Network topology, cut-set and loop equation

20050300 HYUN KYU SHIM

Definitions
!! Connected

Graph : A lumped network gr aph is said to be connected if there exists at least one path among the branches (dis regarding their orientation ) between any pair of nodes. Graph : A sub graph is a subset of the original set of graph branches along with their corresponding nodes.

!! Sub

(A) Connected Graph

(B) Disconnected Graph

Cut Set
!! Given

a connected lumped network graph , a set of its branches is said to constitute a cut-set if its removal separates the rema ining portion of the network into two par ts.

Tree
!! Given

a lumped network graph, an as sociated tree is any connected subgra ph which is comprised of all of the n odes of the original connected graph, but has no loops.

Loop
!!

Given a lumped network graph, a lo op is any closed connected path amo ng the graph branches for which each branch included is traversed only on ce and each node encountered conn ects exactly two included branches.

Theorems
!! (a) A

graph is a tree if and only if there exi sts exactly one path between an pair of its nodes. Every connected graph contains a tree

!! (b)

.
!! (c)

If a tree has n nodes, it must have n-1 branches.

Fundamental cut-sets
!! Given

an n - node connected network gra ph and an associated tree, each of the n -1 fundamental cut-sets with respect to that tree is formed of one tree branch togeth er with the minimal set of links such that the removal of this entire cut-set of branc hes would separate the remaining portion of the graph into two parts.

Fundamental cutset matrix

$+ 1: if branch j is in cutset i and has the same orientation with ! regard to the closed surface defining cutset i as the tree ! ! branch associated with cut - set i. ! ! ! 0 : if branch j is not in cutset i. qij % # ! ! + 1: if branch j is in cutset i and has the opposite oriientation ! ! with regard to the closed surface defining ! cutset i as the tree branch associated with ! " cutset i.

Nodal incidence matrix

The fundamental cutset equations may be obtained as the appropriately signed sum of the Kirchhoff `s current law node equa tions for the nodes in the tree on either s ide of the corresponding tree branch, we may always write

Q = WAa
(A is nodal incidence matrix)

Loop incidence matrix

Loop incidence matrix defined by
$+ 1 : if branch j is in loop i and is oriented ! in the same direction as the loop. ! ! ! bij % # 0 : if branch j is not in loop i. ! ! ! - 1 : if branch j is in loop i and is oriented ! in the opposite direction as the loop. "

Loop incidence matrix & KVL

We define branch voltage vector

vb (t ) ! [v1 (t ), v2 (t ),..., vb (t )]`

We may write the KVL loop equations conve niently in vector matrix form as

Ba vb (t ) = 0 for all t

General Case

v1 (t ) ! v2 (t ) ! v3 (t ) = 0 (for all t)

i1 (t ) ! i2 (t ) + i3 (t ) = 0 (for all t)

To obtain the cut set equations for an n-n ode , b-branch connected lumped networ k, we first write Kirchhoff `s law

Qib (t ) ! 0 vb (t ) ! Q`vt (t )
The close relation of these expressions with

Aib (t ) ! 0 vb (t ) ! A`vn (t )

ib (t ) = yb vb (t ) + ! b
yb ! diag ( yk )
$ ! !0 : if kth branch contains an indepedent voltage source. ! !C k D : if kth branch contains a capacitance of value C k !1 yk % # : if kth branch contains a resistance of value R k !R k ! 1 : if kth branch contains an inductance of value L k ! !Lk D ! "0 : if kth branch contains an independent current source

And current vector ! b is specified as follows

$ik (t ) : if kth branch contains an independent voltage source !0 : if kth branch contains a capacitance ! !0 : if kth branch contains a resistance !i : if kth branch contains an inductance with the k0 ! ! ' k % # initial condition ik (t 0 ) = ik 0 !& ! i k (t ) : if kth branch contains an independent current ! & ! source specified by the time function i k ! ! "

0 = Qib (t ) = QybQ`vt (t ) + Q! b
Hence,

QybQ`vt (t ) = "Q! b
vb (t ) " Q`vi (t )
!

We obtain cutset equations

Qyb Q`vi (t ) = "Q! b
#

Example

&0 $ $0 $ ib (t ) = $0 $ $0 $ $0 %

0 0 0 0 # &i1 (t ) # ! 1 $ 0 ! 0 0 0 ! $ ! R ! ' $ ! 0 0 0 0 ! vb (t ) + $ i (t ) ! ! $i4 (t0 )! 1 ! 0 0 0 $ ! LD ! 0 $ ! % " 0 0 0 CD ! "

hence the fundamental cutset matrix

&+ 1 0 - 1 - 1 - 1# Q=$ ! 0 + 1 1 1 1 % "

yields the cutset equations

& 1 $ LD + CD $ $ 1 + CD % LD 1 # ( + CD ! & ( # & # ' i ( t ) + i ( t ) + i ( t ) 1 4 0 ! LD v ( t ) $ = ! !$ ( $ ! 1 1 $ ! v ( t ) ! % " 2 i (t ) + i4 (t0 ) " + + CD % " R LD

In this case we need only solve

1 1 t dv2 (t ) 1 t# d v(t ) # v2 (t ) + !t v2 ($ )d$ + C = " !t v($ )d$ " C + i (t ) + i4 (t0 ) R L dt L dt
0 0

for the voltage function v2 to obtain every branch variable.