Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.3, No.+!

, 2 +3

www.iiste.org

Influence of Sokoto Phosphate Rock on Some Soil Properties and the Growth and Yield of Cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata (L)Walp ! "arieties in Sudan Sa#anna of $i%eria
-. Audu+., -. /efas+, A.A. A0dullahi2, B.A. 1a20o3, A.3. 4i55o+, S.S. No2a+ and A. -uha22ad4 + 4e$art2ent of Soil Science and Agricultural 6ngineering, 3s2anu 4anfodiyo 3ni7ersity, #20 2348 So5oto, Nigeria. 2 4e$art2ent of Soil Science, Ah2adu Bello 3ni7ersity, 9aria, Nigeria 3 4e$art2ent of :ro$ #roduction, 3ni7ersity of -aiduguri, Nigeria 4 Niger State :ollege of 6ducation, -inna, Nigeria .6-2ail of the corres$onding author; audu2usa<yahoo.co2 &'stract #hos$hate roc5 has 0een used o7er the years as source of # fertili=er es$ecial in acid soils. So5oto state is rich in #> de$osit and could 0e used to co2$le2ent the con7entional # fertili=er whose use 0y $easant far2ers ha7e 0een li2ited 0y high cost and scarcity. Se?uel to this, an 6@$eri2ent was conducted in 2 ' at the Botanical 1arden, 4e$art2ent of Biological Sciences, 3s2anu 4anfodiyo 3ni7ersity, So5oto to deter2ine the influence of So5oto #hos$hate >oc5 "S#>% on so2e che2ical $ro$erties of soil, growth and yield of cow$ea AVigna Unguiculata "B%Cal$.D. Ehe treat2ents consisted of factorial co20inations of two 7arieties "4an 1usau "7+% and IE' /-!2-2 "72% and three le7els of S#> at . 82, .+2& and .+!,gF&5g "2&, & , ,& 5g ha-+% as well as a control "without fertili=er%. Ehe e@$eri2ent was laid out in a co2$letely rando2i=ed design ":>4% re$licated three ti2es. S#> a$$lied enhanced a7aila0ility of nutrients in soil and the general $erfor2ance of cow$ea 7arieties which increased with increased rate of a$$lication. Ehe results of the study indicated a significant difference "$G . &% in soil a7aila0le $hos$horus, $lant tissue $hos$horus, soil total nitrogen and $lant tissue nitrogen due to a$$lication of S#>. Significant difference was also o0ser7ed in $lant height at 2, 4, 8, and ! wee5s after $lanting "CA#%. Si2ilarly, the res$onse of cow$ea 7arieties, dry 2atter yield at har7est "!CA#% due to a$$lication of S#> was significant "$G . &%. Significant interaction effect 0etween 7ariety and a$$lied S#> on $lant height, nu20er of 0ranches and dry 2atter yield were also o0ser7ed. Ehe results of this in7estigation re7ealed that, increased rate of a$$lication of S#> $rogressi7ely increased the growth and yield $erfor2ance of cow$ea and soil a7aila0le $hos$horus. Howe7er, a0solute 7alues were not high $erha$s 0ecause of the wee5ly acidic nature of the soil which does not encourage fast solu0ili=ation of # fro2 S#>. Eherefore, a$$lication of S#> at a rate of ,&5g ha-+ could i2$ro7e cow$ea $roduction and therefore reco22ended. (e)words* So5oto $hos$hate roc5H Soil $ara2etersH Sudan sa7annaH :ow$ea yield + Introduction :ow$ea (Vigna unguiculata "L.) Walp) has 0een in culti7ation for use as hu2an food since ancient ti2es. Eoday, it is widely grown in tro$ical, su0-tro$ical and war2 te2$erate regions of the world "*ander0orght and Baudoin, 2 +%. Ehe i2$ortance of cow$ea to the li7elihood of 2illions of relati7ely $oor $eo$le in less de7elo$ed countries of the tro$ics cannot 0e o7er e2$hasi=ed "Aliyu and Singh, 2 !%. Singh and 62eche0e "+'' % re$orted that cow$ea contri0utes to sustaina0ility of cro$$ing syste2 in se2i-arid areas, through its fi@ation of nitrogen, ground co7er and soil i2$ro7e2ent. 4es$ite these i22ense 0enefits of cow$ea, $er hectare $roduction 0ased on far2erIs $ractices is still low. JA)SEAE "2 &) re$orted .434 ton ha-+ in Nigeria. Beside other factors li5e $ests, low yield of cow$ea o0tained 0y far2ers in Nigeria has 0een attri0uted to low $hos$horus "#% content of the soils, es$ecially in the se2i-arid =one of Nigeria where the soils are deficient in # "Ntare and Bationo, +''2%. Buresh et al. "+'',% and JA) "2 4% re$orted that soil # has 0een a 2aKor li2iting factor for cro$ $roduction in su0-Saharan Africa and its deficiency 2ay 0e due to either inherent low le7els or # de$letion in soils. Ehis # therefore, could 0e added in for2 of inorganic fertili=er to re$lenish the lost soil #, 0ut unfortunately it is e@$ensi7e and not easily a7aila0le to the resource $oor far2ers of Nigeria who constitute the 2aKority of the far2ing co22unities. Cides$read $hos$horus "#% deficiency is e@hi0ited in 2ost Nigerian soils with conse?uent shar$ decrease in yield of agricultural cro$s "A5inrinde et al., 2 &). Eherefore, alternati7e source of $hos$horus fertili=er that will reduce the de$endence on i2$orted ones re2ains i2$ortance. Eherefore the need to e@$loit indigenous $hos$hate roc5 de$osit such as S#> will reduce the 0urden. So5oto state is rich in #> de$osit "Adediran et al., +''!% and therefore could 0e used to co2$le2ent the con7entional # fertili=er, whose use 0y $easant far2ers ha7e 0een li2ited 0y high cost and scarcity. #hos$hate roc5s with high relati7e reacti7ity are 0est suited for direct a$$lication to acid soils with low :a and # concentrations. So5oto #hos$hate >oc5 is one of the high to 2ediu2 reacti7e #/s that do not need any further

,&

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.3, No.+!, 2 +3

www.iiste.org

2odification, a$art fro2 fine grinding. In addition, so2e $lants are a0le to increase the solu0ili=ation of # fro2 #> through e@cretion of organic acids fro2 their roots or through high u$ta5e of :a2L. Ehese cro$s include se7eral legu2es and cro$s fro2 Cruciferae fa2ily "Sanginga et al., 2 %. So5oto #hos$hate >oc5 is 5nown to 0e a good source of $hos$horus due to its high #2)& "33.'M% and citrate solu0le "3.+M%, therefore with $ro$er 2anage2ent it could 0e a sustaina0le source of # for increased cow$ea $roduction on the 6ntisols of So5oto se2i-arid =one "Aliyu and Singh, 2 !%. Jurther2ore, cow$ea is one of the co22on legu2e cro$ grown in So5oto State for grain, fodder as well as co7er cro$. In 7iew of the a0o7e, this study was concei7ed to deter2ining the influence of S#> on soils, growth and yield $erfor2ance of cow$ea under se2i-arid conditions of So5oto State, Nigeria. , -aterials and -ethods 2.1 Site Description Ehe e@$eri2ent was conducted in 2 ' at the Botanical 1arden, 4e$art2ent of Biological Sciences, 3s2anu 4anfodiyo 3ni7ersity, So5oto. So5oto State is located 0etween Batitudes ++o 3 +N and +3o & +N and Bongitudes 4o +6 and 8o +6, 3+&2 a0o7e sea le7el. So5oto falls in the Sudan sa7anna agro-ecological =one of Nigeria ")Kanuga, 2 &% that is characteri=ed 0y erratic and scanty rainfall that last for a0out four 2onths "-id JuneSe$te20er% and dry $eriod ")cto0er- -ay%. Ehe annual rainfall of the area is highly 7aria0le o7er the years and a7eraged around , 22 "Singh, +''&% with 2ini2u2 and 2a@i2u2 te2$eratures of the year fluctuating 0etween +& and 4 o:, res$ecti7ely "Arn0org,+'!!%. 2.2 Screen House Procedure and Soil nal!sis Ehe soil sa2$le used for this e@$eri2ent was collected fro2 a fallow land within the Jaculty of Agriculture Eeaching and >esearch Bowland Jar2, 3s2anu 4anfodiyo 3ni7ersity, So5oto, at -+&c2 de$th. Ehe soil was air dried, crushed and $assed through a 222 sie7e. A su0-sa2$le was analy=ed for $hysico-che2ical $ro$erties using the 2ethods descri0ed 0y IIEA "+'!'%. #article si=e distri0ution was deter2ined using the Buoyoucos hydro2eter 2ethod. Soil $H was deter2ined using glass electrode $H 2eter. :ation e@change ca$acity was deter2ined 0y the neutral a22oniu2 acetate saturation "NH4)A:% 2ethod ":ha$2an, +'8&%. )rganic car0on was deter2ined using Cal5ley and Blac5 2ethod. 6@changea0le calciu2 and 2agnesiu2 were deter2ined using 64EA titration 2ethod, while e@changea0le sodiu2 and $otassiu2 were deter2ined using fla2e $hoto2eter. Eotal N was deter2ined using 2icro /Keldahl digestion 2ethod, and a7aila0le # was deter2ined 0y Bray No.+ 2ethod. Ji7e "&5g% 5ilogra2s each of the sie7ed soil was $laced in $lastic container ",.&B% according to the nu20er of the treat2ents. Soil sa2$les were also collected fro2 each $ot at ! wee5s after $lanting "CA#% and analy=ed for $H, residual nitrogen and $hos$horus contents. )7en dried a0o7e ground 0io2ass was analy=ed for $hos$horus and nitrogen contents at si@ wee5s after $lanting using 2oly0do$hos$horic yellow color on s$ectro$hoto2eter and 2icro-/Kedahl 2ethod, res$ecti7ely 2." #$peri%ental Set&up, Data Collection and nal!sis Ereat2ents consisted of three le7els of S#>H 2&, & and ,&5g ha-+ and a control " 5g ha-+% and two 7arieties of cow$ea 4an 1usau "*+% and IE' /-!2-2 "*2%. Ehe treat2ents were co20ined and laid out in a co2$letely rando2i=ed design ":>4% re$licated three ti2es 2a5ing a total of 24 treat2ents. Ehe three le7els of S># were 2i@ed e7enly with soil and a starter dose of 2 5g N ha-+ was a$$lied 0efore $lanting using urea "48MN%. So5oto $hos$hate roc5 contains 2&.2M#, .23M /, +.23M Na, .32M -g, +4.2&M :a, 8.,&M Je 3. 4M Si "I2ogie et al., 2 ++% and neutral a22oniu2 citrate solu0ility of 3.+-3.'M #2)& "-c:lellan and Notholt, +'!8 and Adediran et al., +''!%. Ehe e@$eri2ental $ots were watered to saturation and allowed to attain field ca$acity 0efore $lanting. Ehree seeds $er $ot were sown and later thinned to two stands $er $ot at 2CA#. Ceeds were controlled 2anually 0y hand $ic5ing and the $lants were irrigated when necessary. #lant height, leaf nu20er and nu20er of 0ranches $er $lant were recorded at two, four, si@ and eight wee5s after $lanting "CA#%. Ehe cro$s were har7ested at ! CA#. Ehe shoot and roots were thereafter o7en dried at 8 : and their weights deter2ined. Ehe data generated were su0Kected to analysis of 7ariance "AN)*A% using SAS "2 3% $rocedure for :>4. Significant difference in the treat2ents 2eans were further analy=ed using least significant difference "BS4% "1o2e= and 1o2e=, +'!4%. . Results and /iscussion ".1 Soil P'!sical and C'e%ical Properties Ehe $hysico-che2ical $ro$erties of the surface soil used for the e@$eri2ent is $resented in Ea0le +.Ehe soil at the e@$eri2ental site was Boa2y sand in te@ture and slightly acid in reaction "$HH2) 8.,%. Ehe organic car0on and a7aila0le $hos$horus in the soil were 7ery low. Eotal nitrogen, cation e@change ca$acity, calciu2 and 2agnesiu2 7alues were 2ediu2, while other $ara2eters such as $otassiu2 and sodiu2 were 7ery high 0ased on the standard ratings of 6su "+''+% indicating that the soil was low in fertility $rior to $lanting.

,8

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.3, No.+!, 2 +3

www.iiste.org

".2 #ffect of SP( and Variet! on Soil and Plant C'e%ical Properties >esults in Ea0le 2 indicate a significant decrease in the soil $H, co2$ared with the initial soil 0efore $lanting. Ehis 2ight 0e attri0uted to the effect of $lant 7arieties used. Ehis finding agrees with that of /a2h et al. "+'''%, that legu2e has acidifying effect on the soils near the rooting =one due to nitrogen fi@ation. Ehere was a significant difference "#G . &% on the effect of 7arieties on soil $H. Ehis also could 0e due to the difference in their genetic 2a5e-u$ as re$orted 0y Ee0e0e et al. "+''&% and Sanginga et al. "2 %. Ehese researchers re$orted that $lant genoty$e influences the effect of $hos$horus on nodulation and hence the a2ount of nitrogen fi@ed in the soil, this in-turn cause 7ariation in their effect on soil $H where they are grown. S#> a$$lied did not show significant influence on soil $H. Ehere was a significant difference in soil a7aila0le $hos$horus when co2$ared with the control. Ehe 7arious le7els of S#> used for the e@$eri2ent $ro0a0ly e@$lain the difference. A7aila0le $hos$horus in the soil increased consistently with increased rate of S#> a$$lication with the highest 7alue of .'& 2g 5g-+ when ,&5g# ha-+ was a$$lied. Ehere was no significant effect of 7arieties on soil a7aila0le #. Ehe # content in $lant tissues increased significantly with increase in S#> le7els. *arietal res$onse also showed so2e 2ar5ed difference with IE' /-!2-2 " .4 2g 5g-+% ha7ing nu2erically higher # content than 4an 1usau " .33 2g 5g-+%. Hoc5ing et al. "2 % o0ser7ed that, $lant s$ecies differ in their a0ility to access s$aringly for2s of $hos$horus that are una7aila0le to other $lants. Helyer "+''!% and Baligar et al. "2 +% noted that, $lant 7arieties differ in $hos$horus u$ta5e de2ands and $attern as well as their a0ility to a0sor0 soil solution $hos$horus. Significant res$onses were o0ser7ed for total nitrogen content in 0oth soil and $lant tissues, 0ut the total nitrogen content in the soil was not significant 0etween the $lant 7arieties. Ea0le 3 shows the interaction 0etween 7ariety and a$$lied S#> le7els which indicates that there was no significant difference "#G . &% in the 7alues of soil $H, total N and $lant tissue # although a0solute 7alues in these $ara2eters 7ary su0stantially. Ehere was significant difference in the 7alues of a7aila0le # and total N in $lant tissue with the interaction of S#> and 7arieties. IE' /-!2-2 and S#> rate of ,&5g ha-+ used in the study recorded the highest results "Ea0le 3%. Aliyu and Singh "2 !% re$orted si2ilar res$onse with S#> a$$lied at ,&5g ha-+ on $od yield $lant-+. Significant interaction was also o0ser7ed 0etween S#> le7els and *2 "IE' /-!2-2% than with *+ "4an 1usau% in the 7alues of total N in $lant tissue. "." #ffect of SP( and Variet! on )ro*t' and +ield Co%ponents Significant influence "#G . &% of So5oto $hos$hate roc5 on the $lant height was o0ser7ed "Ea0le 4%. Ehis was 2ore a$$arent as the $lant aged. At 2CA#, S#> rate of ,&5g ha-+ was statistically si2ilar to the control, 0ut differed significantly at 4, 8 and !CA#. Ehis is si2ilar with the findings of Singh et al. "2 '% and )wolade et al. "2 8%. Singh et al. "2 '% recorded 2&c2 and 3&c2 at ! and +2 CA# as # rates increased fro2 ' to 4& 5g ha-+. Aliyu and Singh "2 !% also o0tained a good res$onse to S#> a$$lication at ,&5g ha-+ on nu20er of $ods $lant-+. Ehis i2$lies that, higher res$onses to S#> could 0e o0tained 0y adding 2ore S#> to $hos$horus deficient soils. Ehis is in line with the re$orts of #errott et al. "+''3%, >aKan et al. "+''8% and JA) "2 4%. Ehe two 7arieties showed significant difference in their res$onses to the a$$lied S#> in all the o0ser7ations for $lant height, where IE' /-!2-2 was higher at all stages of growth co2$ared to 4an 1usau. Ehe interaction 0etween 7ariety and a$$lied S#> on the $lant height was significant at 2, 4, 8 and ! CA#. Ehe influence of S#> le7els on the nu20er of 0ranches was o0ser7ed to 0e significant at 4 and !CA#, co2$ared to the control. A$$lication of S#> rate increased the nu20er of 0ranches fro2 +.& to +.!3 and &.8, to 8.8, at 4 and ! CA# res$ecti7ely "Ea0le 4%. Ehis is in agree2ent with the findings of Singh et al. "2 '% who recorded 0etween '.' and +3.3 0ranches as # rates increased fro2 ' to 4& 5g ha-+. Ehere was no significant res$onse in 7arietal differences with res$ect to nu20er of 0ranches. Ehe interaction effect of 7ariety and a$$lied S#> on nu20er of 0ranches at 4, 8 and ! CA# was statistically not significant. Ehe effects of S#> and 7ariety on dry 2atter yield indicates that there was a significant res$onse to a$$lied S#> on shoot dry 2atter yield, where S#> at ,&5g ha-+ showed 2ar5ed influence on shoot weight with a 7alue of +3.!3g $lant-+ "Ea0le 4%. Bocal 7ariety "4an 1usau% showed significant res$onse to a$$lied S># on shoot weight. Ehis could 0e due to the fact that 4an 1usau is a 7ariety nati7e to the area and therefore has 0etter ada$ti7e features than IE' /-!2-2 which is an i2$ro7ed 7ariety introduced to the area. Bocal 7ariety "4an 1usau% differed significantly "$G . &% in ter2s of shoot weight than the i2$ro7ed 7ariety "IE' /-!2-2%. Addition of S#> did not significantly influence the for2ation of root syste2 as the control ga7e a 0etter 7alue of .8!, co2$ared to .3&g in the a$$lication of ,&5g ha-+. Ehere was a decrease in the root dry weight with increased a$$lication of S#>, though the $attern was not consistent. Conclusion Jro2 the results of this study, it was o0ser7ed that increase in the rate of a$$lication of So5oto $hos$hate roc5 $rogressi7ely increased the growth and yield $erfor2ance of the cow$ea 7arieties es$ecially at 8CA# and !CA#. Although, the a0solute 7alues were not 7ery high relati7e to control which 2ight 0e attri0uted to the

,,

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.3, No.+!, 2 +3

www.iiste.org

nearly neutral reaction status of the soil "$H 8.,% used in this study. I2$ro7ed 7ariety "IE' /-!2-2% $erfor2ed 0etter than the local 7ariety "4an 1usau% which was 2ore o07ious with increase in the a$$lication of S#>. A7aila0le $hos$horus in the soil increased consistently with increase rate of S#> a$$lication and had the highest 7alue of .'& 2g 5g-+. Although the $resent $hos$horus le7el is still low, residual 0enefits of S#> could 0e o0tained when 2anaged $ro$erly. It is therefore reco22ended that S#> should 0e a$$lied on soils with $H less than 8.& at a rate of ,&5g ha-+for cow$ea $roduction in Se2i-arid =one of Nigeria. References Adediran, J.A., )guntoyin0o, J.I., )2onode >. and Solu0o >.A. "+''!%. Agrono2ic e7aluation of $hos$horus fertili=ers de7elo$ed fro2 So5oto roc5 $hos$hate in Nigeria. Co%%unication of Soil Science and Plant nal!sis, ,0;28&'-28,3. A5inrinde, 6.A., Bello, ).S., Ayeg0oyinana, /.)., Iroh B. "2 &%. Added 0enefit of co20ined organic and 2ineral $hos$hate fertili=ers a$$lied to 2ai=e and 2elon. ,ournal of -ood and gric. #n.iron., +.;,&! . Aliyu, B.S. and A. Singh "2 !%. Nield and yield co2$onents of cow$ea "Vigna unguiculata (L.% Cal$.% as influenced 0y So5oto #hos$hate >oc5 and $lace2ent 2ethod in the Se2i Oarid =one of Nigeria. /utrient C!cling in gro&ecos!ste%, 1+;2&&-28&. Arn0org, E. "+'!!%. W'ere Sa.anna' turns into Desert. International >ural 4e7elo$2ent :entre, Swedish 3ni7ersity of Agriculture Sciences and >ural 4e7elo$2ent Studies No. ,2; $$ 2+-23. Baligar, *.:., N./. Jageria and 9.B. 9e "2 +%. Nutrient use efficiency in $lants. Co%%unications in Soil Science and Plant nal!sis, .,; '2+-'& . Buresh, >.J., S2ithson, #.:., Hellu2s, 4.E. "+'',%. Building soil $hos$horus ca$ital in Africa. In; Buresh >.J., #.6.A. Sanche=, J. :alhoun "eds%. (eplenis'ing Soil -ertilit! in frica. SSSA S$ecial #u0lication &+. Soil Science Society of A2erica, Cisconsin, $$ +++-+4'. :ha$2an, H.4. "+'8&%. :ation 6@change :a$acity. In; #age A.B., >.A. -iller, 4.r. /eeney "eds%. -ethods of Soil Analysis, #art II, grono%!. -adison, Cisconsin $$. !'+-' +. 6su, I.6 "+''+%. 4etailed soil sur7ey of Nigerian Institute for Agricultural >esearch Jar2 at Bun5ure, /ano state, Nigeria. #. ,2. JA) "2 4%. Use of P'osp'ate (oc0 for Sustaina1le griculture. JA) Jertili=er and #lant Nutrition Bulletin No. +3, >o2e. JA)SEAE "2 &%. Ehree #hos$horus Sources in Nigerian Soils. Co%%. Soil Sci Plant nal, ,0;24+&-242!. htt$;FFwww.fao.org ":ited Je0ruary, 2 + %. 1u2e=, /.A. and A.A. 1u2e= "+'!4%. Statistical Procedures for gricultural (esearc'. "2nd edition%, John Ciley Sons, New Nor5. 8! $. Helyer, /.> "+''!%. 6fficiency of nutrient utili=ation and sustaining soil fertility with $articular reference to $hos$horus. -ield Crops (esearc', 34;+!,-+'&. Hoc5ing, #.J., >andall, #., 4elhai=e, 6. and /eerthisinghe, 1. (2 %. Ehe role of organic acids e@uded fro2 roots in $hos$horus nutrition and alu2inu2 tolerance in acidic soils. 2n3 IA6A "ed.%. IA6A-E6:4):++&'. IA6A, *ienna, Austria. 4anage%ent and Conser.ation of 5ropical cid Soils for Sustaina1le Crop Production, $$ 8+-,3. IIEA "International Institute of Ero$ical Agriculture% "+'!'%. Selected 2ethods of soil and $lant analysis. 4anual Series /o. 1. 225 , I0adan, Nigeria, , $. I2ogie, A.6.,.)7iasogie, #.), 3dosen, :.*., 6Kedeg0a, B.). and Nwawe, A. "2 ++%. 67aluation of so2e locally sourced $hos$hate roc5s for oil $al2 $roduction. ,ournal of Soil Science and #n.iron%ental 4anage%ent, 2"8%; +&3-+&!. /a2h, -., Horst, C. J., A2er, J., -ustage, H. and -aier, #. "+'''%. -o0ili=ation of soil and fertili=er $hos$hate 0y co7er cro$s. Plant Soil, ,++;+'-2,. -c:lella, 1.H. and A.J.1. Notholt "+'!8%. #hos$horus de$osit of su0-Saharan Africa. In; -o5wunye A.3. and #.B.1. *le5 "eds.%. 4anage%ent of nitrogen and p'osp'orus fertili6ers in su1&Sa'aran frica. -artinus NiKhoff, 4ordrecht, Netherlands; +,3-224. Ntare, B.>. and A. Bationo "+''2%. 6ffect of $hos$horus on yield of cow$ea culti7ars intercro$$ed with $earl 2illet on $sa22entic $aleustal in Niger . ,ournal of /utrient C!cle in grecos!ste%s, .,;+43-+4, )Kanuga, A.1. "2 &%. Agro-ecological =one 2a$ of Nigeria. National s$ecial $rogra22e for food security, JA)-3N6S:), $. 24. )wolade, ).J., A5ande, -.)., Alade, B.S. and Adediran, J. A. "2 8%. #hos$horus le7el effects on Brown Blotch disease, de7elo$2ent and yield of cow$ea. World ,ournal of gricultural Science, ,;+;+ &-+ ! #errott, /.C., Saggar, S. P -enon, >.1. "+''3%. 67aluation of soil $hos$hate status where $hos$hate roc5 0ased fertili=ers ha7e 0een used. -ert. (es., .3; 8,-!2.

,!

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.3, No.+!, 2 +3

www.iiste.org

>aKan, S.S.S., Cat5inson, J.H. and Sinclair, A.1. "+''8%. #hos$hate roc5 for direct a$$lication to soils. gron., 35;,!-+&'. Sanginga, N., Byasse, ). and Singh, B.B. "2 %. #hos$horus use efficiency and nitrogen 0alance of cow$ea 0reeding lines in low # soil of the deri7ed Sa7annah =one in west African, Plant Soil, ,,6; ++'-+2!. SAS "2 3%. Statistical Analysis Syste2. SAS released '.+ for windows, SAS Institute Inc. :ary, N.:., 3SA. Singh, A., -uha22ad, A., So5oto, -.B., Singh, >.B., /ilgori, -.J.S. and N.4. I0rahi2 "2 '%. >es$onse of cow$ea AVigna unguiculata "B.% Cal$.D to $hos$horus a$$lication in 4undaye area of So5oto State, Nigeria. In; I. -uha22ed, 3.B. /yiogwo2, C.A. Hassan, A. B. Ala, A. Singh and S.4. 4ogondaKi "eds.%. Sustaina1le gricultural )ro*t' to 4eet /ational #cono%ic De.elop%ent. Proceedings of t'e 2"rd nnual Conference. Jar2 -anage2ent Society of Nigeria, +4 - +,th 4ece20er, 2 '.$$ 3!+-3!& Singh, B.B. and 62eche0e A.-. "+'' %. 1enetics of striga resistance in cow$ea genoty$e B3 +. Crop Science, .6;!,'-!!+. Singh, B.> "+''&%. Soil 2anage2ent strategies for the se2i arid states. Africa 6cosyste2 in Nigeria. Ehe :ase of So5oto and /e00i States. frica Soils, ,1; 3+,-32 . Ee0e0e, *., Nusuf, A.N, Baiga2a, B./. and Aseii2e, B.).6 "+''&%. Ehe effect of sources and le7els of $hos$hate on growth and yield of cow$ea 7ariety. ,ournal of 5ropical Science, .3;22&-22! *ander0orght, E. and Baudoin, J.#. "2 +%. :ow$ea. In; >ae2ae5ers, >.H. "6d.%. Crop 5roduction in 5ropical frica. 41I: "4irectorate 1eneral for International :o-o$eration%, -inistry of Joreign Affairs, 6@ternal Erade and International :o-o$eration, Brussels, Belgiu2. $$. 334O34!. Ea0le +. #hysico-che2ical $ro$erties of the soil 0efore $lanting #ara2eter :ontent Sand "M% ,!. Silt "M% +4.8 :lay "M% ,.4 Ee@ture Boa2y sand $H +;+ "H2)% 8., )rganic car0on "g 5g-+% &.3 Eotal nitrogen "g 5g-+% .4 A7aila0le $hos$horus "2g 5g-+% .3 :6: "c2olc 5g-+% !.2 6@changea0le / "c2olc 5g-+% +.&' 6@changea0le Na "c2olc 5g-+% +.48 6@changea0le :a "c2olc 5g-+% 2.4 6@changea0le -g "c2olc 5g-+% .4 Ea0le 2. 6ffect of 7ariety and a$$lied So5oto $hos$hate roc5 on so2e che2ical $ro$erties of soil and $lant at !CA#. S#> le7els $H A7ail. #s A7ail. #$ Eotal N$ Eotal N$ 2g 5g-+ M &.' .+2d .+,d .+8&0 .++,0 c c a 2& &.,& .&8 .24 .+'& . 'c 0 0 c & &.!2 .!& .4, .+3& . 'c a a a ,& &.3, .'& .&, .+'3 .+&&a S6L . ! . ,, . !2 . & . !8 Sig. ns .. .. . . *ariety 4an 1usau "*+% &.,! .82 .330 .+& 0 .+22 a IE' /-!2-2 "*2% &.&! .82 .4 .+',a .++ S6L .++3 . ++ . +2 . , . +2 Sig. . ns . . ns -eans followed 0y sa2e letter"s% in colu2n are not significantly different "# G . &%, nsQ not significant, .significant at &M le7el and .. significant at +M le7el. #sQ soil $hos$horus, #$Q $lant $hos$horus, N$Q $lant nitrogen and NsQ soil nitrogen.

,'

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare ISSN 2224-32 ! "#a$er% ISSN 222&- '3( ")nline% *ol.3, No.+!, 2 +3

www.iiste.org

Ea0le 3. Interaction of S#> and :ow$ea 7ariety on $H, N, and # contents of soil and $lant at ! wee5s after $lanting Ereat2ent $H A7ail. #s A7ail. #$ Eotal Ns Eotal N$ S#> @ *ariety 2g 5g-+ M *+ ( #> &.' .+4f .+& .+2 .++e e *+ ( #>2& &.' .8 .22 .+ 3 .+!c c *+ ( #>& 8. .!2 .42 . !3 .+2e 0 *+ ( #>,& &.&3 .' .&3 .+! .+'0 f *2 ( #> &., .+ .+! .++3 .22a e *2 ( #>2& &.8 .&2 .28 . ! .2+a0 0 *2 ( #>& &.83 .!! .&2 . ', .+&d a *2 ( #>,& &.4 +. 3 .82 .+3 .2+a0 S6L .+8 . +& . +8 . +, . ' Sig. ns . ns ns . -eans followed 0y sa2e letter"s% in colu2n are not significantly different "# R . &%, nsQ not significant, .significant at &M le7el and .. significant at +M le7el. #sQ soil $hos$horus, #$Q $lant $hos$horus, N$Q $lant nitrogen and NsQ soil nitrogen Ea0le 4. So2e growth $ara2eters as influenced 0y S#> and *ariety Ereat2ent #lant height "c2% Nu20er of 0ranches S#> le7el "5g ha+ % 2& & ,& S6L Sig. *ariety 4an 1usau "*+% IE' /-!2-2 "*2% S6L Sig.

4ry 2atter $lant-+% Shoot weight !.3!0 ++.830 +3. a +3.!3a .4+ .. +3.42a + . +0 .2' ..

weight

"g

2 CA# !.8&a !.2&a &.+!0 !.3!a .&& . 8.830 !.8+a .3' .

4 CA# + .+ 0 + . 30 '.+,0 ++.!&a .3! . '.+,0 ++.4+a .2, ..

8CA# ++.+ c ++.!&0 + .'3d +3. 3a .2+ .. + . ,0 +2.'2a .+& ..

!CA# ++.&&c +2.2&0 + .8 d +3.3,a .2+ .. + .4+0 +3.4!a .+& ..

4 CA# +.&0 +.&0 .&c +.!3a . ! .. +.42 +.2& . 8 ns

8CA# 3.& 3.+, 3.+, 2.& .2& ns 2.!3 3.33 .+! ns

!CA# &.8,0 4.8,0 3.+,c 8.8,a .82 . 4.&! &.& .44 ns

>oot weight .8!a .40 .2&c .3&0 . & .. .380 .& a . 3 .

-ean followed 0y sa2e letter"s% in colu2n are not significantly different "# R . &%, nsQ Not significant, .significant at &M le7el. ..significant at +M le7el.

This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTEs homepage: http://www.iiste.org CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Theres no deadline for submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. MORE RESOURCES Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/ Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/ IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar