Simulation of CB Environments and Detection Systems in Support of Simulation Based Acquisition1

Dennis L. Jones Manager, Simulation Section ITT Industries Alexandria, VA dennis.jones@itt.com 703-329-7181 Dr. John R. White Modeling and Simulation Team Leader Edgewood Chemical Biological Center Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD jrwhite@apgea.army.mil 410-436-1775 For the past five years, ITT Industries Simulation and Training Department in Alexandria, VA, has worked to develop a nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological modeling and simulation toolset. The Armys Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, is the configuration management proponent of this toolset, leading a consortium of Government agencies sponsoring the toolset development. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) has been a principal contributor to the consortium, funding the bulk of the toolsets migration to the DoDs High Level Architecture. At the heart of the toolset are a distributed simulation-compliant weapons of mass destruction environment simulator and simulations of the sensor and detection systems that the Services have developed to detect and operate in these environments. The DoD has used this toolset to support the research, development, and testing of and training for nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological active and passive defense equipment, including detection and warning or messaging systems. While the toolset supports nuclear and radiological environment simulation, the bulk of the resources invested in development of this capability has been directed at chemical and biological detection and messaging systems. The centerpiece of ITTs simulation toolset is the Nuclear, Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (NCBR) environment simulation. ITT personnel integrated existing codes and tools within an ITT-designed architecture relying on distributed simulation protocols and architectures toin real timecalculate highfidelity, three-dimensional (3D) hazard environments as a function of threat delivery system, meteorological conditions and complex (3D) terrain. The NCBR is compliant with IEEEs protocols for Distributed Interactive Simulation and the DoDs emerging architecture for simulation, the mandated High Level Architecture. The DTRA SCIPUFF and the Naval Surface Warfare Centers VLSTRACK Gaussian puff models provide the means for the NCBR to calculate hazard environments. The NCBR makes the data available to other simulations via full 3D representations of the environments (instantaneous air concentration), 2D grids (dose, deposition, air concentration, and lethal dose, or LD, contours), and at a point via a subscription process. The figure below portrays a sample 2D conformal (to terrain) NCBR instantaneous air concentration calculation showing the effect of complex terrain on a cloud resulting from a biological line source.

Portions of this article were derived from an article in the Summer 1999 issue of the CBIAC Newsletter. Published in the DoD MSIAC On-Line Journal http://www.msiac.dmso.mil/journal/cb_simulation.html WINTER ISSUE 2000 | VOLUME 1, ISSUE No. 2

The NCBR utilizes complex terrain in hazard concentration calculations. To provide nuclear environments, the NCBR uses DTRAs External Blast (XBLAST) and Version 6 of Atmospheric Transport of Radiation (ATRv6) codes as the means for calculating the blast and prompt radiation environments from tactical nuclear warheads. The NCBR provides these data to the network by publishing axis-symmetric 2D grids and 1D (line) arrays. Simulations receiving these data rotate the lines and grids about the origin of symmetry to obtain a full 2D or 3D environment. A second key component of the architecture is CB Modular Semi-automated Forces (CB ModSAF), a widely used Army computer generated forces model that the consortium has modified to represent CB battlefields. ITT has added functionality to ModSAF to represent point biological and chemical sensors, the Fox M93A1 and Joint Lightweight NBC Reconnaissance Systems, NBC message flow, and entities receive hazard environments from the NCBR via a subscription process. CB ModSAF gives the community a tool to provide operational context to computer-driven (constructive) simulations. ITT is currently working with the Armys Chemical School and the Simulation, Training, and Instrumentation Command (STRICOM) to include the CB functionality in the OneSAF distributed baseline. The suite is rounded out with performance-based simulations of a variety of point and standoff, active and passive, chemical and biological sensor systems of varying degrees of fidelity. Three recent applications of the toolset demonstrate the suites capability in supporting the DoDs initiative in simulation-based acquisition. Supporting the Armys Chemical School, and in cooperation with the Program Manager, Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense, ITT recently installed a M93A1 Fox Training Suite at the Chemical School (Ft. McClellan, AL). The M93A1 Fox is a six-wheeled armored vehicle equipped with a fully integrated nuclear and chemical detection, warning and communications capability (shown in the figure below), with the additional capability to sample NBC contamination for future analysis. The Fox Training Suite contains two Fox vehicle shells with out-the-window simulation displays that operate on common virtual terrain with simulated hazard environments. This synthetic environment is completely safe yet fully capable of replicating today's vast array of chemical, biological, and radiological (less on the radiological) threats. The software emulation of the threat addresses the training communitys current inability to simulate the hazardous nature of the environments that must be created in order to effectively train students. The Fox Training Suite allows students to train against the threats they will likely encounter. The distributed nature of the simulation architecture allows students to train as individual crews and in tandem with another Fox vehicle as they are doctrinally employed in real situations. Team training of this nature was not possible before the installation of the Fox Training Suite. This same Published in the DoD MSIAC On-Line Journal http://www.msiac.dmso.mil/journal/cb_simulation.html WINTER ISSUE 2000 | VOLUME 1, ISSUE No. 2

distributed simulation architecture also enables the use of these trainers as part of larger war-gaming exercises.

ITT used simulation to stimulate real hardware and look-and-feel mockup Fox chemical detection systems. The second example of the suite involves the developmental test and evaluation associated with the Army Biodetection Advanced Technology Demonstration, or Bio ATD. To support the Bio ATD, ITT developed a point biological agent sensor server that calculated hazard agent particle counts for a real sensor array monitoring natural background particle counts.2 The contractor for the sensor system, Lockheed Librascope, modified the sensors to receive virtual particle counts. These individual-sensor particle counts were then compared against natural backgrounds with a detection logic algorithm to determine if the complete system should be sent into alarm. By using this architecture, Bio ATD personnel were able to experiment with different alarm/detection schema for varying hazard environments. In this reachback support testing, only a laptop computer and router/modem were required at the location of the sensors. Environment and sensor simulations provided particle counts to sensors in the field in Glendale, CA, Nellis AFB, NV, Ft. Lewis, WA, and Dugway Proving Ground, UT, via standard phone lines from Alexandria, VA. In the third example, ITT supported PM NBCs Joint Service Lightweight Standoff Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD) program manager with a simulation study examining the optimum field of sensor regard for varying terrain types.3 The JSLSCAD is a fully automatic, 360-degree scanning, detect-on-themove, passive standoff (up to 5 km) chemical agent detector. The 72-Hz JSLSCAD operates on a variety of platforms, detecting nerve, blister and blood agent vapors. For the 7-week project, ITT developed the JSLSCAD Distributed Simulation (JLDS), an easily configurable, reusable, sensor model that is attachable to any entity. An ITT-developed M93 FOX NBC reconnaissance vehicle simulatorcontaining a highfidelity mobility model of the FOXserved as an unstabilized sensor platform, and ModSAF provided a stabilized platform. Study personnel disseminated Sarin (GB) via chemical artillery barrages using the Nuclear, Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (NCBR) Environment Simulator. The two-week, 36-trial OConnor, M.J., Liebert, Ralph, and Jones, D.L., et al. Use of Virtual Environments to Support Developmental Testing of the Biological Aerosol Warning System (BAWS), presented at the Fall 1999 Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization Simulation Interoperability Workshop (99F-SIW-033.), Orlando, FL, September 1999. 3 Christow, George, and Jones, Dennis L.. Joint Leightweight Standoff Chemical Agent Detector (JSLSCAD) Distributed Simulation System/Subsystem Specification, 12 August 1999. Published in the DoD MSIAC On-Line Journal http://www.msiac.dmso.mil/journal/cb_simulation.html WINTER ISSUE 2000 | VOLUME 1, ISSUE No. 2
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study included three different terrain profiles (rolling, hilly, mountainous), and each of those profiles had three fields of regard and three agent cloud releases. The data collected in this experiment consisted of data logs and a semi-colon delimited ASCII text file containing all of the positive sensor scans. The JSLSCAD PM is using the data derived from this study to support the systems critical design review.

The modular JSLSCAD simulation architecture provided valuable design data for the systems Critical Design Review. The Services are currently exploring a variety of applications of this toolset across the range of CB defense materiel items lifetime, from R&D through test and evaluation and training, fully realizing the DoDs initiative in simulation-based acquisition. The concepts also have applicability in the homeland defense, force protection, and domestic preparedness programs of the FBI, Department of Justice, and state and local governments.

Published in the DoD MSIAC On-Line Journal http://www.msiac.dmso.mil/journal/cb_simulation.html WINTER ISSUE 2000 | VOLUME 1, ISSUE No. 2