3.0 Theory The filter allows for passing a certain frequency and attenuates the others out of various frequency components. It is one of the most frequently used circuits in the entire RF system, and can be formed in variety of types and shape. Before understanding the filter in various points of view, first take a look at the filter by sing a representative RF characteristics graph, S parameter. When the RF is applied to a common line, all the RF signals are obtained as the output except for a little transmission line loss. S 21 of 0dB in the S parameter means that the ratio of the output to the input is unity. That is, since 10*log1=0, the input power is transmitted to the output without loss. S 11 locating lower than S 21 , indicates that the reflected amount is very small. Such a case that S 21, is maintained as about 0dB and S 11 has a small value, means that the input signal of the corresponding frequency is transmitted to the output at its maximum and the reflected occurs at its minimum. That is, it corresponding to the frequency pass band. Contrarily, when S 21 is small and S 11 is about 0 dB, it means the input signal of the corresponding frequency is mostly reflected and not transmitted, which becomes the frequency stop band. Passing a specific frequency to the output at its maximum without loss and reflected the other frequencies are main roles of the filter. i) Low pass Filter
This filter is basic type of the entire filter. The LPF (Low Pass Filter) blocks the radio frequency signals and transmits only the necessary low
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The High Pass Filter (HPF) has a charistics that blocks the low frequency signal and transmitts only the radio frequency signals higher than the necessary bandwidth (higher then the lock frequency). The biggest problem if the filter is that it cannot be formed using the distributed element. iii) Band Pass Filter
The Band Pass Filter (BPF) transmits signals in the desirable bandwidth while it blocks signals in the undesirale bandwidth. When the transmission terminal receives or transmits the exectly necessary frequency out of many frequencies, the BPF is used. iv)` Band Stop Filter or Band Reject Filter
In contrast of the BPF, the BSF blocks signals in the desirable bandwidth, while it passes signals in the other bandwidth. This filter is mainly used for blocking inflow of the specific frequency and is formed by arranging and combining the serial and parallel resonances. 4.0 Procedure: 1. Construct and connect the equipment at the below for the Low Pass Filter and Band Pass Filter.
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2. Connect the Voltage Control Oscilloscope (VCO) to power supply and a ll the calibration methods for the equipments was done with carefully before start experiment such as setting to power supply, function generator, and spectrum analyzer. 3. The power supply connected to Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO) and was set at 12V MAX in function generator. It is because the range of maximum voltage supply for VCO is 16V. 4. The output from the VCO was connected to the circulator port 1(P1) using connector cable. 5. The P2 of the circulator was connected to low pass filter and P3 was terminated using a 50ohm load. 6. The output from the filter was connected to spectrum analyzer via a detector. All the results were recorded in tables. 7. The channel 1 adjustable voltage tuned using start and stop frequency values between 1.5 to 2GHz in the spectrum analyzer such that the output power can be determined easily. 8. The channel 1 V tune voltage of the ED-3300A(VCO) was changed such that the output voltages can have frequency values shown in table 1. Then with the
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5.0
Low Pass Filter Frequenc y (GHz) 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 Vtune(V ) 2.3 3.1 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.8 8.5 Port 1 V1(mV ) 409.26 522.62 670.65 642.98 614.00 576.00 582.10 594.00 582.00 605.00 543.00 Port 2 V2(mV ) 351.56 437.71 567.54 525.05 392.34 148.05 74.22 39.70 60.24 24.64 15.84 Insertio n Loss (dB) 1.32 1.54 1.45 1.76 3.89 11.80 17.89 23.50 19.70 27.80 30.70
P1(mW ) 3.40 5.62 9.63 8.20 8.05 7.51 7.01 5.16 6.95 7.27 6.33
P1(dBm ) 5.32 7.30 9.30 9.32 7.19 8.31 8.21 8.38 8.46 8.86 7.75
P2(mW ) 2.20 3.98 8.20 7.57 6.80 5.56 2.20 1.23 2.45 2.52 2.64
P2(dBm ) 3.40 6.12 9.17 8.83 8.32 7.45 3.22 1.57 2.74 3.65 3.81
Sample Calculation Insertion Loss (IL) V1 IL 20 log V 2 409.26 IL 20 log 351.56 IL 1.32dB
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Band pass Filter Frequency Vtune(V) Port 1 Port 2 Insertion (GHz) Loss P1(mW) V1(mV) P1(dBm) P2(W) V2(mV) P2(dBm) (dB) 1.50 2.3 3.40 409.26 5.32 5.5 52.84 -12.5 17.78 1.55 3.1 5.62 522.62 7.30 7.5 20.50 -20.0 28.13 1.60 3.8 9.63 670.65 9.30 11 21.00 -20.0 30.09 1.65 4.4 8.20 642.98 9.32 11.5 23.00 -21.0 28.93 1.70 4.9 8.05 614.00 7.19 210 105.00 -6.6 15.34 1.75 5.5 7.51 576.00 8.31 5.3m 510.00 7.3 1.06 1.80 6.1 7.01 582.10 8.21 5m 500.00 7.1 1.32 1.85 6.7 5.16 594.00 8.38 5.3m 515.00 7.3 1.24 1.90 7.3 6.95 582.00 8.46 1m 220.00 -0.7 5.45 1.95 7.8 7.27 605.00 8.86 7 30.00 -15.0 26.09 2.00 8.5 6.33 543.00 7.75 6 21.00 -20.0 28.25 Sample Calculation Insertion Loss (IL): V1 IL 20 log V 2 409.26 IL 20 log 52.84 IL 17.78dB
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2. Find the stop frequency of the filter from the measured values of two filters. From the graph of frequency response, the stop frequencies for both filters are:
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Band pass Filter FCL = 1.73 GHz and fCH = 1.87 GHz
3. Design a band pass filter using L and C. With specification (Ripple = 0.5dB, Center Frequency = 1GHz Band Width = 10%, N = 3, Impedance : 50 Designing a Bandpass Filter Using L and C Specifications: Ripple = 0.5dB Center frequency = 1 GHz Bandwitdth = 10% N=3 Impedance = 50 Low pass filter design
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L1 = 0.4985nH
C1 = 50.812pF
L2=87.27nH
C3=C1= 50.812pF
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8.0 Reference
[1] LAB SHEET OF RF AND MICROWAVE TECHNIQUE BENT 4153
Low Pass Filter and Band Pass Filter [2] Band Pass Filter (n.d.). Retrieved from Princeton: http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Band_Pass_Filter.html [3] Giangrand, I. (n.d.). Conversions between Low-Pass Filter and Band-Pass Filter. Retrieved from giangrandi.ch: http://www.giangrandi.ch/electronics/anttool/swr.html [4] Bogatin, E. (2004). Signal Integrity - Simplified. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
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