom are reduced. The basic objective of job rotation is to increase
the skill and knowledge of the employee about related jobs. In job rotation workers
learn to do all the different activities necessary for an operation or unit of work.
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concerned. In an enriched job, an employee knows the overall deadlines and the
quality standards he must meet, and within that framework he plans the order in
which he will tackle the various tasks and the time should be devoted to each. He
holds himself responsible both for meeting the deadlines and for predicting work in
the necessary quality, and he does not pass his work or pet others to judge it till he is
satisfied that it meets the required standards.
10. Quality of work life: the term quality of work life means different things to different
persons. To a worker on as assembly time, it may just mean a fair day’s pay.,safe
working conditions and a supervisor who treats him with dignity. To a young new
creative tasks and a successful career.
a) there are many factors which can contribute to quality of work life like:
b) adequate and fair healthy environment.
c) A safe and healthy environment.
d) Jobs aimed at developing and using employee’s skill and abilities
e) Growth and security: jobs aimed at expanding employee capabilities, rather than
leading to their obsolescence.
f) An environment in which employee’s right to privacy, dissents equity etc.
LEADERSHIP
Leadership is the capacity to frame plans which will succeed and the faculty to persuade
others to carry them out in the face of all difficulties.
To
Tell
To see
To do
To be
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leader is worthy of emulation. The personal example transparent the most polenta technique of
influencing people. Hence it is rightly called the method of silent persuasion.
TO SEE implies that a leader mist be incomplete touch with the realties of the situation in which
he is operating. He should have the fullest possible information regarding the problem about
which a decision and a plan has to be formulated only than can he make around decision it also
involves going out and seeing things one self on the ground.
TO TELL means communicating to others what a leader want them to do. Telling is effective if the
instructions of the leader are clearly understood.
FUNCTIONS OF LEADERSHIP:- in practical term, a leader has to achieved the task function,
group functions, and individual functions
TASK NEEDS
Defining the task
Making the plans
Allocating work and resources
Controlling quality and tempo of work
Checking performance against plan
GROUP FUNCTION
Setting standard –example
Maintain discipline
Building team sprit
Encouraging, motivating, giving a sense of purpose
Appointing subleader
Ensuring communication with in the group
Training the group
INDIVIDUAL NEEDS:-
Attending to personal problem
Parsing of individual
Knowing individual personally
Recognizing and using individual abilities
Training individual
2. Courage:- Courage is the most admired of human in all societies. The most important act of
courage for a leader is to take decisions and to act. To take decisions means being for success or
fail but nothing happens or without a decision.
Cowardice makes a man hide the truth; conversely, one who is will not live. It is
an expression of courage to demand high standard of performance even at the cost of facing
unpopularity. Again, it takes courage to say (on) to an act, which is unethical.
3. Will power: - Will power to persist is another vital virtue invariably present in all outstanding
leaders. In the implementation of any plan, programs or project, hundreds of difficulties arise and
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failure on the part of people who have to a plan. A good leader must have the all power
(determination) to persist in spite of stay back and obstacles that may arise in the implementation
of plan.
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rewards. The autocratic leader believes that his leadership based upon the authority
conferred upon him by some source, such as his position, knowledge, strength or the power
to punish and reward.
Advantages
a) Autocratic leadership is useful when the r new on the job and have no experience Richter in
the manager decision making or performing with out active supervision.
b) It can increase efficiency, when appropriate, and get quicker result, specially in a crisis or
emergency situation. When the division must be taken immediately.
c) The paternalistic autocrat is useful when the r not interested in seeking responsibility or when
they feel insure at the job or when they work better under clear and detailed.
d) It is useful when the chain of command and the division of work is clear and understood by
all.
Disadvantages
a) One-way communication without feedback leads to and communication breakdown.
b) An autocrat leader makes his own decision which can be very dangerous in this age of
technological and sociological complexity.
c) Since it inhibits the worker’s freedom, it fails to develop his commitment to the objective of
the organization.
d) Since it provides for worker resentment. It creates problems with their morale resulting in
poor productivity in the long run.
e) It is unsuitable then the work force is knowledgeable about their jobs and the job cells for
teamwork and cooperative spirit.
Advantages:-
a. Active participation in the management by labor assures rising productivity
satisfaction.
b. Workers develop a greater sense of self-esteem, due to importance given to their
ideas and their contribution.
c. They become more comities to changes that may be brought about by policies
changes, since they themselves participated in bringing about these changes.
d. The leadership induces confidence cooperation and loyalty among workers.
e. It results in higher employee morale.
Disadvantages:-
a. The democratic leadership requires some favorable conditions that the labor must be
literate informed and organized. This is not always possible.
b. This approaches assumes that all workers are genuinely interested in the organized
and they their individual goals are successfully fused with the organization goals. The
assumption may not always be valid.
c. There must be total trust on the part of management as well as employees. Some
employees may consider this approach simply an attempt to manipulate them.
Accordingly the employees must be fully receptive e4 to this approach to make it
meaningful.
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d. Some group members may feel alienated if their ideas are not accepted for action.
This may create a feline of frustration and ill will.
e. This approach is very time consuming and too many viewpoints and ideas may make
the solid decision more difficult and may be source of frustration of impatient
management.
f. Some manager may be uncomfortable with this approach because they may fear
erosion of their bower – base and their control over labor.
g. This approach relies heavily on incentives and motivation of recongnitions
appreciation, status and prestige. The labor may be more interested financial
incentives instead of prestige.
In this type of leadership, the leader is just a figurehead does not give any direction. He
acts principally as liaison between the group and the outside elements and supplies
necessary materials and provides information to group members. He leers the
subordinates plan and organize and develop their own techniques for accomplishing
goals within the generalized organizational policies and objectives. The leader participate
very little and instead of leading and directing, he becomes just one of the members. He
does not attempt to intervene or regulate or control and there is compile group or
individual freedom in decision-making. This type of leadership is highly effective when the
group members are highly intelligent and are fully aware of their roles and responsibilities
and have the knowledge and skills to accomplish these tasks without direct supervision.
This type of leadership is evident in reach laboratories where the scientists are fairly free
to conduct their research and make their decisions. Similarly in a university or a college,
the chairpersons does not interface in the professor’s etching methods, but only assigns
the courses to be taught. From then onwards the professors are very much their own
leaders.
Advantages:-
Disadvantages
In practice, a leader may use all styles over period of time, but one style tends to
predominate as his normal way of using power. For example, factory supervisor who is
normally autocratic may be participate in determining vacation schedules and free rein in
selecting the departmental representative for safety committee. It should be noted that
the classification is not scientific.
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The path goal theory suggests that the main function of the leaders is to clarify the set
goals with subordinates, help them find the best path for achieving the results and
remove obstacles.
This theory considers personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate headers
from non-headers. Six traits on which headers tend to differ from non-headers are:-
a. Ambition
b. The desire to lead
c. Honesty & integrity
d. Self confidence
e. Intelligence
f. Job related knowledge
In addition to his, people who are high self-monitors i.e. are highly flexible in adjusting
their behavior in different situations- are more likely to emerge as leaders in GroupWise
than low self monitors.
This theory holds that people become leaders not only because of the attributes of their
personalities but also because of various situational factors and the interactions between
the leaders and group members. According to his theory the effective groups depend on
a proper match between the leaders style of interacting with the subordinates and the
degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader.
Fielder described three critical dimensions of the leadership situation that determine
leadership effectiveness.
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relying on communication to keep all parties working as a unit. All members of the group,
including the manager/leader adopt a supportive attitude in which they share in one
another’s common needs, values, Spartans, goals and expectations. Since it appeals to
human motivations, Lakers views this approach as the most effective way to lead a
group.
Lakers saw system 4 management as the most partipative of all and referred to it as “
participate group”. System 4 managers have complete trust and confidence from
subordinates and confidence in subordinates in all matter; they always get ideas and
opinion from subordinated and constructively use them. They also give economic
rewards on the basis of group participation and involvement in such areas as setting
goals and appraising progress towards goals. They engage in much communication
down and up and with peers, encourage decision making throughful the organization.
In general Lakers found that those mangers who applied the system 4 approach to their
operation ahs greatest success as leaders. Moreover he notes that departments and
companies mangaes by the system 4 approach ere most effective in setting goals and
achieving them and were generally more productive. He ascribed this success mainly to
the degree of participation and the extern to which the practice of supporting subordinates
was maintained.
A well- known approach to defining leadership styles is the managerial grid, developed by
Robbers Blake and Jane Mouton. The grid has two dimensions: “concern for” is meant to
convey “how mangers are concerned about production or” how” they are concerned
about people and not such thing as “ how much” production they are concerned about
getting out of a group.
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obedience, provision of good working conditions and maintenance of satisfying
interpersonal relations.
UNIT – IV
Communication begins with the sender, who has a thought or an idea which is then encoded in
a way that can be understood by both the sender and the receiver.
The information is transmitted over a channel that links the sender with the receiver. The
message may be oral or written, and it may be transmitted through a memorandum, a computer,
the telephone. A telegraph or television. Since many choice are available each with advantages
and disadvantages, the proper selection of the channel is vital for effective communication.
The receiver of the message :- the receiver has to be ready for the message so that it can be
decoded into thoughts. Accurate communications can occur only when both the sender and
receiver attach the some meanings to the symbols that compose the message communication is
not complete unless it is understood.
Noise and feedback in communication:- “ noise” is anything whether in the sender the
transmission or the receiver that winders communication. For example “ a noise or a confined
environment may hinder the development of a clear thought
-encoding may be faulty because of the use of ambiguous symbols.
-transmission may be interrupted by static in the channel, such as may be experienced in a poor
telephone connection.
-decoding may be faulty because the wrong meaning may be attached to words and other
symbols.
-understanding can be obstructed by prejudices.
To check the effectiveness of communication, a person must have feedback. One can never be
sure whether or not a message has been effectively encoded, transmitted, decoded and
understood until it is confirmed by feedback.
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In a effective organization, communication flows in various direction downward and upward.
Communication also flow horizontally, that is, between people on the some or similar
organizational levels.
Downward communication flows from people at higher levels to those at lower levels in the
organizational hierarchy. This kind of communication exists especially in organizations with an
authoritarian atmosphere.
Upwards communication travels from subordinates to superiors and
continue up the organizational hierarchy.
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