Approximate Analysis of Building Structures Subjected To Earthquakes

Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Faculty of Architecture
APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF BUILDING
STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKES
THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE OF
BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Gabriella Potzta
Supervisor:
Laszlo P. Kollar
Budapest, March, 2002
1
Acknowledgments
I wish to sincerely thank the 6 years work of my supervisor Prof. L aszlo P. Kollar. Im grateful
for his support, all of his help and the knowledge which I owed to him.
Thanks to the chiefs of the departments for providing my Ph.D studies:
Prof. Gyorgy Farkas, Chief of the Department of Structural Engineering,
Prof. Tam as Matuscsak, Chief of the Department of Mechanics and Structures,
Prof. M arta Kurucz, Chief of the Department of Structural Mechanics.
I thank to Prof. Zsolt Gasp ar for the possibility to nish my thesis in the Research Group of
Computational Mechanics.
I would like to thank to all of my professors for their help and advices which helped my research
work: Prof. Karoly Zalka, Prof. Endre Dul acska, Prof. Istvan Heged us, Prof. Lajos Kollar, Prof.
P al R ozsa.
2
1 Introduction
Analysis of high-rise building structures stiened by shear walls, trusses, coupled shear walls, and
frames requires time consuming numerical computations. The designer may be well served by
approximate methods, which (i) can be used in the preliminary design when some of the structural
dimensions are not yet known, (ii) can verify the results of the more advanced numerical calculation,
and, last but not least (iii) can shed light on the behavior of the structure which may lead to a
better design.
Our aim is to present an approximate analysis of building structures subjected to earthquakes
which is (i) simple, (ii) robust (i.e. it gives results with acceptable accuracy for structures with
very dierent characteristics), and (iii) which can also handle the torsional vibration of building
structures.
The building is stiened by an arbitrary combination of lateral load-resisting subsystems (shear
walls, frames, trusses, coupled shear walls, cores). We consider stories with identical masses,
however the mass at the top oor may be dierent. The stinesses of the structure may vary with
the height. The analysis is based on the continuum method. We developed replacement beams of
building structures, and we solved approximately the spatial vibration problem of the replacement
beam. Simple formulas are given to calculate the periods of vibration and the internal forces of a
building structure subjected to earthquakes.
The utility and accuracy of the method is demonstrated by a numerical examples, in which the
approximate solution is compared to the results of a nite element calculation.
1.1 Continuum method
One of the most widely used approximate calculations is based on the continuum method [14],
[33],[34], [40], when the stiened building structure is replaced by a (continuous) beam.
The simplest replacement beam is a thin-walled beam, characterized by the bending stinesses
(D
0yy
, D
0zz
, D
0yz
), the warping stiness (D
) and the torsional stiness (D

t
). (When only a
plane problem is considered, torsion is excluded, and the only parameter that plays a role is the
bending stiness D
0
= D
0yy
in the x z symmetry plane.) This model is adequate only for solid
and slender shear walls.
When a truss is loaded laterally, it may show, depending on the stinesses of the elements,
bending (exural) deformation, shear deformation, or the mixture of those (Fig.1).
Hence the shear deformation must be included and the replacement continuum is a Timoshenko-
beam [39], characterized by the bending (D
0
= D
0yy
) and the shear stinesses (S = S
zz
) in the
x z plane. The bending and the shear stinesses of typical structures are given e.g. in [39], [34],
[20] and are listed in Table 1.
A wide frame structure can be modelled by a beam which undergoes shear deformation only
and is characterized by the shear stiness S = S
zz
.
3
x
z
Figure 1: Flexural deformation, shear deformation, and mixed deformation
D
D
S
0
l
l
D
=
D
S
0
a) b)
Figure 2: Replacement beam of a frame (a), the sandwich beam is equivalent to a Timoshenko-
beam supported by a beam with bending deformation only (b)
When a wide frame is braced by solid walls the replacement beam has two stinesses: the
shear stiness (S) due to the frame and the bending stiness due to the walls (D
l
). This model is
referred to a Csonka-beam because P. Csonka developed it for the analysis of building structures
subjected to wind loads [8].
Neither a thin-walled beam, nor a Timoshenko-beam, nor a Csonka-beam is adequate to
characterize a slender frame, or coupled shear walls. The replacement beam can be obtained by
smearing out the beams of the frame along the height, and thus we arrive at the model shown
in Fig.2, which is a sandwich beam [33].
The stinesses of the replacement sandwich beam are also included in Table 1 ([14], [37], [8],
[4], D
0
is the global bending stiness, D
l
is the local bending stiness, and S is the shear stiness).
We note that the sandwich beam is the generalization of the previous models, thus we can
derive them from the sandwich beam with the proper choice of the stinesses. This is illustrated
in the following table:
4
Stinesses of a sandwich beam Choice of the stinesses Resulting beam (stinesses)
D
l
0 Timoshenko-beam (D
0
, S)
D
0
Csonka beam (D
l
, S)
D
0
, D
l
, S
D
0
,
D
l
0
Beam with shear
deformation only (S)
S Thin walled beam (D
0
+D
l
)
S 0 or D
0
0 Thin walled beam (D
l
)
It is important to note that a sandwich beam with stinesses D
0
, D
l
, and S is equivalent to a
Timoshenko-beam (with stinesses D
0
and S) which is supported laterally by a beam with bending
stiness D
l
(Fig.2). Hence, if we set the stiness D
l
of a sandwich beam equal to zero we obtain a
Timoshenko-beam with stinesses D
0
and S.
Continuum models were developed by several authors and it was applied successfully for build-
ing structures subjected to wind loads [8], [34], [37], [40],[46], earthquakes [2], [3], [20], [17], [34],
in the dynamic analysis [25], [28], [29], [33], [40], [43], [42], [47], and in the stability analysis [14],
[24], [28], [29], [34], [40], [41], [44], [45].
However, there are two important problems to be solved:
(i) As we stated before the replacement beam of a single lateral load-resisting subsystem (truss,
frame, shear wall etc.) is given in the literature (see Table 1). When there are several parallel lateral
load-resisting subsystems which are connected horizontally along the height the question arises:
how can they be replaced by only one replacement beam? We nd answers only for the following
special cases in the literature: (a) When each lateral load-resisting subsystem is a solid wall
(their shear deformation is neglected) the replacement beam is a beam which undergoes bending
deformation only, and its bending stiness is the sum of the bending stinesses of the individual
walls. (b) When there are frames which can be modeled as beams undergo shear deformation only
and solid walls undergo bending deformation only, the replacement beam is a Csonka-beam, which
has two stinesses (with the sandwich notation D
l
and S, while D
0
is innite), the bending stiness
is the sum of the bending stinesses of the walls, while the shear stiness is the sum of the shear
stinesses of the frames. However, when any of the lateral load-resisting subsystem undergoes both
bending and shear deformation (which is the case of trusses, coupled shear walls, tall frames, and
for wide walls) it can be shown that simple summation (S =
S
k
, D
0
=
D
0k
, D
l
=
D
lk
)
may result in a structure which is stier by orders of magnitudes than the real structure. We
will show in Section 4.1 how the replacement stinesses of the building should be calculated.
(ii) As an example let us consider a structure the cross section of which is shown in Fig.3.
When the structure is subjected to torsion, in the two parallel trusses both shear and bending
deformations occur. The classical (Vlasov) theory of beams does not include the shear deformation
in torsion with warping and, hence, its application may signicantly overestimates the torsional
stiness of the structure. This problem, for arbitrary arrangements of the walls, will be addressed
5
Structure
Replacement continuum
Sinesses
wall
b
t = thickness
Timoshenko-beam
D
0
= EI I =
b
3
t
12
S =
AG
=
AG
1.2
A = bt
trusses
L
A
d
A
c
d
A
c
h
L
A
d
A
c d
h
Timoshenko-beam
D
0
=
1
2
EA
c
L
2
D
0
=
1
2
EA
c
L
2
S =
2EhL
2
A
d
d
3
S =
2Eh
2d
3
L
2
A
d
+
L
4A
b
The shear stiness of trusses
with other type of bracing can
be found in the literature.
frame
A
ci
, I
ci
I
bi
l
i
h
c
i
0 1 i n
Sandwich beam
D
l
=
n
i=0
EI
ci
D
0
=
n
i=0
EA
ci
c
2
i
S =
_
S
1
b
+S
1
c
_
1
S
b
=
n
i=1
12EI
bi
lih
,
S
c
=
n
i=0
12EIci
h
2
coupled
shear
wall
A
ci
, I
ci
h
c
i
0
1 i n
s
i
d
i
s
i+1
A
bi
, I
bi
Sandwich beam
D
l
=
n
i=0
EI
ci
D
0
=
n
i=0
EA
ci
c
2
i
S =
_
S
1
b
+S
1
c
_
1
S
b
=
n
i=1
6EI
bi[(di+si)
2
+(di+si+1)
2
]
d
3
i
h
_
1+
12EI
bi
Gd
2
i
A
bi
_
S
c
=
n
i=0
12EIci
h
2
Table 1: Replacement stinesses of dierent lateral load-resisting subsystems of high-rise buildings
6
trusses
Figure 3: Plan of a building stiened by three lateral load-resisting subsystems
in Section 4.2.
1.2 Earthquake analysis
During earthquakes the building structure is subjected to dynamic eects. The inertia forces
which arise form the ground motion cause dynamic internal forces. Several methods are available
to perform the earthquake analysis of building structures.
The Time History Analysis [6], [11] follows the exact answer of the structure subjected to
known earthquakes. An earthquake can be characterized by the ground motion, ground velocities,
or ground accelerations. Usually the accelerations as the function of the time are recorded. These
records are called accelerograms and can be used to calculate the response of a structure for an
earthquake which happened in the past. For design purposes several recorded accelerograms, or
articial ones must be used. The answer of the building can be followed numerically by nite
element programs. This method is rather sophisticated, and requires time consuming numerical
calculations.
The Equivalent Lateral Force procedure uses a simple approximation to determine the maximum
base shear force [34], [13]. The dynamic eect of ground motion is replaced by an equivalent static
load distributed along the height, in a prescribed manner. The method is presented in Appendix
A.1. The analysis is simple and fast, however it can be very inaccurate.
The most frequently used method is the Response Modal Analysis (see Appendix A.2) which
combines the advantages of the previous methods. The basic characteristics of the analysis are
the periods of vibration and the mode shapes of the freely vibrating structure. The method does
not follows the exact answer of the structure during the earthquake, only the maximum values
of the modal responses are determined. Average curves, called Design Spectra are worked out in
the design codes for the maximum values of the modal responses as a function of the period of
vibration and the damping ratio. These are then combined to obtain an approximation of the
maximum value of the response.
In the thesis we present an approximate method to determine the circular frequencies, and
the periods of vibration which can be used in the Response Model Analysis (for buildings with
7
M
1
! !
1
!
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 1 1
! ! !
+
D
1
D
2
D
1
D
2
! !
1
!
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 1 1
! ! !
+
D
1
M
2
M
1
M
2
! !
1
!
2
D
1
D
2
D
2
D
1
=
2
2
2
1
2
! ! ! +
a) b) c)
Figure 4: Illustration of Dunkerleys (a), Southwells (b) and Foppls (c) theorems
identical stories in Section 5.1 and for buildings with dierent stories in Section 6). We also give
approximate formulas to calculate the internal forces in Section 5.2.
1.3 Approximate calculation of the circular frequency
We use approximate solutions of the continuum with the aid of the following three theorems, which
are illustrated in Fig.4.
Dunkerleys theorem [5], [12]: The structure contains two sets of masses denoted by M
1
and
M
2
. The circular frequency of the structure can be approximated by 1/
2
= 1/
2
1
+ 1/
2
2
, where
1
is the circular frequency of the structure if M
2
is set equal to zero while
2
is the circular
frequency if M
1
is set equal to zero.
Southwells theorem [5], [23]: The structure is characterized by two stinesses, denoted by D
1
and D
2
, such that if we set either one of the stinesses equal to innity the structure would become
innitely rigid. The circular frequency can be approximated by
2
=
2
1
+
2
2
, where
1
is the
circular frequency of the structure if D
2
is set equal to zero while
2
is the circular frequency if
D
1
is set equal to zero.
F oppls theorem: Foppls theorem was developed for the stability analysis of elastic structures
[38] and is adopted here for the vibration analysis. The structure is characterized by two stinesses
denoted by D
1
and D
2
, such that if we set either one of the stinesses equal to zero the structure
would become a mechanism and consequently would not be capable to carry any load. According to
Foppls theorem the circular frequency of such a structure is approximated by 1/
2
= 1/
2
1
+1/
2
2
,
where
1
is the circular frequency of the structure if D
2
is set equal to innity, while
2
is the
circular frequency if D
1
is set equal to innity.
The above three approximations give the exact circular frequencies when the two eigenmodes,
which belong to the circular frequencies
1
and
2
, are identical.
8
1.4 Previous work
Several authors applied continuum models to calculate the most important parameters of earth-
quake analysis (the circular frequency and base internal forces):
Basu [2] and Kollar [17] performed the earthquake analysis by using a Csonka beam (the
compressibility of columns are neglected). They provided design charts to calculate the circular
frequency of lateral vibration, and the base internal forces.
Rosman [29] gives design tables for the circular frequency of uncoupled lateral and torsional
vibration of symmetrical wall-frame structures neglecting the global bending deformation.
Ng and Kuang presented a simple analysis for the coupled lateral-torsional vibration of buildings
braced by frames and solid shear walls, where the global bending deformations were also neglected.
Skattum [33] derived the dierential equations of coupled shear walls and sandwich beams. He
determined the exact values of natural frequencies and mode shapes, which results are presented
in a number of gures. He did not give closed solution for the general vibration problem.
Kollar [15] developed a simple approximation for the calculation of the circular frequency,
however his formula has limited application, the accuracy of which were presented in [22].
Staord Smith [36], and Rutenberg [32] worked out approximate formulas to calculate the
circular frequencies of symmetrical structures, and gave design charts for the base internal forces.
However their solutions are not applicable for rigid frames and braced frames.
Kopecsiri and Kollar solved the vibration problem for any type of single horizontal load-resisting
subsystems [20], [21]. They gave design charts and also approximate formulas to calculate the
circular frequency and base internal forces. They recommended approximation for the circular
frequency of buildings braced by several plane lateral load-resisting subsystems in case of lateral
and lateral-torsional vibration, respectively.
Zalka performed the lateral and the lateral-torsional vibration analysis of sandwich beams [47].
Closed formulas are given using numerical values presented in tables to calculate the circular
frequencies of structures consisting of several horizontal load-resisting subsystems. Zalka showed
throughout numerical examples that his method is usable for practical purposes.
Several methods are available in the literature to calculate the circular frequencies of buildings.
The accuracy and the limits of application of the most robust methods [32], [21] and [47] will be
presented in Section ?? for lateral vibration of sandwich beams. We will compare these solutions
to our approximation.
To calculate the base internal forces from lateral-torsional vibration there is no closed formula
in the literature.
For earthquake analysis of building structures with varying stinesses there is no quick approx-
imate method.
9
a) b)
z
y
z
y
Figure 5: Symmetrical (a) and unsymmetrical (b) arrangements of the lateral load-resisting sub-
systems
2 Problem statement
We consider a building structure that consists of an arbitrary combination of lateral load-resisting
subsystems, i.e. shear walls, coupled shear walls, frames, trusses and cores. The arrangement of
the stiening system is either symmetrical or arbitrary (Fig.5). The stinesses of the individual
stories may be dierent; however, the stinesses must not increase with the height. We consider
uniform mass distribution with an additional mass at the top.
Our rst aim is to develop a replacement beam model for the building structure and to derive
the stinesses of replacement beams. This beam model can be used in the wind, earthquake, or
stability analyses of the building structure.
Our second aim is to apply this replacement beam model in the earthquake analysis and to
develop simple approximate expressions for the calculation of the eigenfrequencies, and of the
seismic forces.
3 Basic assumptions
We assume that the material behaves in a linearly elastic manner.
The building must have at least four stories.
The oors are considered to be rigid in their plane and they transfer only horizontal forces but
no bending or vertical forces to the lateral load-resisting subsystems. In addition, we assume that
the oors connect the stiening system continuously, hence each cross-section of the building
remains undeformed in the horizontal plane during loading.
We will replace the building structure, consisting of discrete elements by a continuous beam,
and we will analyze this continuum instead of the building structure.
Error in the analysis.
We solve the dierential equation of the continuum analytically and also with the aid of the
three theorems given in Section 1.3. In the thesis we dene the error of the approximation as
10
Er =
A
app
A
cont
A
cont
, (3.1)
where cont refers to the exact solution of the continuum while app refers to the approximate
solution, and A can be e.g. the circular frequency, the base shear force etc.
The total error of the suggested method comes from three sources (i) each lateral load-resisting
subsystem is replaced by a continuous cantilever beam, (ii) these beams are then replaced by a
single replacement beam, and (iii) the characteristics of the replacement beams are calculated
approximately.
In the numerical examples we verify the approximate method by solving structures with the
aid of a FE method (ETABS) and by our approximate calculation. The error is dened as
Er =
A
app
A
ETABS
A
ETABS
, (3.2)
where ETABS refers to the FE program ETABS [10].
4 Replacement beam
4.1 Plane problem
In this section we consider symmetrical stiening systems which deform only in the plane of
symmetry (x z plane). The oors connect the lateral load-resisting subsystems continuously,
hence the horizontal displacements of the lateral load-resisting subsystems are identical.
Our aim is to determine the stinesses of the replacement beam of the building structure.
4.1.1 One lateral load-resisting subsystem
As it was stated in the Introduction, the replacement beam of a lateral load-resisting subsystem is
a sandwich beam. The replacement stinesses are summarized in Table 1.
For latter use we dene the strain energy of a sandwich beam [1]:
U = U
T
+U
l
, (4.3)
where
U
T
=
1
2
_
_
S
2
+D
0
(
)
2
_
dx, U
l
=
1
2
_
D
l
(w
)
2
dx. (4.4)
Here U
T
and U
l
are the strain energies of a Timoshenko beam (stinesses D
0
and S) and of a
beam with bending deformation only (stiness D
l
), respectively. w is the displacement in the xz
plane, is the rotation of the cross-section in the x z plane, and is the shear strain. Prime
denotes derivative with respect to x. and are related to the displacement w by:
11
D
D
S
0
l
=
D
D
S
01
1
1
l
D
D
S
0k
lk
k
D
D
S
0n
ln
n
Figure 6: Parallel lateral load-resisting subsystems and the replacement sandwich beam
l
l
l
Figure 7: The load and the deformations of a sandwich beam subjected to a sinusoidal load
w
= +. (4.5)
It can be shown [14] that in a sandwich beam:
=
D
0
S

. (4.6)
4.1.2 Several lateral load-resisting subsystems
In this section we consider n lateral load-resisting subsystems (Fig.6) The k-th element has the
stinesses D
0k
, D
lk
, and S
k
. The stinesses of the beam which replaces the n lateral load-resisting
subsystems are denoted by D
0
, D
l
, and S.
We determine the replacement stinesses by applying a sinusoidal displacement on the stiening
system which is caused by a sinusoidal horizontal load (Fig.7).
Then we equate the sum of the strain energies of the individual lateral load-resisting subsystems
to the strain energy of the replacement wall. Hence (see Eq.4.3) we write
1
2
_
_
S
2
+D
0
(
)
2
+D
l
(w
)
2
_
dx =
1
2
_
n
k=1
_
S
k
2
k
+D
0k
(
k
)
2
+D
lk
(w
k
)
2
_
dx, (4.7)
w
k
,
k
, and
k
are the displacement, the shear strain, and the rotation of cross-section of the k-th
lateral load-resisting subsystem, and w, , and are the displacement, the shear strain, and the
12
rotation of cross-section of the replacement beam, respectively. The horizontal displacements of
the lateral load-resisting subsystems are identical, hence we can write:
w
1
= w
2
= ... = w
n
= w. (4.8)
We apply the displacements
w = w
0
sin

l
x, =
0
cos

l
x (4.9)
on the beam. Eqs.(4.5), (4.6), and (4.9) yield
=
l
1 +

2
l
2
D0
S
w
0
cos

l
x, =

2
l
2
D
0
S
. (4.10)
By introducing Eqs.(4.8), (4.9) and (4.10) into Eq.(3.181) and performing the integration be-
tween 0 and l we obtain
D
l
+
D
0
1 +

2
D0
l
2
S
=
n
k=1
_
D
lk
+
D
0k
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
S
k
_
. (4.11)
When l is large is small (see Eq.4.10) and Eq.(4.11) results in
D
l
+D
0
=
n
k=1
(D
lk
+D
0k
) . (4.12)
As a consequence we may state that for large l the replacement beam is a beam which undergoes
bending deformation only.
The Taylor series expansion of the function 1/
_
1 +
2
D
0
/
_
l
2
S
__
with respect to 1/l
2
about
1/l
2
0
is
1
1 +

2
D0
l
2
S
=
1
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
2
D0
S
_
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
_
2
_
1
l
2

1
l
2
0
_
+
_
2
D0
S
_
2
_
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
_
3
_
1
l
2

1
l
2
0
_
2
... =
=
i=0
_
2
D0
S
_
i
_
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
_
i+1
_
1
l
2

1
l
2
0
_
i
. (4.13)
Introducing Eq.(4.13) into Eq.(4.11) yields
D
l
+
i=0
D
0
_
2
D0
S
_
i
_
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
_
i+1
_
1
l
2

1
l
2
0
_
i
=
n
k=1
_
_
_D
lk
+
i=0
D
0k
_
2
D
0k
S
k
_
i
_
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
0
S
k
_
i+1
_
1
l
2

1
l
2
0
_
i
_
_
_.
When l is close to l
0
the terms multiplied by
_
1
l
2

1
l
2
0
_
i
(i = 1, 2, ...) vanish and we have
D
l
+
D
0
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
=
n
k=1
_
_
D
lk
+
D
0k
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
0
S
k
_
_
. (4.14)
13
To obtain a good agreement between the replacement beam and the structure the rst three
terms in the series are considered. By equating the rst term in the series we obtain Eq.(4.14),
while from the second and third terms we have
D
0
_
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
_
2
2
D
0
S
=
n
k=1
D
0k
_
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
0
S
k
_
2
2
D
0k
S
k
, (4.15)
D
0
_
1 +

2
D0
l
2
0
S
_
3
_
2
D
0
S
_
2
=
n
k=1
D
0k
_
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
0
S
k
_
3
_
2
D
0k
S
k
_
2
. (4.16)
Eqs.(4.14), (4.15) and (4.16) can be rearranged to yield the replacement stinesses of the beam:
S =
2
B
3
C
2
, D
0
=
1
C
B
2

1
l
2
0
C
2
B
3
, D
l
= A
B
2
C
, (4.17)
where
A =
n
k=1
_
_
D
0k
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
0
S
k
+D
lk
_
_
, (4.18)
B =
n
k=1
D
0k
_
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
0
S
k
_
2
2
D
0k
S
k
,
C =
n
k=1
D
0k
_
1 +

2
D
0k
l
2
0
S
k
_
3
_
2
D
0k
S
k
_
2
.
The choice of l
0
to obtain the best replacement stinesses will be discussed in Section 4.3.
4.2 Spatial problem
As it was stated in the Introduction, the beam undergoes both shear and bending (exural) de-
formations in torsion. We adopt here the beam theory given in [18] (which was developed for
composite beams and which is the simplication of Sun and Wus theory [48]). Accordingly, the
displacements of the beam are described by the vectors
{u} =
_
_
v
w
_
, {} =
_
B
_
_
, (4.19)
while the shear deformations are
{} =
_
S
_
_
. (4.20)
14
90+
90-
#
S
#
B
Figure 8: Bending (
B
) and shear (
S
) deformation in torsion
v and w are the displacements in the y and z directions, is the rotation of the cross section about
the x axis,
y
and
z
are the rotations of the cross-section about the z and y axes, respectively.
The total twist per unit length () contains a shear type (
S
) and a bending type (
B
) deformation
(Fig.8):
=
=
B
+
S
.
(We note that in Vlasovs theory
y
=
z
=
S
= 0 and {u}
= {}). The shear deformations

are related to the displacements by (see [18]):
{u}
=
_
_
v
_
= {} +{} . (4.21)
The strain energy of this beam is
U
T
=
1
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
{}
T
_
_
S
yy
S
yz
S
y
S
zy
S
zz
S
z
S
z
S
y
S
_
{} +{}
T
_
_
D
0zz
D
0zy
D
0z
D
0yz
D
0yy
D
0y
D
0z
D
0y
D
0
_
_
{}
+D
t
2
_
_
_
_
_
dx.
(4.22)
In this equation D
0yy
(= EI
yy
), D
0yz
(= EI
yz
), D
0zz
(= EI
zz
) are the bending stinesses,
D
0
(= EI
) is the warping stiness. (D

0z
and D
0y
are zero if the coordinate system is
attached to the shear center see Section 4.2.3.) [S] is the shear stiness matrix and D
t
(= GI
t
) is
the torsional stiness. {}
T
denotes the transpose of vector {} .
The above beam theory is the generalization of the Timoshenko-beam theory for spatial
problems. For our case, as in the plane problem, the local stinesses must also be included, and
the strain energy becomes
U = U
T
+U
l
, (4.23)
where U
l
is the strain energy of a beam which undergoes bending deformation only:
15
z
y
r
k
k
r
k
Figure 9: Global coordinates ( y, z) and the local coordinates (, ) attached to the k-th lateral
load-resisting subsystem
U
l
=
1
2
_
{u}
T
_
_
D
lzz
D
lzy
D
lz
D
lyz
D
lyy
D
ly
D
lz
D
ly
D
l
_
_
{u}
dx. (4.24)
Here {u} is the displacement vector (Eq. 4.19), and D
lij
are the (local) bending stinesses.
First we consider a single lateral load-resisting subsystem (Fig.9).
The stiness matrices of this bracing element in the coordinate system are
_
D
0
_
k
,
_
D
l
_
k
and
_
S
k
, and the torsional stiness is D
tk
. The transformation of the stinesses into the
y z coordinate system gives:
[D
l
]
k
= [T]
T
k
_
D
l
_
k
[T]
k
, (4.25)
[D
0
]
k
= [T]
T
k
_
D
0
_
k
[T]
k
,
[S]
k
= [T]
T
k
_
S
k
[T]
k
,
where
[T]
k
=
_
_
cos
k
sin
k
r
k
sin
k
cos
k
r
k
0 0 1
_
_
, (4.26)
k
is the angle between the axes and y; r
k
and r
k
are the distances of the and axes from
the origin (Fig.9).
To obtain the replacement stinesses of a stiening system containing several lateral load-resisting
subsystems we assume the displacements in the form of
16
{u} =
_
_
v
0
w
0
0
_
_
sin

l
x, {} =
_
y0
z0
B0
_
_
cos

l
x, (4.27)
and introduce them into the expression of the strain energy of the replacement beam (Eq.4.23)
and into the sum of the strain energies of the individual elements. By equating them we obtain:
1
2
_
_
{}
T
[S] {} +{}
T
[D
0
] {}
+{u}
T
[D
l
] {u}
+D
t
2
_
dx (4.28)
=
1
2
_
n
k=1
_
{
k
}
T
[S
k
] {
k
} +{
k
}
T
[D
0k
] {
k
}
+{u
k
}
T
[D
lk
] {u
k
}
+D
tk
2
_
dx.
Then we follow the same steps as in Section 4.1.2. The algebra is involved but straightforward
and it is presented in Appendix B. The results are
[S] =
2
[B] [C]
1
[B] [C]
1
[B] , (4.29)
[D
0
] = [B] [C]
1
[B]
_
[E]
1
l
2
0
[B]
1
[C]
_
1
,
[D
l
] = [A] [B] [C]
1
[B] ,
D
t
=
n
k=1
D
tk
,
where
A =
n
k=1
_
_
[E] +

2
l
2
0
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
1
[D
0
]
k
+ [D
l
]
k
_
, (4.30)
B =
n
k=1
2
_
[E] +

2
l
2
0
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
1
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
[E] +

2
l
2
0
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
1
[D
0
]
k
,
C =
n
k=1
4
_
[E] +

2
l
2
0
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
1
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k

_
[E] +

2
l
2
0
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
1
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
[E] +

2
l
2
0
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
_
1
[D
0
]
k
.
We observe that Eq.(4.29) reduces to Eq.(4.17) when [D
0
] , [D
l
] , and [S] are replaced by D
0
, D
l
and S.
4.2.3 Location of the replacement beam
The elements of the stiness matrices [D
0
] , [D
l
] and [S] depends on the choice of the location of
the axis of the replacement beam which passes through the origin of the coordinate system.
17
In the analysis the location of the axis can be chosen arbitrarily. (The stinesses, loads,
coordinates of the mass center are inuenced by the location, however the eigenfrequency, buckling
loads, internal forces are not.)
There is a special location of the origin called shear center (or more precisely the bending
deformation shear center [18]). When the origin of the coordinate system is attached to the
bending deformation shear center the stiness matrix [D
0
] simplies and D
0z
and D
0y
are
zero. However, this choice of the origin simplies the analysis only when the shear deformation is
neglected (shear stinesses are innite), because in this case the load applied at the shear center
does not cause the twist of the building.
As a rule, when the beam undergoes both bending and shear deformations there is no such
location and the beam may twist even if the load is applied at the bending deformation shear
center.
However for a given load and boundary conditions we may dene a location (which varies with
the height) such a way that the load acting at this location do not cause the twist of the building.
When the building is symmetrical, the load which is applied in the symmetry plane does not
cause twist, and hence it is practical (however not necessary) to place the axis of the beam at the
symmetry plane.
4.3 Practical considerations
In Sections 4.1.2 and 4.2.2 we obtained a replacement beam whose stinesses depend on the choice
of l
0
. When l
0
is approximately equal to the variation of the load (see Fig.7) the behavior of
the replacement beam will be very close to the behavior of the structure. Consequently dierent
replacement beams should be applied for dierent loading conditions.
The question arises, how should we choose l
0
to obtain the best replacement beam. We
suggest for a few cases the values l
0
which are given in Fig.10.
We note that there are practical cases when the stinesses of the replacement beam are not
sensitive to the choice of l
0
and hence the same replacement beam can be used for dierent loading
conditions.
When
D0i
Si
D0j
Sj
or S
i
l
2
0
>> D
0i
Eqs.(4.17) and (4.18) becomes
S =
B
3
C
2
,
D
0
=
B
2
C
, (4.31)
D
l
=
n
k=1
(D
0k
+D
lk
) D
0
,
where
18
Vibration
l
0
l
0
2H
Buckling
l
0
l
0
2H
Lateral load
l
0
l
0
l
0
= 2H
l
0
H l
3
2
0
= H l
3
2
0

Figure 10: The values of l
0
for lateral load, buckling and vibration
B =
n
k=1
D
2
0k
S
k
, C =
n
k=1
D
3
0k
S
2
k
. (4.32)
Note that these equations are identical to Eqs.(4.17) and (4.18) when l
0
.
When S
i
l
2
0
<< D
0i
Eqs.(4.17) and (4.18) becomes
S =
n
k=1
S
k
, D
0
= , D
l
=
n
k=1
D
lk
. (4.33)
These simplications can be carried out also in case of spatial problems: When [D
0
]
i
[S]
1
i

[D
0
]
j
[S]
1
j
or [S]
i
l
2
0
>> [D
0
]
i
Eqs.(4.29) and (4.30) become
[S] = [B] [C]
1
[B] [C]
1
[B] ,
[D
0
] = [B] [C]
1
[B] , (4.34)
[D
l
] =
n
k=1
([D
0
]
k
+ [D
l
]
k
) [D
0
] ,
where
[B] =
n
k=1
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
[D
0
]
k
, [C] =
n
k=1
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
[D
0
]
k
. (4.35)
For [S]
i
l
2
0
<< [D
0
] Eqs.(4.29) and (4.30) become
19
[S] =
n
k=1
[S]
k
, [D
0
] = , [D
l
] =
n
k=1
[D
l
]
k
. (4.36)
4.4 Numerical examples
To demonstrate the utility of the replacement beam we consider two simple examples shown in
Fig. 5.3.
4.4.1 Doubly symmetrical structure
The structure is stiened by two coupled shear walls, a frame, and two shear walls (Fig.5.3a). We
wish to determine in the x z symmetry plane (i) the circular frequencies of the structure when
the mass is distributed uniformly along the oors, and (ii) the buckling loads when the load is
applied at the top.
The replacement stinesses of the lateral load-resisting subsystems are (see Table 1):
D
f
l
=
3
i=0
EI
ci
= 4 1.95 10
10
1.33 10
4
= 1.040 10
7
Nm
2
,
D
f
0
=
3
i=0
EA
ci
c
2
i
= 2 1.95 10
10
0.04 (2
2
+ 6
2
) = 6.240 10
10
Nm
2
,
S
b
=
3
i=1
12EI
bi
l
i
h
= 3
12 1.95 10
10
1.33 10
4
4 3.05
= 7.672 10
6
N, (4.37)
S
c
=
3
i=0
12EI
ci
h
2
= 4
12 1.95 10
10
1.33 10
4
3.05
2
= 1.342 10
6
N,
S
f
=
_
S
1
b
+S
1
c
_
1
= 4.881 10
6
N,
D
w
l
= 0,
D
w
0
= EI
w
= 1.95 10
10
1.07 == 2.087 10
10
Nm
2
, (4.38)
S
w
=
GA
w
=
1.9510
10
21.2
0.8
1.2
= 5.42 10
9
N,
D
w
t
= GI
tw
=
1.95 10
10
2 1.2
1.07 10
2
= 1.733 10
8
Nm
2
,
20
A
w
= 0.8 m
2
I
tw
= 1.07 m 10
-2 4
l
i
= 4 m
0 1 2 n=3
L= 4 m
frame
z
y
r = 8 m
a = 36 m
b
=

1
8
.
0
coupled shear walls
frame
shear wall
c
2
=2 c
1
=2
c
3
=6 c
0
=6
shear wall
r = -8 m
A
ci
= 0.04 m
2
I
ci
= 1.33 m 10
-4 4
I
bi
= 1.33 m 10
-4 4
A
b i
= 0.08 m
2
I
ci
= 1.33 m 10
-1 4
I
b
= 1.07 m 10
-3 4
coupled shear walls
h

=
3
.
0
5

m
2 m
2 m 2 m
A
ci
= 0.4 m
2
z
y
r = 8 m
a = 36 m
r = -8 m
(a)
(b)
(c)
I
w
= 1.07 m
4
/m kgm 10 4.128
12
18 36
N/m 10 .95 1
kg/m 10 3.058 m 91.5 05 . 3 30
2 7
2 2
2 10
5
=
+
= Q =
= = =
m E
M H
Figure 11: Numerical example. (a) symmetrical structure, (b) unsymmetrical structure, (c) lateral
load-resisting subsystems
D
c
l
=
1
i=0
EI
ci
= 2 1.95 10
10
1.33 10
1
= 5.200 10
9
Nm
2
,
D
c
0
=
1
i=0
EA
ci
c
2
i
= 2 1.95 10
10
0.4 2
2
= 6.240 10
10
Nm
2
,
S
b
=
6EI
b
_
(d +s
1
)
2
+ (d +s
2
)
2
_
d
3
h
_
1 +
12EI
b
Gd
2
A
b
_ =
6 1.95 10
10
1.07 10
3
2 (2 + 2)
2
2
3
3.05
_
1 +
121.21.9510
10
1.0710
3
1.9510
10
/2.42
2
0.08
_ =(4.39)
= 1.468 10
8
N,
S
c
=
1
i=0
12EI
ci
h
2
= 2
12 1.95 10
10
1.33 10
1
3.05
2
= 6.708 10
9
N,
S
c
=
_
S
1
b
+S
1
c
_
1
= 1.436 10
8
N,
21
mode i = 1 i = 2 i = 3
l
0i
2H
2
3
H
2
5
H
A
_
10
11
kNm
2
1.341 0.7018 0.4077

B
_
10
14
kNm
4
7.669 1.220 0.3119

C
_
10
17
kNm
6
107.6 2.535 0.3120

D
0i
_
10
10
kNm
2
9.406 13.29 13.08

D
li
_
10
10
kNm
2
7.950 1.149 1.047

S
i
_
10
7
kN
3.841 27.87 29.06

Table 2: Replacement stinesses of the symmetrical structure given in Fig.5.3
deformation 1. mode 2. mode 3. mode
bending (
B1
) 3.52 22.03 61.7
shear (
S1
) 0.5 1.5 2.5
Table 3: The values of the multiplier,
i
for the calculation of the circular frequencies.
mode Approximation ETABS Error [%]
1 0.2607 0.2649 -1.59
2 1.265 1.206 4.89
3 2.690 2.708 -0.66
Table 4: Comparison of the numerical and approximate results for the circular frequencies.
where superscript f, w, and c refers to the frame, to the walls, to the coupled shear walls, respec-
tively.
The structure is symmetrical, thus the replacement stinesses of the structure can be calculated
from Eqs.(4.17) and (4.18). We choose l
01
= 2H, l
02
=
2
3
H, and l
03
=
2
5
H in the analysis of the
rst, second and third mode of vibration, respectively (see Fig.10). The results are given in Table
2.
Using the replacement stinesses we approximate the circular frequencies,
i
(in the x z
symmetry plane) as follows (Section 5.1.1):
2
i
=
_
_
_
1
_
B0
i
_
2
+
1
_
S
i
_
2
_
_
_
1
+
_
B
l
i
_
2
=
_
1
2
Bi
D0i
mH
4
+
1
2
Si
Si
mH
2
_
1
+
2
Bi
D
li
mH
4
, (4.40)
where
Bi
and
Si
for the rst three modes are given in Table 3, the mass, M, and the total height
of the building, H are given in Fig.5.3. The approximate value of the circular frequencies (Eq.4.40)
and the results of a nite element calculation (using the ETABS program) are summarized in Table
4. The maximum error is less then 5% (Table 4).
The buckling loads of the structure (when the load is applied at the top) also can be ap-
proximated using the replacement stinesses [19]. Buckling loads in the x z symmetry plane
22
are:
N
1
cr
=
_
_
_
2
D
01
(2H)
2
_
1
+
1
S
1
_
_
1
+

2
D
l1
(2H)
2
= 3.953 10
4
kN,
N
2
cr
=
_
_
_
2
D
02
_
2
3
H
_
2
_
1
+
1
S
2
_
_
1
+

2
D
l2
_
2
3
H
_
2
= 1.861 10
5
kN, (4.41)
N
3
cr
=
_
_
_
2
D
03
_
2
5
H
_
2
_
1
+
1
S
3
_
_
1
+

2
D
l3
_
2
5
H
_
2
= 3.004 10
5
kN.
These results are identical to the theoretical values calculated by the equations of [14].
We note that simple summation of the stinesses would result in the following buckling loads:
N
1
cr
= 4.947 10
4
kN,
N
2
cr
= 2.115 10
5
kN, (4.42)
N
3
cr
= 3.178 10
5
kN,
and hence the maximum error would be 25.14%.
4.4.2 Unsymmetrical structure
The geometrical and material properties of the structure are given in Fig.5.3b. The building is
stiened by a shear wall, coupled shear walls, and a frame as shown in Fig.5.3b. We wish to
determine the circular frequencies of the rst three modes of vibration. The lateral load-resisting
subsystems of the unsymmetrical structure are identical to those of the symmetrical structure
(Section 4.4.1), the replacement stinesses are given by Eq.(4.38). The structure has one plane of
symmetry (xy). The structure vibrates either in the plane of symmetry (Section 4.1) or spatial,
lateral-torsional vibration occurs (Section 4.2).
In the symmetry plane the circular frequencies can be calculate from Eq.(4.40) independently
of the spatial vibration modes. The results for the rst three modes are given in Table 5.
To calculate the circular frequencies of the coupled vibration modes rst we determine the
replacement stiness matrices (Section 4.2). The stiness matrices of the individual lateral load-
resisting subsystems are
23
mode direction Approximation ETABS Error [%]
1 spatial vibration 0.07834 0.07272 7.73
1 x y plane 0.1095 0.1095 0.00
1 spatial vibration 0.2187 0.2263 -3.36
2 x y plane 0.6828 0.6813 0.22
3 x y plane 1.895 1.887 0.24
3 spatial vibration 2.2974 2.314 -0.72
Table 5: Comparison of the numerical and approximate results for the circular frequencies of the
unsymmetrical structure given in Fig.10
_
D
0
_
1
=
_
_
D
c
0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
,
_
D
l
_
1
=
_
_
D
c
l
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
,
_
S
1
=
_
_
S
c
0 0
0 0
0 0
_
_
,
_
D
0
_
2
=
_
_
D
w
0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
,
_
D
l
_
2
=
_
_
D
w
l
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
,
_
S
2
=
_
_
S
w
0 0
0 0
0 0
_
_
, (4.43)
_
D
0
_
3
=
_
_
D
f
0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
,
_
D
l
_
3
=
_
_
D
f
l
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
,
_
S
3
=
_
_
S
f
0 0
0 0
0 0
_
_
.
D
t
= D
w
t
(Because of numerical considerations we replaced the zero elements in the main diagonal of the
shear stiness matrices by a small element ( > 0)).
The matrices of the transformation from the local ( ) coordinate systems into the y z
coordinate system are
[T]
1
= [T]
c
=
_
_
1 0 8
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
, [T]
2
= [T]
w
=
_
_
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
, [T]
3
= [T]
f
=
_
_
1 0 8
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
.
(4.44)
For l
0
= 2H Eq.(4.30) yields:
24
A = 10
10
_
7.362 0 37.93
0 2.0776 0
37.93 0 471.1
_
_
,
B = 10
14
_
5.556 0 10.89
0 7.865 10
3
0
10.89 0 356.2
_
_
, (4.45)
C = 10
18
_
9.966 0 66.94
0 2.978 10
5
0
66.94 0 637.8
_
_
.
The stiness matrices of the replacement beam are (Eq.4.29):
D
0
= 10
11
_
1.248 0 0
0 0.2087 0
0 0 79.87
_
_
kNm
2
,
D
l
= 10
9
_
5.210 0 41.52
0 0 0
41.52 0 333.5
_
_
kNm
2
, (4.46)
S = 10
8
_
1.485 0 10.99
0 54.17 0
10.99 0 95.04
_
_
kN.
D
t
= 1.733 10
8
Nm
2
.
The circular frequencies of the lateral-torsional vibration modes can be determined as the eigen-
values of the following equation (Section 5.1.1)
_
_
H
4
2
Bi
[D
0
]
1
+
H
2
2
Si
[S]
1
_
1
+

2
Bi
H
4
[D
l
] +

2
Si
H
2
[G]
2
mi
m[M]
_
_
_
v
0m
w
0m
0m
_
_
= 0, (4.47)
Bi
and
Si
for the rst three modes are given in Table 3, H is the total height of the building
(H = 91.5 m), matrices [M] and [G] are
[M] =
_
_
1 0 y
m
0 1 z
m
y
m
z
m
m
+y
2
m
+z
2
m
_
_
, [G] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 D
t
_
_
, (4.48)
m is the mass per unit height (m = 3.058 10
5
kg/m), and is the polar moment of mass
(per unit height) about the mass center (Fig.5.3), y
m
, z
m
are the coordinates of the mass cen-
25
ter. In this example symmetrical mass distribution was considered, thus y
m
= 0 and z
m
= 0,
= m
_
a
2
+b
2
_
/12 = 4.128 10
7
kgm
2
/m. The approximate values of the rst three circular
frequencies, and the results of the ETABS calculation are given in Table 5. The maximum error is
less then 12%.
5 Approximate analysis of building structures with identical
stories subjected to earthquakes
5.1 Circular frequency and period of vibration
In the previous section the replacement beam of building structures were dened. In this section
simple formulas are developed for the calculation of the circular frequencies of a beam with uniform
stinesses. We suggest to approximate the circular frequencies of the building by the circular
frequencies of the replacement continuum. We considered uniform mass distribution, however the
mass at the top oor may be dierent.
We recall that the circular frequency, is related to the period of vibration, T and to the
frequency, f by
T =
2
, f =

2
. (5.49)
5.1.1 Uniform mass distribution
Plane problem. We consider a building structure with a symmetrical plan which vibrates in
the xz symmetry plane. The stinesses of the replacement beam in the xz plane are the shear
stiness (S), the global bending stiness (D
0
) and the local bending stiness (D
l
). The circular
frequencies of beams which undergo bending or shear deformations only are summarized in Table
6 [22].
The circular frequency of a sandwich beam with constant mass distribution was determined
in [22]. We obtained the exact values using the Rayleigh-Ritz method (Appendix C.1.1). An
approximate expression can be obtained by using Foppls and Southwells theorems [22]:
2
mi
=
_
_
_
1
_
B0
mi
_
2
+
1
_
S
mi
_
2
_
_
_
1
+
_
B
l
mi
_
2
i = 1, 2, ... (5.50)
where i = 1 belongs to the rst mode of vibration,
B0
mi
and
B
l
mi
are the circular frequencies of
beams with bending stinesses D
0
and D
l
, respectively; and
S
mi
is the circular frequency of a
beam which undergoes shear deformation only and whose shear stiness is S. From the second row
of Table 6 we have:
26
mass and
boundary
conditions
bending deformation only shear deformation only
m
H
i = 1 i = 3 i = 2 i = 1 i = 3 i = 2
Bi
=
Bi
_
D
mH
4
B1
=
B2
= 2
B3
= 3
Si
=
Si
_
S
mH
2
S1
=
S2
= 2
S3
= 3
m
H
i = 1 i = 3 i = 2 i = 1 i = 3 i = 2
Bi
=
Bi
_
D
mH
4
B1
= 3.52
B2
= 22.03
B3
= 61.7
Si
=
Si
_
S
mH
2
S1
= 0.5
S2
= 1.5
S3
= 2.5
M
H
B
=
3
_
D
MH
3

S
=
_
S
MH
Table 6: Circular frequencies of beams capable bending deformations only or shear deformations
only
27
Figure 12: Accuracy of approximate solutions of the circular ferquency in case of lateral vibration
with the aid of (a) Kopecsiris formula, (b) the correction of Kopecsiris formula, (c) Rutenbergs
formula, and (d) Zalkas formula
B0
mi
=
Bi
_
D
0
mH
4
,
B
l
mi
=
Bi
_
D
l
mH
4
,
S
mi
=
Si
_
S
mH
2
, (5.51)
where m is the mass per unit height.
Numerical comparisons with the exact solution for the circular frequencies shows that for i = 1
Eq.(5.50) may underestimate the circular frequency by up to 15 percent (15% Er 0) for
i = 2 may underestimate the circular frequency by up to 11% and overestimate it by up to 9%
(11% Er 9%), while for i = 3 may underestimate the circular frequency by up to 4% and
overestimate it by up to 6% (4% Er 6%). The errors of using Eq.(5.50) for the lowest
circular frequency are illustrated in Fig.12a.
The accuracy of this approximation is suitable for design purposes. However in some special
28
cases the designer would need more accurate results, thus we suggest a correction factor to reduce
the errors of Eq.(5.50). To obtain a more accurate solution we tted a curve to the values of the
error given in Fig.12a. We derived an approximate formula in the function of the stiness ratios
= H
_
S
D
l
and =
_
D
l
D0
:
2
m1
=
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
B0
m1
_
2
+
1
_
S
m1
_
2
_
_
_
1
+
_
B
l
m1
_
2
_
_(1 +f) , (5.52)

where
f =
2
100(1 + 2.7)
_
1.1
1.1 +e
1.6
e
0.013
1
_
, = (1 + 4) . (5.53)
Eq.(5.52) may overestimate the lawest circular frequency by up to 2.3% and underestimate it
by up to 4.14% (4.143% Er 2.3%). The errors of Eq.(5.52) compared to the exact results
are given in Fig.12b.
Comparison with previous approximate solutions As it was mentioned in Section 1.4
there are several approximate formulas available in the literature for the calculation of the circular
frequency. In this section we present the accuracy of the most robust methods [32], [47], [21].
One lateral load-resisting subsystem. We consider a single lateral load-resisting subsys-
tem replaced by a sandwich beam with stinesses D
0
, D
l
, and S. We calculated the lawest circular
frequency with the aid of Rutenbergs [32], Zalkas [47] and Kopecsiris [21] (Eq.5.50) approxima-
tions, respectively. The errors compared to the exact results are given in Fig.?? in the function
of the stiness ratios = H
_
S
D
l
and =
_
D
l
D0
.
Fig.?? shows that Rutenbergs method is not applicable for large values of .
The maximum errors of Zalkas formula is 16%, however in the region of maximum errors Zalka
suggest to neglect the shear deformation. With this limitation Zalka s approximation gives more
accurate results for the practical values of stiness ratios.
Kopecsiris formula can be applied for any value of the stiness ratios, his approximation may
result 16% error.
Eq.(5.52) is the correction of Kopecsiris formula which results less than 5% error for any value
of stiness ratios (Fig.12).
Several lateral load-resisting subsystems. We consider a building structure consisting of
two dierent lateral load-resisting subsystems replaced sandwich beams with the stinesses D
01
,
D
l1
, S
1
, and D
02
, D
l2
, S
2
, respectively. There is two basic concept for estimating the circular
frequency of the whole structure:
Kopecsiri and Zalka approximate the circular frequency as the sum of the circular frequencies
of the individual lateral load-resisting subsystems:
29
2
=
_
1
(
B01
)
2
+
1
(
S1
)
2
_
1
+
_
B
l1
_
2
+
_
1
(
B02
)
2
+
1
(
S2
)
2
_
1
+
_
B
l2
_
2
. (5.54)
where represents a correction factor given in [47].
If we substitute the following stinesses:
D
l1
= 0, D
l2
= 0, S
1
H
2
>> D
01
, S
2
H
2
<< D
02
, (5.55)
Eq.(5.54) results in
2
=
_
B01
_
2
+
_
S2
_
2
, (5.56)
which is equal to the result of Southwells theorem applied for a Csonka beam. Eq.(5.56) would
result 16% error.
According to our approximation rst the replacement beam of the structure is produced, then
the circular frequency of the replacement beam is calculated. The circular frequency of a sandwich
beam can be determined by Eq.([?]) with an error less than 5%. The accuracy of the replacement
beam model was presented throughout numerical examples in Section 4.4.
Spatial problem. The replacement beam of the stiening system has the following stinesses:
[D
0
] =
_
_
D
0zz
D
0zy
D
0z
D
0yz
D
0yy
D
0y
D
0z
D
0y
D
0
_
_
, [D
l
] =
_
_
D
lzz
D
lzy
D
lz
D
lyz
D
lyy
D
ly
D
lz
D
ly
D
l
_
_
(5.57)
[S] =
_
_
S
yy
S
yz
S
y
S
zy
S
zz
S
z
S
z
S
y
S
_
, D
t
,
where [D
0
] and [D
l
] are the matrices of the global and local bending stinesses, respectively, [S]
is the shear stiness matrix and D
t
is the torsional stiness. The calculation of [D
0
] , [D
l
] , and
[S] are given in Section 4.2. (We note that the axis of the replacement beam passes through the
centroid of the coordinate system which may be chosen arbitrarily.)
The circular frequencies for beams where both ends are simply supported and [D
l
] is zero were
derived in [18]. Following the same steps as in [18] but taking also [D
l
] into account, we obtain
the following eigenvalue problem for the circular frequency,
mi
:
_
_
H
4
2
Bi
[D
0
]
1
+
H
2
2
Si
[S]
1
_
1
+

2
Bi
H
4
[D
l
] +

2
Si
H
2
[G]
2
mi
m[M]
_
_
_
v
0m
w
0m
0m
_
_
= 0, (5.58)
30
where for simply supported beams
Bi
and
Si
are given in the rst row of Table 6; m is the mass
per unit height, matrices [M] and [G] are
[M] =
_
_
1 0 y
m
0 1 z
m
y
m
z
m
m
+y
2
m
+z
2
m
_
_
, [G] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 D
t
_
_
, (5.59)
is the polar moment of mass (per unit height) about the mass center, and y
m
, z
m
are the
coordinates of the mass center. The eigenvector of Eq.(5.58) contains the amplitudes of vibration
in the x z plane (w
0m
), x y plane (v
0m
) and the amplitude of the torsional mode (
0m
).
For a cantilever beam, we adopt Eq.(5.58) as an approximation, but we introduce values for
Bi
and
Si
given in the second row of Table 6. We obtain three circular frequencies (and three
corresponding eigenvectors) for each value of i. The accuracy of Eq.(5.58) was also investigated
numerically. We compared the approximate results to the results of the exact solution (Appendix
C.1.1). We obtained the same accuracy for as for the plane problem.
When both the xz and the x y planes are symmetry planes, the building vibrates either in
the x z plane, or in the x y plane, or torsionally about the x axis. In this case the o-diagonal
elements of matrices [D
0
] , [D
l
] , and [S] are zero, and, accordingly, Eq.(5.58) gives the following
three sets of circular frequencies
2
ymi
=
_
1
2
Bi
D0zz
mH
4
+
1
2
Si
Syy
mH
2
_
1
+
2
Bi
D
lyy
mH
4
,
vibration in the
x y plane
(5.60)
2
zmi
=
_
1
2
Bi
D0yy
mH
4
+
1
2
Si
Szz
mH
2
_
1
+
2
Bi
D
lzz
mH
4
,
vibration in the
x z plane
2
mi
=
_
1
2
Bi
D0
H
4
+
1
2
Si
S
H
2
_
1
+
2
Bi
D
l
H
4
+
2
Si
GI
t
H
2
.
torsional
vibration
We observe that the expression for
2
zmi
is identical to Eq.(5.50) developed for the plane prob-
lem.
5.1.2 Additional mass at the top
Plane problem. When there is an additional mass (M) at the end of the cantilever (Fig.15),
the lowest circular frequency may be approximated by using Dunkerleys theorem as:
2
=
_
1
2
m1
+
1
2
M
_
1
, (5.61)
where
2
M

_
_
_
1
_
B0
M
_
2
+
1
_
S
M
_
2
_
_
_
1
+
_
B
l
M
_
2
, (5.62)
31
and (see Table 6 third row)
B0
M
=
3
_
D
0
MH
3
,
B
l
M
=
3
_
D
l
MH
3
,
S
M
=
_
S
MH
. (5.63)
The accuracy of Eq.(5.62) was found to be: 6% Er 0.
Spatial problem. In case of spatial vibration the circular frequencies belonging to i = 1 can be
calculated as (see Dunkerleys theorem)
2
=
_
1
2
m1
+
1
2
M
_
1
, (5.64)
where
M
is calculated from the following equation [?]
_
_
H
3
3
[D
0
]
1
+H [S]
1
_
1
+
3
H
3
[D
l
] +
1
H
[G]
2
mi
M []
_
_
_
v
0M
w
0M
0M
_
_
= 0, (5.65)
where M is the additional mass at the top and matrix [] is given by
[] =
_
_
1 0 y
M
0 1 z
M
y
M
z
M
M
+y
2
M
+z
2
M
_
_
, (5.66)
where is the polar moment of mass (at the top) about the mass center, and y
M
, z
M
are the
coordinates of the mass center.
Care must be taken in the use of Eq.(5.64). Equation (5.64) may give unacceptable error when
the horizontal distribution of masses at the top is signicantly dierent from the mass distribution
on the other oors. In this case the eigenvectors for the uniform mass distribution and those for
the mass on the top are very dierent. Hence, the use of Eq.(5.64) is recommended only if the
scalar product of the eigenvectors are close to unity, say v
0M
v
om
+w
0M
w
0m
+
0M
0m
> 0.9.
5.2 Internal forces
In the response modal analysis of buildings subjected to earthquakes an equivalent load is deter-
mined in each mode of vibration (Appendix A.2). For in-plane vibration, when the ground motion
is in the plane of the vibration, the horizontal force is [6]
f
i
(x) =
H
_
0
m
i
(x) dx
H
_
0
m
2
i
(x) dx
m
i
(x) S
Ai
(5.67)
32
where S
Ai
is the spectral acceleration (which depends on the period of vibration, damping and the
ground peak acceleration), and
i
is the mode shape.
For spatial vibration [6]
{f}
i
=
_
_
f
yi
f
zi
f
i
_
_
=
H
_
0
{
i
(x)}
T
[M] dx{}
H
_
0
{
i
(x)}
T
[M] {
i
(x)} dx
m[M]
_
yi
(x)
zi
(x)
ni
(x)
_
_
S
Ai
(5.68)
where f
yi
and f
zi
are horizontal forces in the y and z directions, respectively, f
i
is the resultant
moment about the x axis, and {} is the inuence vector [6], which represents the direction of
excitation. For example if the excitation is in the xy plane {} = {1, 0, 0}, if the excitation is in the
x plane (where is in the yz plane, and the angle between y and is ) {} = {cos, sin, 0} ,
and for torsional excitation {} = {0, 0, 1} .
Plane problem. In this section we consider symmetrical structures subjected to earthquakes in
the symmetry plane.
Base shear force. The total horizontal load, which is identical to the base shear force, is
obtained by integrating Eq.(5.67) over the height of the building.
For uniform mass distribution integration of Eq.(5.67) gives
V
i
=
H
_
0
f
i
(x) dx =
_
H
_
0
i
(x) dx
_
2
H
_
0
2
i
(x) dx
mS
Ai
=
i
mHS
Ai
, (5.69)
the values of the multiplier,
i
are given in Table 7 for the rst, second and third periods of
vibration for beams undergo bending deformation (
i
=
B1
,
i
=
B2
,
i
=
B3
) and for beams
undergo shear deformation only (
i
=
S1
,
i
=
S2
,
i
=
S3
).
For a sandwich beam the multiplier lies between these two values i.e. for the rst period of
vibration 0.61 <
i
< 0.81, and for the second period of vibration 0.09 <
i
< 0.188 and for the
third 0.032 <
i
< 0.065. To estimate
i
for a sandwich beam we adopt the approximate formula
of the circular frequency. Equation (5.50) and (5.51) gives
1 =
_
_
_
1
2
Bi
D0
mH
4
+
1
2
Si
S
mH
2
_
1
+
2
Bi
D
l
mH
4
_
_
1
2
mi
. (5.70)
The value of
i
is approximated as
i
=
_
_
_

Bi
2
Bi
D0
mH
4
+

Si
2
Si
S
mH
2
_
1
+
1
Bi
2
Bi
D
l
mH
4
_
_
1
2
mi
, (5.71)
33
mode deformation
base shear
force
shear force
at 3/4H
base
overturning
moment
1. mode
bending deformation
only (
B1
)
0.61 0.32 0.45
shear deformation
only (
S1
)
0.81 0.32 0.52
2. mode
bending deformation
only (
B2
)
0.188 0.09 0.039
shear deformation
only (
S2
)
0.09 0.09 0.018
3. mode
bending deformation
only (
B3
)
0.065 0.033 0.00825
shear deformation
only (
S3
)
0.032 0.033 0.0044
Table 7: The values of the multiplier,
i
for the calculation of the internal forces.
where
Bi
and
Si
are given in Table 7. This expression gives the exact value for
i
when S ,
or S 0, or D
0
0, or D
0
and D
l
0. For arbitrary values of D
0
, D
l
and S Eq.(5.71)
was veried numerically. Comparisons with the exact solution of Eq.(5.69) for a sandwich beam
showed that the accuracy of Eq.(5.71) for
1
is 9% < Er < 0, for
2
is 37% < Er < 0, while
for
3
is 27% < Er < 0.
Shear force at height 3/4H. The distribution of the horizontal forces is determined by
the mode shape of the beam (see Eq.5.67). In the rst, second, and third modes of vibration the
mode shape, the distribution of horizontal seismic forces and the shear forces along the height are
illustrated in Fig.13. The maximum of the shear force arises at the bottom of the cantilever, but
in the second mode there is another local maximum (Fig.13, middle).
This local maximum for dierent continuum models and dierent stiness distributions was
calculated, and the location of the maximum was found to be between 0.6H and 0.9H. The
maximum can be approximated by evaluating the shear force at height 3/4H:
V
3/4
i
=
i
mHS
Ai
. (5.72)
The constant for beams with bending deformation or shear deformation only is given in Table
7 (column shear force at 3/4H), for the rst three modes. For a sandwich beam Eq.(5.72)
i
=
Bi
=
Si
can be used. The maximum error of this approximation for
1
is 3% < Er < +3%,
for
2
is 2% < Er < 10%, while for
3
is 7% < Er < +4% percent.
34
x
H
V
1
M
1
F (x)
1
V (x)
1
x
H
V
3
F (x)
3
V (x)
3
V(x)
x
H
V
2
F (x)
2
V (x)
2
M
2
M
3
Figure 13: Mode shapes of vibration, horizontal seismic force distribution, shear force
(The design value of the shear force can be calculated by combining the modal responses.
There are dierent combination rules given in design codes. We suggest to calculate the design
value of shear force at the bottom of the cantilever and at height 3/4H. At the top of the cantilever
the shear force is zero. The shear force diagram may be approximated by tting a second order
parabola to the design value of the shear force at these three point. See Fig.13.)
Base overturning moment. The base overturning moment can be calculated from the
horizontal load Eq.(5.67) as follows
For a uniform mass distribution we have
M
i
=
H
_
0
xf
i
(x) dx =
H
_
0
i
(x) dx
H
_
0
x
i
(x) dx
H
_
0
2
i
(x) dx
mS
Ai
=
i
mH
2
S
Ai
. (5.73)
The multiplier
i
is given in Table 7 for a beam undergoes bending deformation and for a
beam undergoes shear deformation only. For a sandwich beam the multiplier lies between these
two values.
i
is again calculated from Eq.(5.71) by introducing the values of
i
given in the last
column of Table 7. Numerical comparisons showed that Eq.(5.71) gives the value of
1
with an
error 5% < Er < 1%, while for the second and third modes the results are not acceptable.
35
V
zi
V
yi
V
i !
M
zi
M
yi
Figure 14: The base shear forces (V
yi
, V
zi
), the resultant torque (V
i
), and the base overturning
moments (M
yi
, M
zi
)
Spatial problem.
Base shear force. The base shear forces and the resultant torque (Fig.14) can be calculated
from the integration of Eq.(5.68).
_
_
V
yi
V
zi
V
i
_
_
=
H
_
0
_
_
f
yi
f
zi
f
i
_
_
dx. (5.74)
First we consider the case when the structure consists of lateral load-resisting subsystems which
undergo shear deformation only. In this case the functions in the eigenvector (
yi
,
zi
,
i
) are
cosines and Eqs.(5.68) and (5.74) give
_
_
V
yi
V
zi
V
i
_
_
=
{
0i
}
T
[M] {}
{
0i
}
T
[M] {
0i
}
m[M] H
i
{
0i
} S
Ai
, (5.75)
where {
0i
} is the eigenvector of Eq. (5.58)
{
0i
} =
_
_
v
0mi
w
0mi
0mi
_
_
, (5.76)
and (for i = 1)
i
=
Si
= 0.81 (Table 7). The same equation apply when the lateral load-resisting
subsystems have bending deformation only, but we must substitute
i
=
Bi
= 0.61 into Eq.(5.75).
When the lateral load-resisting subsystems are sandwiches, the horizontal forces can be calcu-
lated by
36
_
_
V
yi
V
zi
V
i
_
_
=
{
0
}
T
[M] {}
{
0
}
T
[M] {
0
}
m[M] H
_
yi
v
0mi
zi
w
0mi
0mi
_
_
S
Ai
, (5.77)
where
yi
,
zi
, and
i
are multipliers with values between
Bi
and
Si
(i.e. for i = 1 0.61 <
1
< 0.81 and for i = 2 0.09 <
2
< 0.188), see Table 7. To obtain a reasonable estimation for
we rearrange the expression obtained for the circular frequencies. By multiplication of Eq.(5.58)
by [M]
1
/m
2
mi
we obtain
_
_
v
0mi
w
0mi
0mi
_
_
=
_
_
_
H
4
2
Bi
[D
0
]
1
[M] +
H
2
2
Si
[S]
1
[M]
_
1
+
+
2
Bi
H
4
[M]
1
[D
l
] +

2
Si
H
2
[M]
1
[G]
_
_
1
_
_
v
0mi
w
0mi
0mi
_
2
mi
m. (5.78)
Similarly as it was done for the plane problem (see Eq. 5.71) we introduce -s into this equation
and obtain:
_
yi
v
0m
zi
w
0m
0m
_
_
=
_
_
_
BiH
4
2
Bi
[D
0
]
1
[M] +
SiH
2
2
Si
[S]
1
[M]
_
1
+
+

2
Bi
BiH
4
[M]
1
[D
l
] +

2
Si
SiH
2
[M]
1
[G]
_
_
1
_
_
v
0mi
w
0mi
0mi
_
2
mi
m, (5.79)
which is an approximate expression for the vector {
yi
v
0mi
,
zi
w
0mi
,
i
0mi
}
T
. With this ap-
proximation Eq.(5.77) can be directly evaluated for the seismic loads.
(Note that Eqs.(5.77) and (5.79) give the exact values of the horizontal forces (V
yi
and V
zi
)
and the resultant torque (V
i
) when the structure is doubly symmetrical and in one direction it
has shear deformation only, in the other direction it has bending deformation only, and in torsion
it has bending or shear deformation only.)
As a rule, Eqs.(5.77) and (5.79) give only approximate values of the forces and the resultant
moment. The numerical examples showed that the accuracies are the same as for the plane problem.
Base overturning moment. The base overturning moments can be obtained in the same
way as the base shear forces. (Note that we may use the approximation only for the rst mode.)
From Eq.(5.68) we arrive at
_
_
M
z1
M
y1
B
1
_
_
=
H
_
0
x
_
_
f
y1
f
z1
f
1
_
_
dx =
{
01
}
T
[M] {}
{
01
}
T
[M] {
01
}
m[M] H
2
_
y1
v
0m1
z1
w
0m1
0m1
_
_
S
A1
(5.80)
where M
z1
and M
y1
are the base overturning moments in the x y and x z planes. The vector
on the right hand side is approximated by Eq.(5.79) where
B1
= 0.45 and
S1
= 0.52 (see Table
7).
37
D
D
S
0
l
H
M
m m
a) b) c)
Figure 15: Sandwich beam (a); constant mass distribution (b); constant mass and additional mass
at the top (c)
We may observe that when there is only bending deformation,
y
=
z
=
= 0.45, and when

there is only shear deformation,
y
=
z
=
= 0.52.
Plane problem. When there is an additional mass on the top, we have to take the following
additional force and base overturning moment into account
F
M
= MS
A
, M
M
= HMS
A
.
Spatial problem. In case of spatial vibration when there are additional masses at the top,
concentrated forces and moment about the x axis may arise on the top of the building structure.
The resultant forces (V
M
y
and V
M
z
) and moment (V
M
) are [6]
_
_
V
M
y
V
M
z
V
M
_
=
{
0
}
T
[M] {}
{
0
}
T
[M] {
0
}
M [] {
0
} S
A
. (5.81)
The additional base overturning moments have the values:
M
M
z
= HV
M
y
, M
M
y
= HV
M
z
.
5.3 Numerical example
In this section a numerical example is presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of
the approximate calculation for building structures with identical stories.
The geometric and material characteristics of the structure are given in Table 8. and Fig. 16.
The approximate calculation was carried out in the following steps:
Step 1. Calculate of the stinesses of the lateral load-resisting subsystems [20].
Step 2. Calculate of the replacement stinesses of the building by Eq.(4.29).
38
Number of stories 28
Story height, h 2.97 m
Total height, H 83.2 m
Mass / unit height, m 280640 kg/m
Mass moment of inertia / unit height, 69001 kgm
2
/m
Youngs modulus of walls, E
w
1.95 10
7
kN/m
2
Shear modulus of walls, G
w
8.12510
6
kN/m
2
Youngs modulus of beams, E
b
2.3 10
7
kN/m
2
Shear modulus of beams, G
b
9.58 10
6
kN/m
2
Area of beams, A
b
0.07 m
2
Moment of inertia of beams, I
b
5.79 10
4
m
4
Area of walls , A
w
1.92 m
2
Moment of inertia of walls , I
w
8.85 m
4
Table 8: Geometric and material characteristics of the shear walls (see Fig. 14)
9.25
s
1
=

6
.
1
y
z
O
wall
coupled shear walls
11 3.7
5.55
16.65
1.85 5.55
k = 2
k = 1
k = 4
k = 3
k
=

5
k
=

7
k
=

6
k
=

9
k
=

8
s
2
=

6
.
1
d
=

3
.
7
Figure 16: Numerical example of Section 5.3
Step 3. Calculate the periods of vibration by Eq.(5.58).
Step 4. Calculate the internal forces: the base shear force (Eq. 5.77) and the base overturning
moment (Eq. 5.80).
The periods of vibration and the internal forces were determined also by a FE code (ETABS).
In the example uniform mass distribution was considered.
Step 1. In the longitudinal, y direction the building structure is stiened by four shear walls
(k = 1, 2, 3, 4). In the x direction the stiening system consists three shear walls (k = 5, 6, 7)
39
and two coupled shear walls (k = 8, 9). The replacement stinesses of the lateral load-resisting
subsystems are [20]:
D
lk
= 0, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
D
lk
= 2E
w
I
w
= 3.45 10
8
kNm
2
, k = 8, 9,
D
0k
= E
w
I
w
= 1.725 10
8
kNm
2
, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
D
0k
= 2E
w
A
w
(c
w
)
2
= 2.02 10
9
kNm
2
, k = 8, 9, (5.82)
S
k
= 1.2 G
w
A
w
= 1.87 10
7
kN, k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
S
k
=
_
_
_
_
_
6E
b
I
b
2 (d +s
1
)
2
d
3
h
_
1 +
12E
b
I
b
G
b
d
2
A
b
_
_
_
1
+
_
2
12E
w
I
w
h
2
_
1
_
_
_
1
= 9.99 10
4
kN, k = 8, 9.
Step 2. The stinesses in the global coordinate system are:
[D
l
]
k
= D
lk
[R]
k
, [D
0
]
k
= D
0k
[R]
k
, [S]
k
= S
k
[R]
k
, (5.83)
where
[R]
k
=
_
_
cos
2
k
cos
k
sin
k
r
k
cos
k
cos
k
sin
k
sin
2
k
r
k
sin
k
r
k
cos
k
r
k
sin
k
r
2
k
_
_
. (5.84)
In the y direction
k
= 0 (k = 1, 2, 3, 4), in the x direction
k
= /2 (k = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), r
k
is the
distance of the kth lateral load-resisting subsystem to the origin of the global coordinate system
(Fig 16):
k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
r
k
1.85 -1.85 1.85 -1.85 -9.25 5.55 1.85 -16.65 -5.55
For l
0
= 2H S
i
l
2
0
>> D
0i
, thus the replacement stiness matrices of the structure are (Eqs.
(4.34) and (4.35)):
40
[A] =
16
k=1
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
[D
0
]
k
=
_
_
0 0
0 8.171 10
16
9.069 10
17
0 9.069 10
17
1, 258 10
19
_
_
,
[B] =
16
k=1
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
[D
0
]
k
[S]
1
k
[D
0
]
k
=
_
_
0 0
0 1, 652 10
21
1.834 10
22
0 1.834 10
22
2, 544 10
23
_
_
,
[D
0
] = [A] [B]
1
[A] =
_
_
0 0
0 4.041 10
12
4.486 10
13
0 4.486 10
13
6.223 10
14
_
_
, (5.85)
[S] = [A] [B]
1
[A] [B]
1
[A] =
_
_
0 0
0 1.999 10
8
2.219 10
9
0 2.219 10
9
3.078 10
10
_
_
,
[D
l
] =
16
k=1
([D
0
]
k
+ [D
l
]
k
) [D
0
] =
_
_
6.876 10
11
0 0
0 1.208 10
12
70.978 10
12
0 70.978 10
12
1.293 10
14
_
_
.
We note that some of the stiness matrices are singular because they contain a zero element in
the main diagonal. For numerical purpose we replaced the zero elements in the main diagonal by
a small element ( > 0).
Step 3. The natural frequencies are calculated from Eq.(5.58):
_
_
H
4
2
Bi
[D
0
]
1
+
H
2
2
Si
[S]
1
_
1
+

2
Bi
H
4
[D
l
]
2
mi
m[M]
_
_
_
v
0m
w
0m
0m
_
_
= 0, (5.86)
where [M] is a diagonal matrix:
[M] =
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0

m
_
_
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 159.09
_
_
. (5.87)
By substituting
B1
= 3.52,
S1
= 0.5 (Table 6) into Eq.(6.110) we obtain the following three
eigenvalues:
2
m1
= 1.981,
2
m2
= 0.635,
2
m3
= 0.352.
The following three eigenvalues are obtained by substituting
B2
= 22.03,
S2
= 1.5 (Table 6).
Equation (6.110) results in:
2
m4
= 64.61,
2
m5
= 24.86,
2
m6
= 12.87.
41
Period of vibration, T (sec)
mode direction Approximation ETABS Error [%] S
ei
1 lateral (x-z)-torsional 10.59 10.53 0.57 0.0416
2 x-y plane 7.89 8.26 -4.69 0.0751
3 lateral (x-z)-torsional 4.46 4.32 3.24 0.234
4 lateral (x-z)-torsional 1.75 1.86 -5.41 0.889
5 x-y plane 1.26 1.35 -6.67 1.24
8 x-y plane 0.45 0.50 -10.0 2.60
Table 9: Comparison of the numerical and approximate results for the periods of vibration, (T),
and the spectral accelerations, S
ei
The modes 7 to 9 are obtained by introducing
B3
= 61.7,
S3
= 2.5 into Eq.(6.110) which yield:
2
m7
= 486.02,
2
m8
= 195.02,
2
m9
= 99.44.
The periods of vibration, T are:
T
i
=
2
i
. (5.88)
The results of the approximate calculation and those of the ETABS code are given in Table 9. The
maximum error is -10%.
Step 4. The seismic forces are determined using the Response Modal Analysis (Appendix A.2).
The calculation was carried out according to Eurocode 8. The spectral accelerations are given in
the function of the period of vibration, [9]:
0 < T
i
< T
B
S
ei
= a
g
S
t
_
1 +
T
i
( 1)
T
B
_
, (5.89)
T
B
< T
i
< T
C
S
ei
= a
g
S
t
,
T
C
< T
i
< T
D
S
ei
= a
g
S
t
_
T
C
T
i
_
k1
,
T
D
< T
i
S
ei
= a
g
S
t
_
T
C
T
D
_
k1
_
T
D
T
i
_
k2
.
The parameters in Eq.(5.89) depend on the soil condition, on the location of the structure,
and on the damping ratio. We considered S
t
= 1, a
g
= 0.08 9.81, = 2.5, T
B
= 0.15, T
C
=
0.6, T
D
= 3, k
1
= 1, k
2
= 2, = 1.323.
Substituting the periods of vibration given in Table 9 into Eq.(5.89) the spectral accelerations,
S
ei
can be determined in each mode of vibration. These are also given in Table 9.
42
mode excitation internal force Approximation ETABS Error [%]
2 (x-y plane) x-y V
y
[kN] 1070 998.8 7.13
M
y
[kNm] 65635 61147 7.34
V
z
[kN] 2175 2170 0.26
3 ( x-z plane-torsional) x-z V
[kNm] 22031 22674 -2.84

M
z
[kNm] 129450 132772 -2.50
V
z
[kN] 223.6 253.7 -11.87
[kNm] 3839 3383 8.39

M
z
[kNm] 13879 15496 -10.43
5 (x-y plane) x-y V
y
[kN] 5423 5232 3.65
M
y
[kNm] 93549 90810 3.02
V
z
[kN] 5415.8 5008 8.14
[kNm] 50927 48072 5.94

M
z
[kNm] 93333 89190 4.64
V
z
[kN] 1432 1464 -2.20
[kNm] 22989 21037 9.28

M
z
[kNm] 24711 25987 -4.91
8 (x-y plane) x-y V
y
[kN] 3938 4026 -2.20
M
y
[kNm] 41561 41704 -034
V
z
[kN] 2512 2561 -1.90
[kNm] 23428 23363 0.28

M
z
[kNm] 26543 26812 -1.00
V
z
[kN] 1338.8 1336 0.22
[kNm] 22401 19467 15.07

M
z
[kNm] 14124 14350 -1.57
Table 10: Internal forces of the numerical examle in Section 5.3.
The base shear forces are calculated by Eq.(5.77). The structure has one plane of symmetry
(x y), thus from the lateral vibration in the x y plane base shear force arises only in the y
direction. However from the lateral (x z)- torsional vibration both a shear force and a torque
arise. The base overturning moments are calculated from Eq.(5.80). The internal forces in the
rst three modes in case of dierent earthquake excitations are given in Table 10. Table 10 also
contains the results of the ETABS calculation, and the errors of the approximation.
The design value of the internal forces can be calculated by combining the modal responses [9]:
43
?
Figure 17: Approach: a) structure consisting of discrete elements, b) replacement continuum with
varying stinesses, c) replacement continuum with constant stinesses
{V } =
9
1
_
{V
2
i
} =
_
_
6786
6659
68358
_
_
, {M} =
9
1
_
{M
2
i
} =
_
_
_
121601
164850
_
_
_
. (5.90)
The ETABS calculation gives:
{V } =
9
1
_
{V
2
i
} =
_
_
6677
6351
64837
_
_
, {M} =
9
1
_
{M
2
i
} =
_
_
_
118173
165600
_
_
_
. (5.91)
The maximum error is 5.43%. Including 15 modes in the ETABS calculation the design values of
the base shear force are
V
y
=
15
1
_
V
2
y
= 7050 kN, (5.92)
V
z
=
15
1
_
V
2
z
= 6500 kN,
which result less than 4% error.
6 Approximate analysis of building structures with dierent
stories subjected to earthquakes
6.1 Approach
The structure consisting of discrete elements is replaced by a continuum, the stinesses of which
may vary with the height (Fig.17b). (The calculation of the replacement stinesses is discussed in
Section 4.)
44
This continuum is further replaced by one with constant stinesses (Fig.17c). Then the circular
frequency (and the internal forces) are determined by the expression given in Section 5.1 (and in
Section 5.2).
According to the above approach we have to determine the stinesses of the replacement con-
tinuum with constant stinesses. We wish to answer the following question: Can we give a simple
rule how to choose the stinesses of the continuum with constant stinesses?
We will show that the answer to this question is yes, and we will determine the height where the
stinesses of the actual continuum must be evaluated to replace it by one with constant stinesses.
The error of the suggested approximate method comes from three sources: First the discrete
structure is replaced by a continuum. Second: the continuum with varying stinesses is replaced
by a continuum with constant stinesses. Third: the period of vibration of the continuum is
determined by simple approximate formulas.
6.2 Circular frequency and period of vibration
Plane problem. Following the Rayleigh-Ritz method we derived expressions and developed an
algorithm and a computer code for calculating the circular frequencies of Timoshenko-beams and
Csonka-beams with varying stinesses. The details of the derivation are given in Appendix C.1.2.
(We note that these expressions and the corresponding computer codes are readily applicable to
beams which undergo bending or shear deformation only.)
The results of the Rayleigh-Ritz method will be referred to as accurate solutions of the
continuum. Then we evaluate the stiness of the beam at H (0 < < 1) and determine the
circular frequencies of beams with these uniform stinesses by the expressions given in Section 5.1.
We will compare these results to the accurate one.
We determine numerically at which height the stinesses of the continuum (with varying sti-
nesses) should be evaluated to obtain the best the replacement beam with uniform stinesses.
Beams undergo bending deformation only. The stiness of a beam, which undergoes
bending deformation only decreases from D to kD (0 < k < 1) from the bottom to the top. Three
dierent functions of the stiness were considered: linear (Fig.18a), parabolic with vertical tangent
at the top (Fig.18b) and parabolic with vertical tangent at the bottom (Fig.18c).
The stiness, D of the replacement beam with constant stiness was determined at various
and k values, and the circular frequencies was calculated from the following equation (Table 6):
B1
= 3.52
_
D
mH
4
,
B2
= 22.03
_
D
mH
4
, (6.93)
where 1 and 2 refers to the rst and second mode of vibration, respectively, m is the mass per unit
height, and H is the total height of the building.
45
x
H
D
kD
kD
D
D
kD
a)
b)
c)
H x
( ) [ ] x k D - - 1 1
( ) [ ]
2
1 1 x - + k D
( ) ( ) [ ] x x k k D - - - + 1 2 1 1
2
x
H
H x
x
H
H x
Figure 18: Bending stiness distibution: a) linear, b) parabolic with vertical tangent at the top,
c) parabolic with vertical tangent at the bottom
0.23 -0.60% 1.14% 6.00%

0.24 -0.95% 0.89% 4.63%
0.25 -1.36% 0.63% 3.25%
0.26 -1.83% 0.35% -3.31%
0.27 -2.36% -0.17% -4.07%
Table 11: Error in the rst period of vibration, T
D1
, using replacement constant stiness for a
B-beam
The maximum errors for dierent -s are given in Tables 11 and 12.
For practical purposes we suggest = 0.25 for the rst mode of vibration and = 0.5 for the
second mode of vibration in case of all these distributions. The maximum error does not exceed
11%.
46
0.25 22.13% 14.05% 66.21%

0.48 1.69% 3.33% 15.24%
0.50 -2.59% 2.01% 10.81%
0.52 -3.80% -0.77% -8.40%
Table 12: Error in the second period of vibration, T
D2
, using replacement constant stiness for a
B-beam
cS
S
S
cS
cS
S
x
H
a)
b)
c)
H x
( ) [ ] x c S - - 1 1
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 2 1 1 x x c c S - - - +
( ) [ ]
2
1 1 x - + c S
x
H
H x
x
H
H x
Figure 19: Shear stiness distibution: a) linear, b) parabolic with vertical tangent at the top, c)
parabolic with vertical tangent at the bottom
Beams undergo shear deformation only. The stiness of a beam, which undergoes shear
deformation only decreases from S to cS (0.1 c 1) from the bottom to the top. Three dierent
functions of the stiness were considered: linear (Fig.19a), parabolic with vertical tangent at the
top (Fig.19b) and parabolic with vertical tangent at the bottom (Fig.19c).
The stiness, S of the replacement beam with constant stiness was determined at various
and c values, and the circular frequencies was calculated from the following equation (Table 6):
47
0.33 6.93% -4.72% -7.80%

0.35 5.32% -4.05% -5.64%
0.37 3.69% -3.19% -3.08%
0.39 2.03% -2.28% 4.14%
0.42 -2.88% -0.80% 6.27%
Table 13: Error in the rst period of vibration, T
S1
, using replacement constant stiness for an
S-beam
0.35 37.65% 27.43% 29.21%

0.60 7.98% 8.83% 9.30%
0.63 -4.97% 5.64% -12.32%
Table 14: Error in the second period of vibration, T
S2
, using replacement constant stiness for an
S-beam
S1
= 0.5
_
S
mH
2
,
S2
= 1.5
_
S
mH
2
, (6.94)
where 1 and 2 refers to the rst and second mode of vibration, respectively, m is the mass per unit
height, and H is the total height of the building.
The maximum errors for dierent -s are given in Tables 13 and 14.
We obtained the highest errors in the case of the distribution presented in Fig.19c. If the ratio c
is less than 0.1, the error of that distribution can be very high. However, the limit 0.1 is acceptable
for practical purposes.
For practical purposes we suggest = 0.33 for the rst mode of vibration and = 0.6 for the
second mode of vibration, in case of all these distributions. Even for this case the maximum error
does not exceed 10%.
(Considering an S-beam the minimum error belongs to = 0.38 as can be seen in Table 13. We
calculated several examples for Timoshenko-beams and for Csonka-beams with dierent -s. The
suggested value, = 1/3, is a compromise to keep the error of the approximation low for all the
cases and it is also a value easy to remember.)
Timoshenko-beam. We have analyzed a Timoshenko-beam with varying stinesses pre-
sented in Fig.20. As it is mentioned in Appendix C.1.2, the exural stiness varies linearly for
D
0
to kD
0
, while the inverse of the shear stiness varies linearly from 1/S to c/S (1 c 10).
48
S
c
x
H
D
0
kD
0
H x
S
1
( ) [ ] x c
S
- - 1 1
1
( ) [ ] x k D - - 1 1
0
Figure 20: Stiness distribution of a Timoshenko-beam
D

S
1.mode 2.mode
0.25 0.30 1.91% -
0.25 0.33 2.63% -
0.25 0.38 7.35% -
0.5 0.6 - 13.96
Table 15: Error in the periods of vibration,T
1
and T
2
using replacement constant stiness for a
Timoshenko-beam
The Rayleigh-Ritz method yields the circular frequencies as a function of the stiness ratios c, k
(Appendix C.1.2).
The approximate value of the circular frequencies for constant stinesses was determined by
Eq.(5.50) with D
l
set equal to 0, which yields
2
mi
=
_
_
_
1
_
B0
mi
_
2
+
1
_
S
mi
_
2
_
_
_
1
, i = 1, 2, (6.95a)
where
B0
mi
and
S
mi
are given by Eqs.(6.93) and (6.94), respectively (Table 6).
In the calculation of the rst period of vibration the stinesses were evaluated for the bending
stiness at the quarter of the height,
1
4
H, and for the shear stiness at the third of the height,
1
3
H.
The maximum dierences between the results of the Rayleigh-Ritz method and of Eq.(6.95a) was
found to be only 2.63% (Table 15).
For calculating the second period of vibration we used the stinesses evaluated for the bending
stiness at the half of the height,
1
2
H, and for the shear stiness at the six tenth of the height,
10
6
H. The maximum dierence between the results of the Rayleigh-Ritz method and Eq.(6.95a) is
less than 14% (Table 15).
Csonka-beam. We have analyzed a Csonka-beam with stiness distribution presented in
Fig.21. Three dierent functions of the stinesses were considered: linear (Fig.21a), parabolic
with vertical tangent at the bottom (Fig.21b) and parabolic with vertical tangent at the top
(Fig.21c). With the aid of the Rayleigh-Ritz method we can obtain the circular frequencies as a
49
x
H
D
l
dD
l
dD
l
D
l
D
l
dD
l
H x
( ) ( ) [ ] x x d d D
l
- - - + 1 2 1 1
2
( ) [ ]
2
1 1 x - + d D
l
cS
S
S
cS
cS
S
x
H
a)
b)
c)
H x
( ) [ ] x d D
l
- - 1 1
( ) [ ] x c S - - 1 1
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
1 2 1 1 x x c c S - - - +
( ) [ ]
2
1 1 x - + c S
x
H
H x
Figure 21: Stiness distribution: a) linear, b) parabolic with vertical tangent at the top, c)
parabolic with vertical tangent at the bottom
function of the stiness ratios d, c (Appendix C.1.2).
The approximate value was determined by Eq.(5.50) with D
0
set equal to innity (D
0
= ).
It yields:
2
mi
=
_
S
mi
_
2
+
_
B
l
mi
_
2
, i = 1, 2, (6.96)
where
B0
mi
and
S
mi
are given by Eqs.(6.93) and (6.94), respectively (Table 6).
The maximum errors between the results of Rayleigh-Ritz method and Eq.(6.96) are compiled
in Table 16.
In the calculation of the rst period of vibration the stinesses were evaluated for the bending
stiness at the quarter of the height,
1
4
H, and for the shear stiness at the third of the height,
1
3
H. The maximum dierences between the results of the Rayleigh-Ritz method and Dunkerleys
theorem was found to be less than 18%.
For calculating the second period of vibration we used the stinesses evaluated for the bending
stiness at the half of the height,
1
2
H, and for the shear stiness at the six tenth of the height,
10
6
H. The maximum dierences between the results of the Rayleigh-Ritz method and Dunkerleys
theorem was found to be less than 18%.
50
D

S
0.25 0.33 -16.37% -15.14% -17.89%
0.25 0.35 -16.01% -15.10% -17.12%
0.23 0.35 22.60% - -
Table 16: Error in the rst period of vibration,T
1
using replacement constant stiness for a Csonka-
beam
D

S
0.52 0.60 -13.15% -16.69% -10.52%
0.50 0.60 -12.42% -15.67% -10.12%
Table 17: Error in the second period of vibration,T
2
using replacement constant stiness for a
Csonka-beam
Sandwich beam. The period of vibration of a sandwich beam with constant stinesses can
be determined by Eq.(5.50).
For the calculation of the rst period of vibration the exural stinesses, D
l
and D
0
are evalu-
ated at the quarter of the height, for the shear stiness, S at the third of the height. In the second
mode D
l
and D
0
are evaluated at the half of the height, and S at the six tenth of the height.
A computer code for the calculation of the accurate period of vibration of sandwiches was
not developed, and hence the accuracy of the above approximation will be investigated numerically
in Section 6.4.
Spatial problem. The spatial vibration problem will be investigated with the aid of a numerical
example in Section 6.4.2.
When there is an additional mass (M) at the end of the cantilever (Fig.15), the lowest circular
frequency may be approximated by using Dunkerleys theorem as:
2
=
_
1
2
m1
+
1
2
M
_
1
, (6.97)
where
2
m1
is given by
M
is the circular frequency of a cantilever with a single mass at the top,
the stinesses of which varies with the height.
We apply the a similar approximation for a single mass at the top as we applied for uniform
mass distribution (Section 6.2.1). We replace the continuum with varying stinesses with a beam
with constant stinesses. We suggest to evaluate the replacement constant stinesses at dierent
51
height of the structure. The analysis is derived in [26]. The results are:
D
0
= D
1/4H
0
, D
l
= D
1/4H
l
, S = S
0.64H
.
The circular frequency of the replacement beam is (Eq.5.62):
2
M

_
_
_
1
_
B0
M
_
2
+
1
_
S
M
_
2
_
_
_
1
+
_
B
l
M
_
2
, (6.98)
where
B0
M
,
S
M
, and
B
l
M
are given in Table 6. The utility and accuracy of this approximation is
investigated numerically in Section 6.
6.3 Internal forces
We analyzed beams develop bending or shear deformations only, and Csonka beams with the
stiness distributions given in Figures 18, 19, and 21, respectively. The stiness distributions are
limited. The ratio of the stiness at the bottom of the beam and the stiness at the top of the
beam should not exceed 10. We suggest to approximate the base shear force of the structure with
dierent stories by the base shear of the replacement beam with constant stinesses (Eqs. 5.69
and 5.71). The approximation is acceptable only in the rst mode of vibration. The maximum
error for a beam with bending deformation only (
1
=
B1
= 0.61) is 15.45%, for a beam with
shear deformation only (
1
=
S1
= 0.81) is 28.08%, and the errors for a Csonka beam (Eq. 5.71)
are under 30%. To get a better approximation we can decrease the ratio of the stinesses at the
bottom and at the top. If the ratio is under 5 the maximum error is less than 25%. We produced
more complicated results in the function of the stiness ratios [27], which gives an error less than
15%, however this results are tedious for practical purposes.
6.4 Numerical examples
In this section numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of
the approximate method for varying stinesses.
We present the calculation of the lowest circular frequency of type of lateral load-resisting subsys-
tems.
The approximate calculations was carried out in the following steps:
Step 1. Calculate of the stinesses of the building at each level (Table 1).
Step 2. Calculate the replacement stinesses of the beam, D, at the quarter of the height and
S at the third of the height.
Step 3. Calculate the period of vibration by Eq.(5.50).
52
H
L
1
L
2
L
3
h
Figure 22: Rigid frame example
The period of vibration of the buildings were determined also by a FE code (ETABS) [10].
Note that in these examples the mass at each level was calculated as mh, while at the very top
either as m
h
2
or as mh.
Rigid frame The geometrical and material characteristics of the frame are given in Table 18
and Fig. 22. In this example the number of stories were 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 21. Here the calculation
for n = 10 is presented.
Step 1. The beams are identical to each other while the columns are dierent at each level. At
the ith level the dimensions of the cross-section of the columns are:
a = b =
_
(2/3 +i) 3.05 + 15
100
, (6.99)
which results in areas and moments of inertia given in Table 18, and illustrated in Fig.23.
Step 2. We calculated the area and the second moment of inertia of columns at each level
(A
c
, I
c
), and tted curves to obtain A
c
and I
c
as a function of the distance from the ground. In
this calculation we assumed that A
c
and I
c
are values at the third of the heights of the columns
(Fig. 23), then the area and inertia were evaluated at the quarter and third of the total height.
This results in the following area and moment of inertia:
A
1/4
c
=
30.5 3/4 + 6
100
= 0.379 m
2
,
I
1/4
c
=
_
30.5 3/4 + 6
100
_
2
/12 = 1.95 10
2
m
4
, (6.100)
I
1/3
c
=
_
30.5 2/3 + 6
100
_
2
/12 = 1.04 10
2
m
4
.
53
Number of storyes n = 4 to 21
Story height, h (m) 3.05
Total height, H (m) nh
Distance between columns, l (m) 5.00
Weight / unit height, mg (kN/m) 588.6
Youngs modulus, E (kN/m
2
) 2.7810
7
Area of beams, A
b
(m
2
) 0.3660.488 = 0.1786
b
(m
4
) 3.54510
3
Area of columns at ith story, A
ci
(m
2
)
3.05(ni+2/3)+1.5n
100
Moment of inertia of columns at ith story, I
ci
(m
4
)
[3.05(ni+2/3)+1.5n]
2
10
4
12
Table 18: Geometric and material characteristics of the rigid frame example in Section 6.4
1/4H
1/4H
1/3H
I
c
1/4 A
c
1/4
a)
b)
I
c
1/3
Figure 23: Variation of a) the area, b) the moment of inertia of the columns
The replacement stinesses are (Table 1)
54
S
c
=
4
i=0
12EI
1/3
ci
h
2
= 4
12 2.78 10
7
1.04 10
2
3.05
2
= 1.49 10
6
kN,
S
b
=
3
i=1
12EI
bi
l
i
h
2
= 3
12 2.78 10
7
3.54 10
3
5.00 3.05
= 2.32 10
5
kN,
S =
_
S
1
b
+S
1
c
_
1
=
_
1
14.9 10
5
+
1
2.32 10
5
_
1
= 2.01 10
5
kN, (6.101)
D
0
=
4
i=0
EA
1/4
ci
c
2
i
= 2
_
2.5
2
+ 7.5
2
_
2.78 10
7
0.379 = 1.32 10
9
kNm
2
,
D
l
=
4
i=0
EI
1/4
ci
= 4 2.78 10
7
1.95 10
2
= 1.33 10
6
kNm
2
.
Step 3. The period of vibration is (Eq.5.50):
mi
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
B0
mi
_
2
+
1
_
S
mi
_
2
_
_
_
1
+
_
B
l
mi
_
2
_
_
_
0.5
=
=
_
_
_
1
H
4
3.52
2
m
D0
+
1
(0.5)
2
mH
2
S
_
1
+
H
4
3.52
2
m
D
l
_
_
0.5
= (6.102)
=
_
_
_
1
30.5
4
3.52
588.6/9.81
1.3210
9
+
1
(0.5)
2 30.5
2
588.6/9.81
2.0110
5
_
1
+
30.5
4
3.52
588.6/9.81
1.33 10
6
_
_
0.5
= 2.99 1/ sec .
The period of vibration is:
T =
2
= 2.098 sec .
The period of vibration of the frame was also calculated by the FE code (ETABS), the result
is
T = 2.000 sec,
which is very close to the approximate value furnished by our method. Results of n = 4, 6, 8, 10, 15
and 21 stories are presented in Table 19.
Coupled shear walls
The geometric and material characteristic of the coupled shear walls are given in Table 20 and
Fig. 24. In this example we wanted to demonstrate the eect of the variation of all the stinesses
(S, D
0
, D
l
). To fulll this purpose the thickness of the wall was chosen for the rst nine stories as
w = 465 mm, for the middle nine stories as w = 310 mm and for the top nine stories as w = 155
mm.
55
Number of stories
ETABS
mh/2
ETABS
mh
Approximate
method
Error (%)
mh/2
Error (%)
mh
21 4.008 4.122 4.252 -6.09 -3.15
15 2.891 3.006 3.056 -5.71 -1.66
10 2.000 2.122 2.098 -4.89 1.13
8 1.662 1.791 1.733 -4.25 3.24
6 1.452 1.62 1.386 -4.58 14.44
4 1.059 1.24 1.071 -1.13 13.63
Table 19: Period of vibration (T, sec) of the frame given in Fig. 11 calculated by the ETABS code
and by the approximate method. (In the ETABS calculation the concentrated mass on the very
top was either mh/2 or mh, as shown in the table)
H
s s d
h
Figure 24: Coupled shear wall example
Step 1. The areas and the moments of inertia of the beams and columns are given in Table 20,
and their distributions are illustrated in Fig.25.
Step 2. We tted a curve to obtain A
c
and I
c
as a function of the distance from the ground.
In the calculation we assumed that A
c
and I
c
are values at the third of the heights of the columns
(Fig.25), and thee area and inertia were evaluated at the quarter and third of the total height.
This results in:
56
Story 1-9 10-18 19-27
Number of stories 27
Story height, h (m) 2.74
Total height, H (m) 73.98
Weight / unit height, mg (kN/m) 3.2110
3
Youngs modulus, E (kN/m
2
) 2.510
7
Shear modulus, G (kN/m
2
) 1.0710
7
Depth of walls, s (m) 3.00
Clear span of openings, d (m) 1.50
Area of beams, A
b
(m
2
) 0.740.465 = 0.344 0.740.31 = 0.229 0.740.155 = 0.115
b
(m
4
) 15.7010
3
10.4710
3
5.2310
3
Areas of columns, A
c
(m
2
) 3.000.456 = 1.368 3.000.31 = 0.93 3.000.155 = 0.456
Moments of inertia of columns, I
c
(m
4
) 1.046 0.698 0.349
Table 20: Geometric and material characteristics of the coupled shear walls example
1/4H
1/4H
A
1/4
c
1/3H
I
1/4
c
I
1/3
c
A
1/3
b
1/3H
I
1/3
b
1/3H
Figure 25: Variation of the area and inertia of the columns and beams of the coupled shear walls
example
57
A
1/4
c
= 1.20 m
2
,
I
1/4
c
= 0.900 m
4
,
I
1/3
c
= 0.81 m
4
, (6.103)
A
1/3
b
= 0.268 m
2
,
I
1/3
b
= 12.21 10
3
m
4
.
The replacement stinesses are (Table 1):
S
c
= 6
2
i=0
12EI
1/3
ci
h
2
= 6
12 25 10
6
0.81 2
2.74
2
= 3.9 10
8
kN,
S
b
= 6
1
i=1
6EI
1/3
bi
_
(d + s
i
)
2
+ (d +s
i+1
)
2
_
d
3
h
_
1 +
12EI
1/3
bi
Gd
2
A
1/3
bi
_ = 6
6 25 10
6
12.21 10
3
(1.5 + 3.00)
2
1.5
3
2.74
_
1 +
121.22510
6
12.2110
3
1.0710
7
1.5
2
0.286
_
= 1.47 10
7
kN, (6.104)
S =
_
S
1
b
+S
1
c
_
1
=
_
1
3.9 10
8
+
1
1.47 10
7
_
1
= 1.42 10
7
kN,
D
0
= 6
2
i=0
EA
1/4
ci
c
2
i
= 2 6 25 10
6
4.5
2
1.2 = 1.82 10
9
kNm
2
,
D
l
=
2
i=0
EI
1/4
ci
= 6 2 25 10
6
0.9 = 2.7 10
8
kNm
2
.
Step 3.
The circular frequency is (Eq.5.50):
mi
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
B0
mi
_
2
+
1
_
S
mi
_
2
_
_
_
1
+
_
B
l
mi
_
2
_
_
_
0.5
=
=
_
_
_
1
H
4
3.52
2
m
D0
+
1
(0.5)
2
mH
2
S
_
1
+
H
4
3.52
2
m
D
l
_
_
0.5
= (6.105)
=
_
_
_
1
73.98
4
3.52
3210/9.81
1.82410
9
+
1
(0.5)
2 73.98
2
3210/9.81
1.4210
7
_
1
+
73.98
4
3.52
3210/9.81
2.7 10
8
_
_
0.5
= 1.55 1/ sec .
The period of vibration is:
T =
2
= 4.05 sec .
The period of vibration of the structure was also calculated by the FE code (ETABS) and it
gives
58
Total height, H 83.2 m
Mass / unit height, m 280640 kg/m
Mass moment of inertia / unit height, 69001 kgm
2
/m
Youngs modulus of walls, E
w
1.95 10
7
kN/m
2
Shear modulus of walls, G
w
8.125 10
6
kN/m
2
Youngs modulus of beams, E
b
2.3 10
7
kN/m
2
Shear modulus of beams, G
b
9.58 10
6
kN/m
2
Story height, h (m) 2.97 m
Area of beams, A
b
0.07 m
2
b
5.79 10
4
m
4
Area of walls , A
w
1.92 m
2
Moment of inertia of walls , I
w
8.85 m
4
Coupled shear walls
Story 1-10 11-19 20-28
Depth of walls, s (m) 6.1 4.1 2.1
Clear span of openings, d (m) 3.7 3.7 3.7
Areas of walls, A
c
(m
2
) 1.92 1.44 0.958
Moments of inertia of walls, I
c
(m
4
) 8.85 3.35 0.722
Table 21: Geometric and material characteristics of the numerical example given in Fig.25
T = 3.90 sec,
which is very close to the approximate value provided by our method, the error is 3.86%.
In this section a symmetrical bracing system is considered the stinesses of which vary with the
height. We present the approximate calculation of the periods of vibration and the base shear
forces in the rst modes of vibration.
The geometric and material characteristics of the structure are given in Table 21. and Fig. 26.
The approximate calculation was carried out in the following steps:
Step 1. Calculate of the stinesses of the lateral load-resisting subsystems [20].
Step 2. Calculate of the stinesses of the building by Eq.(4.29) at each story.
Step 3. Calculate the replacement stinesses of the beam, D, at the quarter of the height and
S at the third of the height.
Step 4. Calculate the periods of vibration by Eq.(5.58).
Step 5. Calculate the base shear forces (Eq. 5.77).
59
4
.
1
y
z
wall
coupled shear walls
11 3.7
16.65
5.55
4
.
1
3
.
7
16.65
2
.
1
y
z
2
.
1
3
.
7
6
.
1
y
z
6
.
1
3
.
7
1-10 stories
11-19 stories
20-28 stories
Figure 26: Numerical example of Section 6.4.2
The periods of vibration and the internal forces were determined also by a FE code (ETABS).
In the example uniform mass distribution was considered.
Step 1. The lateral load-resisting subsystems at the rst ten stories are similar to the structures
of Section 5.3. The replacement stinesses are given by Eq.(5.82). The stinesses of the coupled
shear walls at stories 11-19 are:
D
l
= 2E
w
I
w
919
= 1.305 10
8
kNm
2
,
D
0
= 2E
w
A
w
919
_
c
w
919
_
2
= 8.53 10
8
kNm
2
, (6.106)
S =
_
_
_
_
_
6E
b
I
b
2 (d + s
919
)
2
d
3
h
_
1 +
12E
b
I
b
G
b
d
2
A
b
_
_
_
1
+
_
2
12E
w
I
w
919
h
2
_
1
_
_
_
1
= 6.33 10
4
kN.
The stinesses of the coupled shear walls at stories 20-28 are:
60
D
l
= 2E
w
I
w
2028
= 2.817 10
7
kNm
2
,
D
0
= 2E
w
A
w
2028
_
c
w
2028
_
2
= 6.29 10
8
kNm
2
, (6.107)
S =
_
_
_
_
_
6E
b
I
b
2 (d +s
2028
)
2
d
3
h
_
1 +
12E
b
I
b
G
b
d
2
A
b
_
_
_
1
+
_
2
12E
w
I
w
2028
h
2
_
1
_
_
_
1
= 3.50 10
4
kN.
Step 2. The stiness matrices at the dierent stories are calculated from Eq.(4.29) which results
in:
[D
0
]
110
=
_
_
0.69 0 0
0 3.51 0
0 0 992.8
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
, [S]
110
=
_
_
74.8 0 0
0 0.203 0
0 0 55.52
_
_
10
6
kN,
[D
l
]
110
=
_
_
0 0 0
0 1.37 0
0 0 214.6
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
,
[D
0
]
1119
=
_
_
0.69 0 0
0 1.68 0
0 0 472.05
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
, [S]
1119
=
_
_
74.8 0 0
0 0.128 0
0 0 35.16
_
_
10
6
kN, (6.108)
[D
l
]
1119
=
_
_
0 0 0
0 0.602 0
0 0 85.21
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
,
[D
0
]
2028
=
_
_
0.345 0 0
0 0.651 0
0 0 171.7
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
, [S]
2028
=
_
_
37.4 0 0
0 0.038 0
0 0 9.80
_
_
10
6
kN,
[D
l
]
2028
=
_
_
0 0 0
0 0.711 0
0 0 30.0
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
.
Step 3. We approximate the stiness distributions by continuous curves as a function of the
distance from the ground. Linear and second order curves are tted to the elements of the stiness
matrices at the third of the height of the stories with uniform stinesses (Fig.27), and thee re-
placement stiness matrices are evaluated at the quarter and third of the total height. This results
in:
61
1/3H
S (1,1) S (2,2) S (3,3)
1/4H
D
l
(1,1) D
l
(2,2) D
l
(3,3)
1/4H
D
0
(1,1) D
0
(2,2) D
0
(3,3)
Figure 27: Stiness distribution in the numerical example of Section 6.4.2
[D
0
] =
_
_
0.675 0 0
0 2.74 0
0 0 771.1
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
, [S] =
_
_
73.2 0 0
0 0.159 0
0 0 43.72
_
_
10
6
kN, (6.109)
[D
l
] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0.972 0
0 0 157
_
_
10
9
kNm
2
.
Step 4. The natural frequencies are calculated from Eq.(5.58):
_
_
H
4
2
Bi
[D
0
]
1
+
H
2
2
Si
[S]
1
_
1
+

2
Bi
H
4
[D
l
]
2
mi
m[M]
_
_
_
v
0m
w
0m
0m
_
_
= 0, (6.110)
where [M] is a diagonal matrix:
62
Period of vibration, T (sec)
mode direction Approximation ETABS Error [%]
1 x-y plane 7.984 8.31 -3.92
2 x-z plane 6.03 6.10 -1.15
3 torsional 5.65 5.98 -5.52
4 x-y plane 1.44 1.51 6.32
5 x-z plane 1.35 1.48 8.78
6 torsional 1.29 1.30 -0.77
Table 22: Comparison of the numerical and approximate results for the periods of vibration, (T)
mode excitation Approximation ETABS Error
1 (x-y plane) x-y 1045.7 981.86 kN 6.50%
2 ( x-z plane) x-z 1904.7 1757.5 kN 8.38%
Table 23: Internal forces of the numerical examle in Section 6.4.2.
[M] =
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0

m
_
_
=
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 159.09
_
_
. (6.111)
By substituting
B1
= 3.52,
S1
= 0.5 (Table 6) into Eq.(6.110) we obtain the rst three
eigenvalues.
2
m1
= 1.235,
2
m2
= 1.085,
2
m3
= 0.619. (6.112)
The periods of vibration, T are:
T
1
=
2
1
. (6.113)
The results of the approximate calculation and those of the ETABS code are given in Table 22 for
the rst six periods of vibration. The maximum error is 8.78%.
Step 4. The seismic forces are determined using the Response Modal Analysis (Appendix
A.2). The calculation was carried out according to Eurocode 8. The spectral accelerations are
calculated from Eq.(5.89). The base shear forces in the rst two modes of vibration are calculated
by Eq.(5.77). The results of the approximate calculation and those of the ETABS code are given
in Table 23. The maximum error is 8.38%.
63
7 Discussion
We presented the stinesses of the replacement beam of the stiening system of building structures.
By using an energy approach we derived formulas which show the contribution of the stinesses of
the individual lateral load-resisting subsystems to the overall stinesses of the structure. We took
the shear deformation not only in the in-plane problem but also in torsion into account.
We worked out a simple approximate method for the calculation of the period of vibrations and
base internal forces of building structures subjected to earthquakes. We considered symmetrical
and unsymmetrical building structures stiened by shear walls, coupled shear walls, trusses, frames
or cores. We solved the vibration problem in case of lateral, torsional and spatial lateral-torsional
vibration.
We presented a simple approximation to take the eect of varying stinesses into account.
Numerical examples were presented to show the utility and usefulness of the replacement beam.
References
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1969.
[2] A. K. Basu. Seismic design charts for coupled shear walls. J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE 1983;
109(2): 335-352.
[3] A. K. Basu, A. K. Nagpal and S. Kaul. Charts for Seismic Design of Frame-Wall Systems. J.
Struct. Engrg., ASCE 1984; 110(1): 31-46.
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Institute 1962; 55: 1055-1069.
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London, 1960; 233-239.
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ian: Simplied analysis for the calculation of multistory frames subjected to wind load). MTA
M uszaki Tudom anyok Oszt aly anak K ozlemenyei 1965; 35(1-4): 209-229.
[9] Eurocode 8. Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures.
64
[10] A. Habibullah. ETABS. Three dimensional analysis of building systems. Computers and Struc-
tures Inc., USA, 1995
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279-360.
[13] Gy. Farkas . Magaseptesi vasbetonszerkezetek, M uegyetemi Kiad o, Budapest, 1998
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wind load on high rise building structures). M uszaki Konyvkiado, Budapest, 1979
[16] L. Kollar.

Eptmenyek meretezese foldrengesre (In hungarian: Earthquake resistant design of
buildings). Tervezesfejlesztesi es Technikai

Epteszeti Intezet, Budapest, 1990
[17] L. P. Kollar. Calculation of plane frames braced by shear walls for seismic load. Acta Technica
Acad. Sci. Hung., Budapest 1991; 104 (1-3): 187-209.
[18] L. P. Kollar. Flexural-torsional vibration of open section composite beams with shear defor-
mation., International Journal of Solids and Structures 2001; 38: 7543-7558.
[19] L. P. Kollar. Flexural-torsional buckling of open section composite beams with shear defor-
mation., International Journal of Solids and Structures 2001; 38: 7525-7541.
[20] A. Kopecsiri and L. P. Kollar. Approximate seismic analysis of building structures by the
continuum method. Acta Technica, Civil Eng. 1999; 108(3-4): 417-446.
[21] A. Kopecsiri and L. P. Kollar. Simple formulas for the analysis of symmetric (plane) bracing
structures subjected to earthquakes. Acta Technica, Civil Eng. 1999; 108(3-4): 447-473.
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272-80.
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Struct. Engrg., ASCE 2000; 126(8): 982-987.
65
[26] G. Potzta. Magasep uletek meretezese foldrengesre a kontinuum modszer alapjan (In hun-
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work, Technical University of Budapest, Budapest, 1999
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Ep uletek kozelto vizsgalata foldrengesre (In hungarian: Approximate earthquake
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A Earthquake analysis
We present two approximate method to perform the earthquake analysis of multistory building
structures.
A.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
The Equivalent Lateral Force procedure uses a simple approximation to determine a maximum
base shear force [34], [13]. The dynamic eect of ground motion is replaced by an equivalent static
load distributed along the height,. in a prescribed manner.
The equivalent static load for one concentrated mass is:
Q
si
= C
s
G, (1.114)
where
- G is the weight of the structure,
- C
s
is the earthquake parameter:
C
s
=
a
h
g
k, (1.115)
- a
h
the horizontal ground acceleration,
- g acceleration due to gravity,
67
- k depends on the type of the structure [11], [13].
For multistory buildings the equivalent static load is distributed along the height as follows:
Q
si
= Q
s
G
i
z
i
n
i=1
G
i
z
i
, (1.116)
where
- Q
si
is the equivalent load acting at the height z
i
,
- z
i
is the distance of the i-th story from the bottom of the structure.
The method is simple and fast, however it can be very inaccurate.
A.2 Response Modal Analysis
The most frequently used method is the Response Modal Analysis. The method is discussed rst
for a structure consisting of a single mass [6], [34]
A.2.1 Single-degree-of-freedom system
The equation of motion of a single-degree-of-freedom system (without damping) is:
M
2
u (t)
t
2
+Ku (t) = p (t) , (1.117)
where
u (t)- is the horizontal displacement of the structure with respect to the ground,
Kis the lateral stiness of the system,
M- is the mass,
p(t)-external force,
in case of earthquake excitation:
p (t) = M
2
u
g
(t)
t
2
, (1.118)
where u
g
(t)- is the ground motion given as a function of the time (t).
The investigation of the free vibration (p(t) = 0) results the complementary solution of Eq.(1.117):
M
2
u
c
t
2
+Ku
c
= 0. (1.119)
The solution has the following form
u
c
= Ae
it
, (1.120)
where =
_
K
M
is the circular frequency of vibration. The period of vibration of the system is
T =
2
. (1.121)
68
Using Eq.(1.117) can be written in the following form:
2
u
t
2
+
2
u =
2
u
g
t
2
. (1.122)
For a given ground motion, u
g
(t) the deformation response, u(t) depends only the circular
frequency (or the period of vibration T) of the system. However for practical purposes we are
interested only the maximum values of the response of the system:
S
D
= max
t
|u(t)| , (1.123)
S
V
= max
t
du(t)
dt
,
S
A
= max
t
d
2
u(t)
dt
2
.
For any given earthquake and also for damped systems these values can be calculated by solving
Eq. 1.122. The approximate relation between the responses are:
S
V
= S
D
, (1.124)
S
A
=
2
S
D
.
For dierent recorded earthquakes the spectral acceleration S
A
was determined in the design codes,
and average curves called design spectrum are worked out in the function of the period of vibration
and the damping ratio.
In the numerical examples our calculations were carried out according to Eurocode 8. The
spectral accelerations are given in the function of the period of vibration, [9]:
0 < T
i
< T
B
S
A
= a
g
S
t
_
1 +
T
i
( 1)
T
B
_
, (1.125)
T
B
< T
i
< T
C
S
A
= a
g
S
t
, (1.126)
T
C
< T
i
< T
D
S
A
= a
g
S
t
_
T
C
T
i
_
k1
,
T
D
< T
i
S
A
= a
g
S
t
_
T
C
T
D
_
k1
_
T
D
T
i
_
k2
.
where
S
A
is the ordinate of the elastic response spectrum,
T is the period of vibration of a linear single degree-of-freedom system,
a
g
is the design ground acceleration for the reference return period,
is spectral acceleration amplication factor for 5% viscous damping,
T
B
, T
C
are limits of the constant spectral acceleration branch,
T
D
is value dening the beginning of the constant displacement range of the spectrum,
69
k
1
, k
2
are exponents which inuence the shape of the spectrum for a vibration period greater
than T
C
, T
D
respectively,
S is soil parameter,
is damping correction factor with reference value = 1 for 5% viscous damping.
The values of the parameters are given in [9].
The equivalent static force acting on the structure:
f
S
= ku (t) = m
2
u (t) mS
A
(1.127)
A.2.2 Multi-degree-of-freedom system
The equation of motion of a multi-degree-of-freedom system subjected to earthquake excitation
[6]:
[M]

2
{u}
t
2
+[K] {u} = {p (t)} = [M] {}
2
u
g
t
2
, (1.128)
where
[M]- is the mass matrix,
{u}- contains the independent displacements,
[K]- is the stiness matrix,
{}- the inuence vector represents the displacements of the masses resulting from static appli-
cation of a unit ground motion.
First we investigate the free vibration of the structure:
[M]

2
{u}
t
2
+[K] {u} = {0} . (1.129)
Looking for the solution in the following form
{u} = {} e
it
,
we obtain the eigenvalue problem:
2
[M] {} + [K] {} = 0. (1.130)
which results N independent eigenvectors {}
n
and N dierent
n
, where N is the number of
degrees of freedom of the system.
In Eq.(1.128) the displacement, {u} can be expressed as the linear superposition of the modal
vectors {} as follows
{u (t)} =
N
n=1
{}
n
q
n
(t) = [] {q (t)} , (1.131)
70
where [] contains the eigenvectors of the free vibration: We substitute Eq.(1.131) into Eq.(1.128)
and we multiply the equation by
T
, which results in:
[]
T
[M] []
d
2
{q (t)}
dt
2
+ []
T
[K] [] {q (t)} = []
T
{p (t)} . (1.132)
The eigenvectors {}
n
are orthogonal to the [M] , and [K] matrices, thus []
T
[M] [] and
[]
T
[K] [] are diagonal matrices. We choose the eigenvectors such a way that the following
relationship holds:
[]
T
[M] [] = [E] . (1.133)
It can be shown [6] that the following relationship is satised:
[]
T
[K] [] =
2
1
...
2
n
...
2
N
_
. (1.134)
Because of the orthogonality the dierential equation system (1.132) reduces to N independent
dierential equations:
d
2
q
n
(t)
dt
2
+
2
n
q
n
(t) = p
n
(t) , (1.135)
which is equal to the equation of motion of a one-degree-of-freedom system (Eq.1.122), where
p
n
(t) =
{}
T
n
{}
T
n
[M] {}
n
p (t) =
{}
T
n
[M] {}
{}
T
n
[M] {}
n
2
u
g
t
2
=
n
2
u
g
t
2
. (1.136)
Eqs.(1.135) and (1.136) result in:
q
n
(t) =
n
u
n
(t), (1.137)
where u
n
(t) is the displacement function of a one-degree-of-freedom system with eigenfreqvency,
n
subjected to the ground motion u
g
(Eq. 1.122). The peak response of the structure in the n
-th mode of vibration (using Eq. 1.123) [6] is
|{u
n
(t)}|
max
= {}
n
|q
n
(t)|
max
= {}
n

n
S
Dn
. (1.138)
The total displacement can be approximated by combining the modal responses. The modal
maximum values will not occur at the same time. However for design purposes superpositions are
recommended in the dierent codes.
A.2.3 Spatial problem
For unsymmetrical-plane structures the equation of motion has the same form as Eq.(1.128)
[M]

2
{u}
t
2
+[K] {u} = {p (t)} = [M] {}
2
u
g
t
2
,
however it has three times more degrees of freedom:
71
_
_
[M]
[M]
[]
_
2
t
2
_
_
{u
y
}
{u
z
}
{u
}
_
_
+
_
_
[K
yy
] [K
yz
] [K
y
]
[K
zy
] [K
zz
] [K
z
]
[K
y
] [K
z
] [K
]
_
_
_
_
{u
y
}
{u
z
}
{u
}
_
_
=[M] {}
2
u
g
t
2
,
(1.139)
where the inuence vector {} depends on the direction of the earthquake excitation.
If the building is subjected to ground acceleration in the y z plane:
{} =
_
_
{1}
{0}
{0}
_
_
, (1.140)
in case of ground motion in the x z plan
{} =
_
_
{0}
{1}
{0}
_
_
, (1.141)
and for torsional excitation
{} =
_
_
{0}
{0}
{1}
_
_
. (1.142)
The method of solving Eq.(1.139) is similar to the method described in the previous section.
A.2.4 Continuum
The equation of motion for a continuous beam is:
m
2
u (x, t)
t
2
+ku (x, t) = p (t) . (1.143)
The Taylor series expansion of the displacement function is:
u (x, t) =
r=1
r
(x) q
n
(t) . (1.144)
We substitute Eq.(1.144) into Eq.(1.143), and we multiple it by
n
. The integration between 0
and H results in:
n=1
H
_
0
n
m
r
d
2
q
n
(t)
dt
2
dx +
n=1
H
_
0
n
k
r
q
n
(t) dx =
H
_
0
T
n
p (t) dx. (1.145)
The eigenvectors
n
are orthogonal to each other:
72
H
_
0
r
dx = 0. (1.146)
Because of the orthogonality Eq.(1.145) becomes
d
2
q
n
(t)
dt
2
+
2
n
q
n
(t) = p
n
(t) , (1.147)
which is equal to the equation of motion of a one-degree-of-freedom system (Eq. 1.122). p
n
(t) is
obtained as follows:
p
n
(t) =
H
_
0
T
n
p (t) dx. (1.148)
The solution in the n-th mode can be obtained using the Response Spectrum Analysis as in
section A.2.1. The approximate value of the displacement is the sum of th the peak responses of
the considered modes.
In case of spatial vibration of the continuum the equation of motion
[M]

2
{u}
t
2
+[K] {u} = {p (t)} = [M] {}
2
u
g
t
2
, (1.149)
_
_
m
m
2
t
2
_
_
u
y
(x)
u
z
(x)
u
(x)
_
_
+
_
_
k
yy
k
yz
k
y
k
zy
k
zz
k
z
k
y
k
z
k
_
_
_
u
y
(x)
u
z
(x)
u
(x)
_
_
=[M] {}
2
u
g
t
2
. (1.150)
Three independent displacement functions belong to every mode of free vibration. It is denoted
by {}
n
which has the following form:
{}
n
=
_
yn
zn
n
_
_
, (1.151)
where
yn
,
zn
,
n
are the mode shapes of the vibration along to the y axis, the z axis and the
rotational vibration, respectively. We can use the modal vectors {}
n
and the circular frequency
n
to solve Eq.(1.150) as in Section A.2.2.
A.2.5 Internal forces
In the Response Modal Analysis equivalent load is determined in each mode of vibration. For
in-plane vibration, when the ground motion is in the plane of the vibration, the horizontal forces
acting on a multistory building are [6]
73
x
H
F (x)
n
V
M
Figure 28: The horizontal seismic force (F
n
(x)), and the internal forces at the bottom of the
canilever (V, M).
{f
n
(t)} = [K] {u
n
(t)} =
2
n
[M] {}
n
q
n
(t) =
2
n
[M] {}
n

n
u
n
(t) , (1.152)
{f}
n
= |{f
n
(t)}|
max
=
n
[M] {}
n
S
An
=
{}
T
n
[M] {}
{}
T
n
[M] {}
n
[M] {}
n
S
An
.
The horizontal force acting on a continuum
f
n
(x) =
n
m
n
(x) S
An
=
H
_
0
m
n
(x) dx
H
_
0
m
2
n
(x) dx
m
n
(x) S
An
.
For the spatial vibration of a continuum
{f}
n
=
n
[M] {}
n
S
An
=
{}
T
n
[M] {}
{}
T
n
[M] {}
n
[M] {}
n
S
An
(1.153)
For example in case of earthquake in the y direction
{f}
n
=
_
_
V
yn
V
zn
M
tn
_
_
=
H
_
0
m
yn
(x) dx
H
_
0
_
m
2
yn
(x) +m
2
zn
(x) +
2
n
(x)
_
dx
m
_
yn
(x)
zn
(x)
n
(x)
_
_
S
An
If the distribution of the horizontal seismic forces, {f}
n
is known, the internal forces in the
n-th mode of vibration can be calculated by performing a simple static analysis on the building
(Fig.28).
The total design value can be determined by one of the modal combination rules (given in the
codes), for example by the square-root-of-sum-of-squares rule
74
R
_
N
n=1
R
2
n
_
1/2
.
B Replacement stinesses for spatial problem
In this section of the nal version of the thesis we will give the derivation of Eq.(4.29).
C Solutions of vibration problem of replacement beams
In this section we present an analysis for the free vibration of a cantilever beam with uniform and
varying stinesses.
The dierential equation of the in-plane free vibration of a sandwich beam with uniform sti-
nesses is [14], ??:
D
0
D
l
S
w
V I
B
(D
0
+D
l
)w
IV
B
= m
2
w, (3.154)
where m is the mass, D
0
, D
l
and S are the stinesses of the sandwich beam, is the circular
frequency, and w is the displacement function consisting of two parts[14]:
w = w
D
+w
S
. (3.155)
This dierential equation has constant coecients and can be solved analytically ??, when the
stinesses vary with the height, the coecients are not constant, and we may obtain solutions by
using the Rayleigh-Ritz method.
We developed analysis for the free vibration of beams with both uniform and varying stinesses
based on the Rayleigh-Ritz method. First the analysis of in-plane and spatial vibration of sandwich
beams with uniform stinesses are presented (Section ??), then the in-plane vibration analyses of
Timoshenko-beams and Csonka-beams (Section C.1.2).
On the basis of the presented analyses we developed a computer code written in MATLAB to
determine the eigenfrequencies and internal forces of replacement beams.
C.1 Exact solution by the Rayleigh-Ritz method
C.1.1 Uniform stinesses
Plane problem. A sandwich beam undergoes both exural and shear deformations, thus its
mode shape consists of two parts [14]:
w = w
D
+w
S
. (3.156)
The relationship between w
D
and w
S
is:
75
S w
S
= (D
0
w
D
)
. (3.157)
In case of constant stinesses Eq.(3.157) can be rearranged as:
w
S
=
D
0
S
w
D
. (3.158)
We approximate w
D
by an n-th order polynomial:
w
D
=
n
i=0
w
0i
x
i
= {x}
T
{w
0
} , (3.159)
where w
0i
-s are yet unknown constants.
This function must satisfy the geometrical boundary conditions, which are at the bottom of
the beam (x = 0):
w = 0, w
D
= 0, and w
= 0. (3.160)
(Note that the force boundary conditions do not have to be satised in the Rayleigh-Ritz
method.)
The remaining constants can be determined from the stationary condition of the potential
energy, which can be written in the following form:
(U +K)
w
0i
= 0, i = 2, ..., n. (3.161)
where U is the strain energy and K is the kinetic energy [14]:
U =
1
2
_
H
0
S (w
S
)
2
+D
0
( w
D
)
2
+D
l
( w
)
2
dx, (3.162)
K =
1
2
_
H
0
m
2
w
2
dx, (3.163)
is the circular frequency, m is the mass per unit length, D
0,
D
l
are the local and global bending
stinesses and S is the shear stiness of the structure.
After a straightforward algebraic manipulation we obtain from Eqs. (3.156) trough (3.163) the
following equation:
[A] {w
0
} = [B] {w
0
} , (3.164)
where
76
[A] =
1
H
2
D
2
0
S
_
_
0 {0}
T
{0}
_
(i+2)(i+1)ij(j+2)(j+1)
i+j1
H
i+j+1
_
_
_
+
+(D
l
+D
0
)
_
_
4H
_
2 (i + 2) H
i+1
_
T
2 (j + 2) H
j+1
_
(i+2)(i+1)(j+2)(j+1)
i+j+1
H
i+j+1
_
_
_
+ (3.165)
+
1
H
4
D
2
0
D
l
S
2
_
_
0 {0}
T
{0}
_
(i+2)(i+1)i(i1)(j1)j(j+2)(j+1)
i+j3
H
i+j+1
_
_
_
2
H
2
D
0
D
l
S
_
_
0
_
2 (i + 2) (i + 1) iH
i+1
_
T
{0}
_
(i+2)(i+1)i(i1)(j+2)(j+1)
i+j+1
H
i+j+1
_
_
_
, (3.166)
[B] = m
_
_
H
5
5
_
H
i+5
i+5
_
T
_
H
j+5
j+5
_ _
H
i+j+5
i+j+5
_
_
_
+
1
H
4
D
2
0
m
S
2
_
_
0 {0}
T
{0}
_
(i+2)(i+1)(j+2)(j+1)
i+j+1
H
i+j+5
_
_
_
2
H
2
D
0
m
S
_
_
0
_
(i+2)(i+1)H
i+5
i+3
_
T
{0}
_
(i+2)(i+1)
i+j+3
H
i+j+5
_
_
_
Spatial problem. A sandwich beam has exural and shear deformations in y direction, in z
direction, and also in torsion, its mode shape consists of two parts:
{} = {}
D
+{}
S
, (3.167)
where {}
D
, and {}
S
contain the following displacement functions:
{}
D
=
_
_
v
D
(x)
w
D
(x)
D
(x)
_
_
, {}
S
=
_
_
v
S
(x)
w
S
(x)
S
(x)
_
_
.
The relationship between {}
D
and {}
S
is [14]:
[S] {}
S
= ([D
0
] {}
D
)
. (3.168)
In case of constant stinesses
{}
S
= [S]
1
[D
0
] {}
D
(3.169)
We approximate {}
D
by n-th order polynomials:
{}
D
(x) =
_
_
v
D
(x)
w
D
(x)
D
(x)
_
_
=
_
n
i=0
v
i
x
i
n
i=0
w
i
x
i
n
i=0

i
x
i
_
_
= (3.170)
=
_
_
1 x x
2
...
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 x x
2
...
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 x x
2
...
_
_
_
_
{v
0
}
{w
0
}
{
0
}
_
_
= [X]
T
{}
0
77
where {}
0
contains yet unknown constants.
The displacement function must satisfy the geometrical boundary conditions, which are at the
bottom of the beam (x = 0):
{} (0) = {}
D
+{}
S
= 0
{}
D
= 0
{}
(0) = {}
D
+{}
S
= 0 (3.171)
By satisfying these boundary conditions the displacement functions become
{}
D
(x) =
_
_
{x}
T
{0}
T
{0}
T
{0}
T
{x}
T
{0}
T
{0}
T
{0}
T
{x}
T
_
_
_
_
{v
0
}
{w
0
}
{
0
}
_
_
= [X]
T
{}
0
, (3.172)
{}
S
(x) = [S]
1
[D
0
]
_
_
{x}
T
S
{0}
T
{0}
T
{0}
T
{x}
T
S
{0}
T
{0}
T
{0}
T
{x}
T
S
_
_
_
_
{v
0
}
{w
0
}
{
0
}
_
_
= [X]
T
S
{}
0
,
where
{x}
T
=
_
x
2
_
x
i+2
_
T
_
, (3.173)
{x}
T
S
=
_
0
_
(i + 2) (i +i) x
i
_
T
_
.
The derivatives of {}
D
{}
D
= [X]
T
1
{}
0
,
{}
D
= [X]
T
2
{}
0
, (3.174)
{}
D
= [X]
T
3
{}
0
,
{}
IV
D
= [X]
T
4
{}
0
,
where matrices [X]
1
, [X]
2
, [X]
3
, [X]
4
have the same form as matrix [X] , and contain the
derivatives of vector {x} .
energy, which can be written as
(U K)
w
0i
= 0, i = 2, ..., n, (3.175)
where U is the strain energy and K is the kinetic energy [14] (if we neglect GI
t
)
78
U =
1
2
H
_
0
_
_
{}
S
_
T
[S] {}
S
+
_
{}
D
_
T
[D
0
] {}
D
+
_
{}
S
+{}
D
_
T
[D
l
]
_
{}
S
+{}
D
_
_
dx,
(3.176)
K =
1
2
H
_
0
({}
S
+{}
D
)
T
2
[M] ({}
S
+{}
D
) dx
Substituting Eq.(3.169) into Eq.(3.175) results in an eigenvalue problem with eigenvector {}
D
and eigenvalue .
[A] {}
0
= [B] {}
0
(3.177)
where
[A] =
1
H
2
[D
0
] [S]
1
[D
0
]
_
_
0 0
0
(i+2)(i+1)ij(j+2)(j+1)
i+j1
H
i+j+1
_
_
+
+([D
l
] + [D
0
])
_
_
4H 2 (i + 2) H
i+1
2 (j + 2) H
j+1
(i+2)(i+1)(j+2)(j+1)
i+j+1
H
i+j+1
_
_
+
1
H
4
[D
0
] [S]
1
[D
l
] [S]
1
[D
0
]
_
_
0 0
0
(i+2)(i+1)i(i1)(j1)j(j+2)(j+1)
i+j3
H
i+j+1
_
_
(3.178)
2
H
2
[D
l
] [S]
1
[D
0
]
_
_
0 2 (i + 2) (i + 1) iH
i+1
0
(i+2)(i+1)i(i1)(j+2)(j+1)
i+j+1
H
i+j+1
_
_
,
[B] = [M]
_
_
H
5
5
H
i+5
i+5
H
j+5
j+5
H
i+j+5
i+j+5
_
_
+
1
H
4
[D
0
] [S]
1
[M] [S]
1
[D
0
]
_
_
0 0
0
(i+2)(i+1)(j+2)(j+1)
i+j+1
H
i+j+5
_
_
2
H
2
[M] [S]
1
[D
0
]
_
_
0
(i+2)(i+1)H
i+5
i+3
0
(i+2)(i+1)
i+j+3
H
i+j+5
_
_
.
where refers to the Kronekker multiplication [31].
C.1.2 Varying stinesses
An analysis is presented below to determine the period of in-plane vibration of Timoshenko-beams
and Csonka-beams. The equation of beams capable bending or shear deformation only can be
derived from those of the latter two cases, hence the derivation for those are not presented. The
sandwich beam with varying stinesses was investigated numerically. Only lateral vibration was
considered.
Csonka-beam. We approximate the mode shape of a Csonka-beam by an n-th order polynomial:
w =
n
i=0
w
i
x
i
, (3.179)
79
where w
i
-s are yet unknown constants.
This function must satisfy the geometrical boundary conditions, which are at the bottom of
the beam (x = 0):
w = 0 and w
= 0. (3.180)
(Note that the force boundary conditions do not have be satised in the Rayleigh-Ritz method.)
(U K)
w
i
= 0, i = 2, ..., n, (3.181)
U =
1
2
_
H
0
D
l
( w
)
2
+S (w
)
2
dx, (3.182)
K =
1
2
_
H
0
m
2
w
2
dx. (3.183)
Here is the circular frequency, m is the mass per unit length, and stinesses D
l
and S may vary
with the height.
After a straightforward algebraic manipulation we obtain from Eqs. (3.179) trough (3.183) the
following equation:
[a
ij
] {w
j
} = [b
ij
] {w
j
} , =
m
D
l
H
2
2
, (3.184)
where [a
ij
] and [b
ij
] are given in Table 24 for the three dierent stiness distributions given in Fig.
29.
Equation (3.184) is a linear eigenvalue problem with eigenvector {w
j
} and eigenvalue . The
circular frequency and the period of vibration can be calculated from the eigenvalues (Eq. 3.184)
as follows :
=
H
2
_
D
l
m
, T =
2
. (3.185)
Timoshenko-beam. A Timoshenko-beam has exural and shear deformations, its mode shape
consists of two parts:
w = w
D
+w
S
. (3.186)
The relationship between w
D
and w
S
is [14]:
S w
S
= (D
0
w
D
)
. (3.187)
80
Stiness distribution
Csonka-beam = H
_
S
D
l
Fig. 29a
a
ij
= ij
_

2
i+j1
+

2
(c1)
i+j
+
(i1)(j1)
i+j3
+
(d1)(i1)(j1)
i+j2
_
,
b
ij
=
1
i+j1
Fig. 29c
a
ij
= ij
_

2
i+j1
+

2
(c1)
i+j+1
+
(i1)(j1)
i+j3
+
(d1)(i1)(j1)
i+j1
_
,
b
ij
=
1
i+j1
Fig. 29b
a
ij
= ij
_

2
i+j1
+

2
(1c)
i+j+1
2
2
(1c)
i+j
+
(i1)(j1)
i+j3
+
(1d)(i1)(j1)
i+j1
2
1d
i+j2
_
,
b
ij
=
1
i+j1
Timoshenko-beam = H
_
S
Do
Fig. 30
A = ij (i 1) (j 1)
_
1
i+j3

(1k)
i+j2
+
(1k)
2
2
(i+j3)
+
(c1)(1k)
2
2
(i+j2)
_
B = (1) ij (i 1) (j 1)
(1k)(j2)
2
_
1
i+j4

c+k2
i+j3

(1k)(c1)
i+j2
_
C = (1) ij (i 1) (j 1)
(1k)(i2)
2
_
1
i+j4

c+k2
i+j3

(1k)(c1)
i+j2
_
D =
ij(i1)(j1)(j2)(i2)
2
_
1
i+j5
+
2kc3
i+j4
+
(1k)(2c+k3)
i+j3
+
(1k)
2
(c1)
i+j2
_
E =
1+
1
4
(1k)
2
(c1)
2
(j1)(i1)
i+j+1
+
(1k)
2
ij
4
(i+j1)
F =
ij(j1)
4
(i+j2)

2
j(j1)ij(j2)(2ck)(1k)+(1k)(c1)j(ji)(i1)
4
(i+j1)
+
+
2
j(j2)(2ck)+i(j1)(j2)(c1)(1k)
2
+(1k)(c1)(2ck)j(ii)(j2)
4
(i+j)
G =
ij(i1)
4
(i+j2)

2
i(i1)ij(i2)(2ck)(1k)+(1k)(c1)i(ii)(j1)
4
(i+j1)
+
+
2
i(i2)(2ck)+j(i1)(i2)(c1)(1k)
2
+(1k)(c1)(2ck)i(ji)(i2)
4
(i+j)
H =
ij(i1)(j1)
4
(i+j3)

(2ck)ij[(i1)(j2)+(j1)(i2)]
4
(i+j2)
+
+
ij(i2)(j2)(2ck)
2
(i1)(j1)(1k)(c1)[i(j2)+j(i2)]
4
(i+j1)
+
+
(i2)(j2)(c1)(1k)(2ck)[i(j1)+j(i1)]
4
(i+j)
+
+
(i2)(j2)(i1)(j1)(c1)
2
(1k)
2
[i(j1)+j(i1)]
4
(i+j+1)
+
if i = 2, j = 2 : b
ij
= E, a
ij
= A
if i = 2, j = 2 : b
ij
= E +F, a
ij
= A +B
if i = 2, j = 2 : b
ij
= E +G, a
ij
= A +C
if i = 2, j = 2 : b
ij
= E +F +G+H,
a
ij
= A+B +C +D
Table 24: Parameters of Eq. (7) for a Csonka-beam and those of Eq. (17) for a Timoshenko-beam.
We approximate w
D
by an n-th order polynomial:
w
D
=
n
i=0
w
i
x
i
, (3.188)
and w
S
by an (n 2)-th order polynomial:
w
S
=
n2
i=0
z
i
x
i
. (3.189)
The geometrical boundary conditions at the bottom of the beam (x = 0) are:
81
H H
H H
x
x
H H
x
D
l
dD
l
cS
S
( )
-
-
-
+ x
H
d
x
H
d
D
l
1 2 1
1
2
2
( )
-
-
-
+ x
H
c
x
H
c
S
1 2 1
1
2
2
-
+
2
2
1
1 x
H
d
D
l
-
+
2
2
1
1 x
H
c
S
S
cS kD
l
D
l
D
l
kD
l
cS
S
a)
b)
c)
-
- x
H
d
D
l
1
1
-
- x
H
c
S
1
1
S
Figure 29: Distribution of stinesses for a Csonka-beam
S
1
S
c
x
H
D
0
kD
0
-
- x
H
c
S
1
1
1
-
- x
H
k
D
1
1
0
H
Figure 30: Distribution of stiness D
0
and the inverse of stiness S for a Timoshenko-beam
w
D
= 0, w
D
= 0, w
S
= 0. (3.190)
If the stinesses S and D
0
are uniform, z
i
can be determined directly from w
i
using Eqs.(3.187)
to (3.189). If Eq.(3.187) is satised, w
D
is a polynomial and S is not constant, as a rule, w
s
must
be a function which is not a polynomial. For the sake of a simple solution we assume that D
0
and
the inverse of S vary linearly (Fig.30). By so doing, both w
D
and w
S
are polynomials (Eqs.3.188
and 3.189) and z
i
can be determined as a function of w
i
from Eq.(3.187). The results are given in
Table 25.
82
i
0
z
0
= c
1
z
1
= 2w
2
1k
H
3w
3
2
z
2
= w
2
(1k)(c1)
H
2
+ 3w
3
_
3
1k
H
2
c1
H
i > 2
z
i
= w
i
(1k)(c1)(i1)
2
H
2
+w
i+1
(i + 1)
_
(1k)i
H

(c1)(i1)
H
_
w
i+2
(i + 1) (i + 2)
Table 25: Determination of the constants,z
i
of the shear deformation. c and k are dened in Fig
4.
(U K)
w
i
= 0, i = 2, ..., n, (3.191)
U =
1
2
_
H
0
D
0
( w
D
)
2
+S (w
S
)
2
dx, (3.192)
K =
1
2
_
H
0
m
2
w
2
dx, (3.193)
is the circular frequency and m is the mass per unit length, as before.
Equations (3.188) through (3.193) results in the following algebraic equation:
[a
ij
] {w
j
} = [b
ij
] {w
j
} , =
m
D
0
H
2
2
, (3.194)
where [a
ij
] and [b
ij
] are given in Table 24. The circular frequency and the period of vibration can
be calculated from the eigenvalues (Eq. 3.194):
=
H
2
_
D
0
m
, T =
2
. (3.195)
83

Approximate Analysis of Building Structures Subjected To Earthquakes

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Approximate Analysis of Building Structures Subjected To Earthquakes

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Budapest University of Technology and Economics

) and the torsional stiness (D

= {}). The shear deformations

) is the warping stiness. (D

1.341 0.7018 0.4077

7.669 1.220 0.3119

107.6 2.535 0.3120

9.406 13.29 13.08

7.950 1.149 1.047

3.841 27.87 29.06

_(1 +f) , (5.52)

= 0.45, and when

[kNm] 22031 22674 -2.84

[kNm] 3839 3383 8.39

[kNm] 50927 48072 5.94

[kNm] 22989 21037 9.28

[kNm] 23428 23363 0.28

[kNm] 22401 19467 15.07

0.23 -0.60% 1.14% 6.00%

0.25 22.13% 14.05% 66.21%

0.33 6.93% -4.72% -7.80%

0.35 37.65% 27.43% 29.21%

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