CRITICAL APPRAISAL A. RINGKASAN KASUS Kasus 1.

Kesulitan Berhenti Merokok Dokter Rais, seorang dokter bedah, menerima pertanyaan dari Bapak Joko, ketika sedang mengantar anaknya kontrol di Rumah Sakit. Dua minggu yang lalu, anaknya didiagnosis menderita karsinoma nasofaring. Atas diagnosis tersebut, bapak Joko pada waktu itu sudah mendapatkan nasehat dari Dokter Rais untuk berhenti merokok. Akan tetapi, hari ini Bapak Joko mengeluhkan bahwa ia sangat sulit untuk berhenti merokok, meskipun ia sudah mencoba beberapa cara seperti menahan diri, pijat akuperssur, dan mengkonsumsi permen yang kata temannya bisa membantunya untuk berhenti merokok. Tetapi masih gagal, terlebih tetangga-tetangga dan rekan kerjanya juga banyak yang merokok, sehingga sulit untuk menahan godaan untuk merokok. Ia menanyakan apakah strategi yang paling efektif agar ia bisa berhenti merokok. Di kantor sudah diterapkan area bebas merokok, namun teman-temannya sesama perokok mencari tempat khusus untuk merokok. Apakah ia harus minum obat atau bisa hanya dengan melakukan konseling di klinik berhenti merokok rumah sakit tersebut? Ia khawatir jia obat tersebut mahal karena ia hanya bekerja sebagai seorang buruh pabrik. Ia juga berharap peraturan bebas merokok di kantornya bisa berjalan lebih efektif, sehingga tidak sekedar menmpel tulisan area bebas merokok. B. ARTIKEL JURNAL (Terlampir) C. RUMUSAN PICO Problem (P) Intervention (I) Comparison (C) Outcome (O) Rumusan PICO merokok? Keyword : Therapy for smoking cessation in people who smoke. : Orang yang merokok : Akupressur : Tidak dengan akupressur : Berhenti merokok : Apakah terapi akupresur akan lebih efektif dibandingkan

dengan yang tidak mendapatkan terapi untuk berhenti merokok pada orang yang

Hasil yang didapat

: The American Journal of Medicine dengan Judul Alternative

Smoking Cessation Aids: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. D. FORM ISIAN CRITICAL APPRAISAL Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomised Controlled Trial.

Item No

Checklist item

Page

The Explanation

Are the result of the review valid? 1. Did the trial address a clearly Page focused issue? 577 Our objective was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of alternative smoking cessation aids. Acupuncture for smoking cessation was defined as the stimulation of specific

acupoints on the ear using needles or laser therapy. We included only acupuncture studies that controlled for the intervention using sham acupuncture (ie, insertion of needles or lasers at a location other than the ear, where there should be no effect). Hypnotherapy was defined as the induction of a state of receptive This state and attentive the

concentration.

enables

individual to adhere to suggestions and strategies to quit smoking. Randomized controlled trials investigating hypnotherapy used control treatments that varied from being placed on a wait list to receiving a booklet. Aversive smoking is a procedure defined as inhaling a puff of cigarette every 6 seconds for 3 minutes, or until the patient consumes 3 cigarettes, or until the patient is unable to smoke. After a short resting period, this 2

procedure is repeated 2 to 3 times per session to deter the patient from smoking. The control groups for randomized controlled trials investigating aversive smoking included

smoking at a regular pace during a session or being placed on a wait list. ------------------------------------------------------Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keuntungan dari pengobatan secara alternative untuk berhenti merokok. Pengobatan yang dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan

akupuntur, hipnoterapi dan keengganan untuk merokok. 2. Was the assignment of patients Page to treatments randomised? 578 We used the Cochrane assessment tool to assess the quality of included randomized controlled trials. This assessment tool uses the following criteria to evaluate bias in a randomized controlled trial: sequence

generation; allocation concealment; blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors; incomplete outcome data; selective outcome reporting; and other potential threats to validity. Each randomized controlled trial was classified according to the following criteria: high quality, low quality, or unclear. Randomized controlled trials in which

smoking cessation was not biochemically validated were automatically considered as unclear for the category of other potential threats to validity. ------------------------------------------------------Dalam jurnal disebutkan bahwa dalam

merekrut peserta menggunakan alat penilaian

Cochrane. Berdasarkan penilaian tersebut disebutkan bahwa peneliti dan peserta blind terhadap penelitian yang dilakukan. 3. Were all of the patients who Page entered accounted conclusion? the trial for properly 577 at its For randomized controlled trials with multiple arms per intervention, we reused the control group in each comparison. We accounted for this reuse in our analysis, avoiding doublecounting of groups from randomized

controlled trials with multiple arms, while using all available data. We included only acupuncture studies that controlled for the intervention using sham acupuncture (ie, insertion of needles or lasers at a location other than the ear, where there should be no effect). Randomized controlled trials investigating hypnotherapy used control treatments that varied from being placed on a wait list to receiving a booklet. The control groups for randomized controlled trials investigating aversive smoking included smoking at a regular pace during a session or being placed on a wait list. ------------------------------------------------------Berdasarkan studi seleksi yang sudah

dilakukan bahwa kelompok yang sudah diacak akan dimasukkan ke dalam kelompok masing-masing. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari perhitungan ganda. 4. Were patients, health workers Page and study personnel blind to 578 treatment? This assessment tool uses the following criteria to evaluate bias in a randomized controlled allocation trial: sequence generation; blinding 4 of

concealment;

participants,

personnel,

and

outcome

assessors; incomplete outcome data; selective outcome reporting; and other potential threats to validity. ------------------------------------------------------Jadi dalam jurnal disebutkan bahwa dengan adanyanya sama blind penilaian-penilaian terhadap perlakuan yang yang

dilakukan, antara peneliti dan peserta sama-

diberikan. 5. Were the groups similar at the Page start of the trial? 578 Baseline patient characteristics varied among randomized controlled trials (Tables 1-3). The mean age ranged from 30 to 54 years. The mean number of cigarettes per day varied from 16 to 32, and the mean Fagerstrm Test for Nicotine Dependence score varied from 4 to 11. Certified acupuncturists were appointed to provide acupuncture for smoking cessation. For hypnotherapy, providers included

psychologists and family physicians with training in hypnotherapy. For aversive

smoking, providers included psychologists and clinical researchers with training in aversive smoking. ------------------------------------------------------Berdasarkan karakteristik dari peserta

randomized adalah mereka yang berusia 3054 tahun, dalam satu hari merokok sebanyak 16-32 kali, dan berdasarkan Uji Fagestrom memiliki score 4-11. 6. Aside from the experimental Page intervention, were the groups 578 treated equally? Page 578 Certified acupuncturists were appointed to provide acupuncture for smoking cessation. 5

For

hypnotherapy,

providers

included

psychologists and family physicians with training in hypnotherapy. For aversive

smoking, providers included psychologists and clinical researchers with training in aversive smoking. Treatment characteristics also varied among randomized controlled trials. The mean number of sessions ranged from 1 to 20. The mean time of treatment ranged from 20 80 to to 600 480 minutes minutes for for

acupuncture,

hypnotherapy, and 150 to 600 minutes for aversive smoking. Page 577 Data from each randomized controlled trial were independently extracted by 2 reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or, when necessary, a third reviewer.

Reviewers extracted information on study design, including the type of intervention, the type of randomization, the type of blinding, the therapists delivering the intervention, and the biochemical validation of data. Extracted baseline participant characteristics included mean number of cigarettes per day, mean Fagerstrm Test for Nicotine Dependence scores, mean age, sex, and race. Treatment characteristics that were extracted included mean number of sessions, mean time of treatment, and type of control intervention. ------------------------------------------------------Dalam jurnal disebutkan bahwa perlakuan dari masing-masing pengobatan berbeda baik

itu

akupuntur,

hipnoterapi

maupun

keengganan untuk merokok. Akan tetapi dalam hal pengacakan, blinding perlakuannya sama. What are the results? 7. How large was the treatment Page effect? 583 Fourteen trials were identified; 6 investigated acupuncture (823 patients); 4 investigated hypnotherapy (273 patients); and 4

investigated aversive smoking (99 patients). The estimated mean treatment effects were acupuncture (odds ratio [OR], 3.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-12.07),

hypnotherapy (OR, 4.55; 95% CI, 0.9821.01), and aversive smoking (OR, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.26-14.38). Acupuncture and hypnotherapy are used by a large number of smokers as alternative smoking cessation aids. Our results suggest that these alternative aids may help smokers quit. Thus, we recommend that physicians promote the use of acupuncture and

hypnotherapy. Aversive smoking also may help people quit, but because the studies investigating this intervention were old, we believe that new studies are needed to recommend this intervention to physicians. ------------------------------------------------------Berdasarkan hasil analisis akupuntur dan hipnoterapi digunakan oleh sejumlah perokok sebagai alat bantu alternatif untuk berhenti merokok. Keengganan untuk merokok juga dapat membantu orang untuk berhenti

merokok. 7

8.

How precise was the estimate Page of the treatment effect? 583

Our meta-analysis has several limitations. First, because of our strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, the number of studies included in our meta-analysis was limited, as testified by the wide CIs. However, by including only the most rigorous randomized controlled trials, we were able to obtain the most reliable estimates of the efficacy of alternative smoking cessation aids. Second, randomized controlled trials varied in the total duration of each intervention, the mean cigarettes per day, the Fagerstrm Test for Nicotine Dependence, and age. We used a random effect model to account for between-trial heterogeneity. Third, publication bias also is a limitation as it is for virtually any metaanalysis. We did not have enough data to interpret publication bias using our funnel plots (data not shown). ------------------------------------------------------Dalam jurnal disebutkan bahwa penelitian ini memiliki beberapa keterbatasan, yaitu karena kriteria inklusi eksklusi terbatas maka studi penelitiannya juga terbatas

Will the resuts help locally? 9. Can the results be applied in Page your context? (or to the local 583 population?) Our results suggest that these alternative aids may help smokers quit. Thus, we recommend that physicians promote the use of

acupuncture and hypnotherapy. We believe that more evidence is needed to determine whether alternative interventions are as efficacious or perhaps more efficacious than pharmacotherapies at helping smokers quit. 8

------------------------------------------------------Hasil dari penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa pengobatan alternative dapat membantu orang untuk berhenti merokok. Maka dari itu dokter dapat merekomendasikan untuk orang-orang yang ingin berhenti merokok dapat

menggunakan pengobatan alternative seperti akupuntur dan hipnoterapi. 10. Were all clinically important Page outcomes considered? 580 Acupuncture, hypnotherapy, and aversive smoking were found to increase smoking abstinence by factors of 3.53, 4.26, and 4.55, respectively. On the surface, these results seem promising, especially when compared with pharmacotherapies, which are known to increase smoking cessation by a factor of 2 to 2.5.17 However, these results should be interpreted with caution since the CI for each intervention was wide. ------------------------------------------------------Dalam jurnal disebutkan bahwa pengobatan dengan akupuntur, untuk keinginan hipnoterapi, merokok untuk dan dapat berhenti

keengganan meningkatkan

merokok berdasarkan hasil analisisnya. Hasil juga menyebutkan bahwa pengobatan

alternative ini lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan farmakoterapi. 11. Are the benefits worth the Page harms and costs? 577 Despite the popularity and high cost, the efficacy of alternative smoking cessation aids remains unclear. Several randomized

controlled trials have examined their efficacy; however, widely varying estimates of their treatment effect have been reported. Our 9

objective was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of alternative smoking cessation aids. ------------------------------------------------------Dalam jurnal disebutkan bahwa biaya untuk jenis pengobatan alternative in sangat tinggi akan tetapi efektifitas dan keuntungannya sudah jelas dalam membantu orang untuk berhenti merokok.

10