-

: -: -1 . -2 . 1-2 . 2-2 . 3-2 . 4-2 . -3 .. -4 . -5 .

-6 . -7 . -8 . -9 .

. -1 ) binder( ( Cement( . :(Portland cement) : (Types of Portland Cement) . Ordinary Portland cement Type : .Modified cement - Type . Rapid-hardening Portland cement Type .Low heat Portland cement Type V . Sulfate-resisting Portland cement Type V .White Portland cement
Table 1. General features of the main types of Portland cement. Classification General purpose Moderate sulfate resistance High early strength Low heat of hydration (slow reacting) High sulfate resistance White color Characteristics Fairly high C3S content for good early strength development Low C3A content (<8%) Ground more finely, may have slightly more C3S Low content of C3S (<50%) and C3A Very low C3A content (<5%) No C4AF, low MgO Applications General construction (most buildings, bridges, pavements, precast units, etc) Structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate ions Rapid construction, cold weather concreting Massive structures such as dams. Now rare. Structures exposed to high levels of sulfate ions Decorative (otherwise has properties similar to Type I)

Type I

Type II Type III Type IV Type V White

The differences between these cement types are rather subtle. All five types contain about 75 wt% calcium silicate minerals, and the properties of mature concretes made with all five are quite similar. Thus these five types are often described by the term ordinary Portland cement, or OPC.

 1-2 . ) (Clay )(Limestone .(Calcium Silicate). : . CaCo3 Lime SiO2 Al2O3 Na2O3 Fe2O3 . Silica SiO2. .clay (Shale). . Alumina Al2O3 :Fe2O3 )(Fluxing Agent : . Gypsum, CaSO4.2H20. .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

2-2 "" (-::)clinker C4AF C3S, C2S, C3A clinker -: Fe2O3 = F SiO2 = S Al2O3 = A CaO = C C3S CaO SiO2 . ( CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ) :
(Belite (2CaOSiO2) , Alite (3CaOSiO2) , Celite (3CaOAl2O3 Brownmillerit (4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3).

Chemical Composition of Cement and Functions of Ingredients:

Cement is a mixture of various chemical compounds. All ingredients have their own specific roles to play and impart different properties to cement.. Variation in the proportion of these elements effects the properties of Cement.
Ingredient Lime (CaO) Sillica (SiO2) Alumina (Al2 O3) Iron Oxide (Fe2 O3) Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Na2 O Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) %age 60-65 20-25 4-8 2-4 1-3 0.1-0.5 1-2 Effect Controls strength and soundness Gives strength, excess quantity causes slow setting Quick setting, excess lowers strength Imparts color, helps in fusion of ingredients Color and hardness, excess causes cracking Controls residues, excess causes cracking Makes cement sound

Functions of Ingredients in Cement

1. Function of Lime in Cement

It is the major constituent of cement . Its exact proportion is important. The excess makes the cement unsound and causes the cement to expand and disintegrate. In case of deficiency, the strength of cement is decreased and cement sets quickly. The right proportion makes cement sound and strong.

2. Function of Silica in Cement

It imparts strength to the cement due to formation of di-calcium silicate (2CaO SiO2 or C2S) and tricalcium silicate (3CaO SiO2 or C3S). Silica in excess provides greater strength to the cement but at the same time it prolongs its setting time.

3. Functions of Alumina in Cement

It imparts quick setting quality to the cement. It acts as a flux (rate of flow of energy) and lowers the clinkering temperature. Alumina in excess reduces strength of cement.

4. Functions of Iron Oxide in Cement

It provides color, hardness and strength. It also helps the fusion of raw materials during manufacture of cement.

5. Harmful Ingredients in Cement

Alkali oxides (K2O and Na2O): if the amount of alkali oxides exceeds 1%, it leads to the failure of concrete made from that cement. Magnesium oxide (MgO): if the content of MgO exceeds 5%, it causes cracks after mortar or concrete hardness.

Properties of cement compounds These compounds contribute to the properties of cement in different ways : Tricalcium aluminate, C3A:It liberates a lot of heat during the early stages of hydration, but has little strength contribution. Gypsum slows down the hydration rate of C3A. Cement low in C3A is sulfate resistant. Tricalcium silicate, C3S:This compound hydrates and hardens rapidly. It is largely responsible for Portland cements initial set and early strength gain. Dicalcium silicate, C2S: C2S hydrates and hardens slowly. It is largely responsible for strength gain after one week. C4AF: This is a fluxing agent which reduces the melting temperature of the raw materials in the kiln (from 3,000o F to 2,600o F). It hydrates rapidly, but does not contribute much to strength of the cement paste. By mixing these compounds appropriately, manufacturers can produce different types of cement to suit several construction environments.

Cement Chemistry:
Conversely, the chemistry ruling the action of the hydraulic cement is the hydration. Hydraulic cements (such as the Portland cement) are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main components being: Belite (2CaOSiO2); Alite (3CaOSiO2); Celite (3CaOAl2O3); Brownmillerite (4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3). The reactions during the setting of the cement are: (3CaOAl2O3)2 + (x+8) H2O 4 CaOAl2O3xH2O + 2 CaOAl2O38H2O (3CaOAl2O3) + 12 H2O + Ca(OH)2 4 CaOAl2O313 H2O (4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3) + 7 H2O 3 CaOAl2O36H2O + CaOFe2O3H2O And during the hardening (the chemistry of the reaction of hydration is still not completely clear): (3CaOSiO2)2 + (x+3) H2O 3 CaO2SiO2xH2O + 3 Ca(OH)2 (2CaOSiO2)2 + (x+1) H2O 3 CaO2SiO2xH2O + Ca(OH)2 The silicates are responsible of the mechanical properties of the cement, the celite and the browmillerite are essential to allow the formation of the liquid phase during the cooking.

. References: Sidney Mindess & J. Francis Young (1981): Concrete, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 671. Steve Kosmatka & William Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill. pp. 205. Michael Mamlouk & John Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.,

Chemical properties include

1) fineness, 2) soundness, 3) consistency, 4) setting time, 5) compressive strength, 6) heat of hydration, 7) specific gravity, and 8) loss of ignition. Each one of these properties has an influence on the performance of cement in concrete. Soundness, which is the ability of hardened cement paste to retain its volume after setting, can be characterized by measuring the expansion of mortar bars in an autoclave