2012 papper: 1)Define attitude? A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation.

Attitude influences an individual's choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives, and rewards (together called stimuli). Four major components of attitude are (1) Affective: emotions or feelings. (2) Cognitive: belief or opinions held consciously. (3) Conative: inclination for action. (4) Evaluative: positive or negative response to stimuli. n attitude is the psychological response to a person, an object, to a situation, to society and to life itself that generally influence our behaviors and actions. Attitudes are either positive or negative. 2) What is Trojan? A Trojan horse, or Trojan, is a hacking program that is a non-self-replicating type of malware which gains privileged access to the operating system while appearing to perform a desirable function but instead drops a malicious payload, often including a backdoor allowing unauthorized access to the target's computer.[1]These backdoors tend to be invisible to average users, but may cause the computer to run slowly. Trojans do not attempt to inject themselves into other files like acomputer virus. Trojan horses may steal information, or harm their host computer systems.[2] Trojans may use drive-by downloads or install via online games or internet-driven applications in order to reach target computers. The term is derived from the Trojan Horse story in Greek mythology because Trojan horses employ a form of social engineering, presenting themselves as harmless, useful gifts, in order to persuade victims to install them on their computers. 3.Define Maoral standards?? A moral standard is the guideline or methodology for making moral decisions. The moral standard for many people is the Golden Rule. But the standard also has to include the authority behind the standard. The only possible moral authority that has any authority is our Creator. Corporations are run by individuals. If God is their moral authority, then the corporation is bound to the GR by the authority of God. Otherwise, the individuals may change their policy at any time for any reason. Web definitions 1. (Moral standard) Morality is the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are "good" and those that are "bad". The philosophy of morality is ethics. A moral code is a system of morality and a moral is any one practice or teaching within a moral code. ...

4.Define belief ? Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a conjecture or premise to be true.[1] Dispositional and occurrent belief concerns the contextual activation of the belief into thoughts (reactive of propositions) or ideas (based on the belief's premise). 5.Define corporate governance.? Corporate governance refers to the system by which corporations are directed and controlled. The governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation and specifies the rules and procedures for making decisions in corporate ... 6.What is scavenging techniques? Used by crackers who dial up to the Internet hoping to find connections left dangling when somebody else abruptly hung up. They can then exploit the connections. The term is also used to describe the activity of hunting for Residual Data on erased devices. See Also: Crackers; Residue; Sanitize; Internet. 7.Define hacking? The word "hacking" has two definitions. The first definition refers to the hobby/profession of working with computers. The second definition refers to breaking into computer systems. While the first definition is older and is still used by many computer enthusiasts (who refer to cyber-criminals as "crackers"), the second definition is much more commonly used. In particular, the web pages here refer to "hackers" simply because our web-server logs show that every one who reaches these pages are using the second definition as part of their search criteria.

8.State 2 security threats..? Virus threat , spywear n hackers 9.What do mean by quality of work life? The Quality of Work Life (QWL) has assumed increasingly interest and importance in all the countries of the World. It is very significant in the context of commitment to work, motivation and job performance. It is also means to facilitate the gratification of human needs and goal achievement. Work life naturally means the life of workers, physical and intellectual, in their work environment in office or factory or field-working. What is expected of the worker? What are the conditions of the work place? What is the compensation that the worker gets? What are the incentives offered to him? How about his contentment with the work environment and the compensation? These are the questions to be tackled by the Researcher in any study of work life. Quality of work Life is referred to as humanizing the working life and emphasizing the human factor. It mostly refers to favorableness or unfavourableness of a job environment for the people involved in it. The basic objective is to develop jobs that are excellent for people as well as for production. So we can see the basic questions of Quality Work Life

10.Define pragmatism.? Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870.[1] Pragmatism is a rejection of the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Instead, pragmatists develop their philosophy around the idea that the function of thought is as an instrument or tool for prediction, action, and problem

solving. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topicssuch as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and scienceare all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes rather than in terms of representative accuracy. A few of the various but interrelated positions often characteristic of philosophers working from a pragmatist approach include:

Epistemology (Justification): a coherentist theory of justification that rejects the claim that all knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. Coherentists hold that justification is solely a function of some relationship between beliefs, none of which are privileged beliefs in the way maintained by foundationalists theories of justification. Epistemology (Truth): a deflationary or pragmatist theory of truth; the former is the epistemological claim that assertions that predicate truth of a statement do not attribute a property called truth to such a statement while the latter is the epistemological claim that assertions that predicate truth of a statement attribute the property of useful-to-believe to such a statement. Metaphysics: a pluralist view that there is more than one sound way to conceptualize the world and its content.

Philosophy of Science: an instrumentalist and scientific anti-realist view that a scientific concept or theory should be evaluated by how effectively it explains and predicts phenomena, as opposed to how accurately it describes objective reality. 11.What is ethical congruence?

Ethical congruence refers to a situation where one's decision is consistent with, aligns with, the applicable set(s) of values. Under these circumstances, a choice to take some action will harmonize with the decision-maker's values. The organizational state where values, behaviors and perceptions are aligned.

12.What is teleological? A teleology is any philosophical account that holds that final causes exist in nature, meaning that, analogous to purposes found in human actions, nature inherently tends toward definite ends. Teleology was explored by Plato and Aristotle, by Saint Anselm during the 11th century AD, in the late 18th century by Immanuel Kant as a regulative principle in his Critique of Judgment and by Carl Jung. It was fundamental to the speculative philosophy of Hegel. A thing, process, or action is teleological when it is for the sake of an end, i.e., a telos or final cause. In general, it may be said that there are two types of final causes, which may be called intrinsic finalityand extrinsic finality.[1]

A thing or action has an extrinsic finality when it is for the sake of something external to itself. In a way, people exhibit extrinsic finality when they seek the happiness of a child. If the external thing had not existed that action would not display finality. A thing or action has an intrinsic finality when it is for none other than its own sake. For example, one might try to be happy simply for the sake of being happy, and not for the sake of anything outside of that. 1. The study of design or purpose in natural phenomena. 2. The use of ultimate purpose or design as a means of explaining phenomena. 3. Belief in or the perception of purposeful development toward an end, as in nature or history.

2010 1.What is deceptive marketing? False Advertising & Deceptive Marketing Advertising is a vital method of communication, helping businesses reach potential customers and providing consumers with helpful information about a product or service. False advertising generally occurs when a business misrepresents its products or services, or misrepresents the products or services of a competitor, through false or misleading statements. False and misleading advertisements not only harm the consumers who rely on the representations to make purchase decisions that they would otherwise not make, but they can also

negatively impact the advertising companys competitors, who compete using honest and lawful promotional efforts. Failing to disclose hidden fees or surcharges related to a transaction; Providing misleading product labels that misrepresent the weight or ingredients of a product (i.e., claiming a soft drink is all natural when it is not); Asserting that a product contains certain nutritional, organic, or other health benefits that it does not; Claiming that a product is available for sale when the merchant knows it is out of stock or likely to be out of stock; and 2. define Kantianism? tianism the philosophy of Emmanuel Kant, asserting that the nature of the mind renders it unable to know reality immediately, that the mind interprets data presented to it as phenomena in space and time, and that the reason, in order to find a meaningful basis for experience or in order for ethical conduct to exist, may postulate things unknowable to it, as the existence of a soul. Kantist, n. Kantian, adj.

or Kantian ethics are deontological, revolving entirely around duty rather than emotions or end goals. All actions are performed in accordance with some underlyingmaxim or principle, which are deeply different from each other; it is according to this that the moral worth of any action is judged. Kant's ethics are founded on his view of rationality as the ultimate good and his belief that all people are fundamentally rational beings. This led to the most important part of Kant's ethics, the formulation of the categorical imperative, which is the criterion for whether a maxim is good or bad. 3.what is insider trading? The buying or selling of a security by someone who has access to material, nonpublic information about the security. Insider trading can be illegal or legal depending on when the insider makes the trade: it is illegal when the material information is still nonpublic--trading while having special knowledge is unfair to other investors who don't have access to such knowledge. Illegal insider trading therefore includes tipping others when you have any sort of nonpublic information. Directors are not the only ones who have the potential to be convicted of insider trading. People such as brokers and even family members can be guilty. Insider trading is legal once the material information has been made public, at which time the insider has no direct advantage over other investors. The SEC, however, still requires all insiders to report all their transactions. So, as insiders have an insight into the workings of their company, it may be wise for an investor to look at these reports to see how insiders are legally trading their stock. 4.state 2 difference between individualism and collectivism? 5. what is merger? The combining of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. Basically, when two companies become one. This decision is usually mutual between both firms. 6. state 4 odd faces of social responsibility? 1) legal/irresponsible, (2) illegal/irresponsible, (3) illegal/responsible, and (4) illegal/irresponsible. 14 7 what is corporate governance? Corporate governance refers to the set of systems, principles and processes by which a company is governed. They provide the guidelines as to how the company can be directed or controlled such that it can fulfil its goals and objectives in a manner that adds to the value of the company and is also beneficial for all stakeholders in the long term. Stakeholders in this case would include everyone ranging from the board of directors, management, shareholders to customers, employees and society. The management of the company hence assumes the role of a trustee for all the others.

8. what is salami slicing? Salami slicing refers to a series of many small actions, often performed by clandestine means, that as an accumulated whole produces a much larger action or result that would be difficult or unlawful to perform all at once. The term is typically used pejoratively. Although salami slicing is often used to carry out illegal activities, it is only a strategy for gaining an advantage over time by accumulating it in small increments, so it can be used in perfectly legal ways as well. An example of salami slicing, also known as penny shaving, is the fraudulent practice of stealing money repeatedly in extremely small quantities, usually by taking advantage of rounding to the nearest cent (or other monetary unit) in financial transactions. It would be done by always rounding down, and putting the fractions of a cent into another account. The idea is to make the change small enough that any single transaction will go undetected.[1]

9. what is scaverging techniques? Used by crackers who dial up to the Internet hoping to find connections left dangling when somebody else abruptly hung up. They can then exploit the connections. The term is also used to describe the activity of hunting for Residual Data on erased devices. See Also: Crackers; Residue; Sanitize; Internet.

10) Define moral standards? Moral standards include the norms we have about the kinds of action we believe are morally right and wrong as well as the values we place on the kinds of objects we believe are morally good and morally bad. Moral norms can usually be expressed as general rules,i.e; always tell the truth.moral values can usually be expressed as statements describing objects or features of objects ,ie.honesty is good. 11.what is whistle blowing? One method of monitoring the ethical conviction of the organization and its top management is to observe its approach to professional dissent or, as it is more commonly called, whistleblowing. Whistleblowing occurs when an insider reports alleged organizational misconduct to the public. A whistleblower is someone who exposes organizational wrongdoing in order to preserve ethical standards and protect against wasteful, harmful, or illegal acts. Whistleblowing is becoming a staple on the front pages of newspapers and an all-toofrequent segment on 60 minutes and other such news programs," An employeeor, more

often, a former employeeof a big corporation goes public with charges that the company has been playing dirty. The next step is a lawsuit that sets out the details of the misconduct and charges that the whistle-blower was at best ignored and at worst harassed, demoted, or fired.