A preposition serves to connect its object with the rest of a sentence.

In doing so, a preposition indicates the relationship of the idea expressed in the prepositional phrase to the ideas expressed In the rest of the sentence. The table below gives the most usual meanings of English prepositions. Each meaning is illustrated by an example. About 1. n the subject of! This is a story about elephants. ". Approximately! #e is about ten years old. Above 1. #igher than$ over! The plane flew above the clouds. ". Earlier on a page! There is a heading above each diagram. Across 1. %rom one side to the other! &e wal'ed across the field. ". n the other side of! There is a store across the street. After 1. (ater in time! after ten o)cloc'$ after lunch ". (ater in a series! * comes after + in the alphabet. ,. In pursuit of! The dog ran after the cat. Against 1. In opposition to! Theft is against the law. ". Touching$ supported by! I leaned my bicycle against the wall. Along 1. %ollowing the length of! &e wal'ed along the road. Among 1. &ithin a group! The money was shared among three people. Note: In formal English, among is usually used only when referring to more than two persons or things. In contrast, between is used when referring to two persons or things. Around 1. -ircling something! &e wal'ed around the bloc'. ". .urrounding! There is a fence around the garden. ,. In different parts of! I loo'ed around the house for the 'eys. /. In the other direction! &e turned around and went bac' home. 0. Approximately! #e is around six feet tall. At 1. ". ,. /. 0. A specific location! at ", -hestnut .treet$ at the par' A point in time! at 0 o)cloc'$ at -hristmas A condition! at peace$ at war$ at rest An activity! at wor'$ at school$ at play Towards! (oo' at someone$ wave at someone

Note! &hen referring to a specific location or to a point in time, at is usually used. &hen referring to a certain street or a certain day, on is usually used. &hen referring to a location as an area, or when referring to a unit of time longer than a day, in is usually used. e.g. at -hristmas$ on -hristmas day$ in the -hristmas holidays Before 1. Earlier in time! before two o)cloc'$ before -hristmas ". Earlier in a series! . comes before T in the alphabet. Behind 1. At the bac' of! The little girl hid behind her mother. ". (ate! I am behind in my wor'. ,. -ause$ origin! &ho was behind that idea1 Below 1. (ower than$ under! below free2ing$ below sea level ". (ater on a page! %ootnotes are provided below the text. Beneath 1. (ower than$ below! beneath the earth Beside 1. 3ext to$ at the side of! I sit beside her in class. Besides 1. Also$ as well as! &e study other languages besides English. Note the differing meanings of beside and besides. Beside is usually used with reference to a physical location. Between 1. An intermediate location! Toronto lies between 4ontreal and 5ancouver. ". An intermediate time! between -hristmas and 3ew 6ear)s 7ay ,. Intermediate in a series! 8 comes between A and - in the alphabet. /. An intermediate amount! between five and ten people 0. &ithin a group of two! The money was shared between two people. Beyond 1. %arther than! The mountains lie beyond the hori2on. ". %urther than$ exceeding! That was beyond my expectations. But 1. Except! I have read all but the last chapter. Note: But is used more often as a conjunction than as a preposition. By 1. 3ear! a house by the sea

". ,. /. 0.

+ast! #e waved as he drove by the house. 3ot later than! Try to finish the wor' by next wee'. In units of! cheaper by the do2en$ sold by weight Through the means of! travel by plane$ written by him

Note: By is often used in combination with verbs in the +assive 5oice. Concerning 1. -onnected with$ about! #e studies everything concerning trees. Despite 1. In spite of! &e wal'ed downtown despite the rain. Down 1. To a lower position! The ball rolled down the hill. ". %urther along! #e lives down the street. During 1. Throughout a period! .he wor's during the day. ". .ometime within a period! An accident occurred during the night. Except 1. 3ot including! I have visited everyone except him. For 1. ". ,. /. 0. 9. 7uration of time! &e wal'ed for two hours. 7istance! I wal'ed for five 'ilometers. +urpose! I bought this jac'et for you. In the direction of! .he left for 3ew 6or'. In favor of! &e are for the proposal. -onsidering! The boy is clever for his age.

From 1. +lace of origin! &e left from 8oston$ he comes from 4exico ". .tart of a period of time! from now on$ from yesterday until today ,. .tart of a range! From ": to ,: people were present. /. -ause! #e suffers from nervousness. 0. .ource! I first heard the story from you. In 1. ". ,. /. 0. 9. <. =. ;. +lace thought of as an area! in (ondon$ in Europe &ithin a location! in the room$ in the building (arge units of time! That happened in 4arch, in 1;;". &ithin a certain time! I will return in an hour. 8y means of! write in pencil$ spea' in English -ondition! in doubt$ in a hurry$ in secret A member of! #e is in the orchestra$ in the navy &earing! the boy in the blue shirt &ith reference to! lac'ing in ideas$ rich in oil

Inside 1. &ithin! They are inside the house. Into 1. To the inside of! &e stepped into the room. ". -hange of condition! The boy changed into a man. i!e 1. >esembling! That loo's li!e him. ". Appearing possible! It loo's li!e rain. ,. 8e in a suitable mood for! I feel li!e going swimming. "inus 1. (ess! Three minus two e?uals one. Near 1. -lose to! near the school$ near the ocean #f 1. ". ,. /. (ocation! east of here$ the middle of the road +ossession! a friend of mine$ the sound of music +art of a group! one of us$ a member of the team 4easurement! a cup of mil'$ two meters of snow

#ff 1. 3ot on$ away from! +lease 'eep off the grass. ". At some distance from! There are islands off the coast. #n 1. ". ,. /. 0. 9. Touching the surface of! on the table$ on the wall A certain day! That happened on .unday, on the 9th of @une. A certain street! on .outh .treet About! a boo' on engineering A state or condition! on stri'e$ on fire$ on holiday 8y means of! live on a pension$ shown on television

#nto 1. To a position on! The child climbed onto the table. #pposite 1. %acing! The library is opposite the fire station. #ut$of 1. To the outside of! .he went out$of the room. ". %rom among! &e won two games out$of three. ,. 4otive! &e spo'e to them out$of politeness. /. 4aterial! The bridge is made out$of steel. 0. 8eyond! out$of control$ out$of danger #utside

1. n the outer side of! outside the house ". 8eyond the limits of! outside my experience #ver 1. Above$ higher than! There are cupboards over the sin'. ". -overing! &e spread an extra blan'et over the bed. ,. Across! I jumped over a puddle. /. 4ore than! It cost over ten dollars$ it too' over an hour 0. 7uring! I saw him several times over the past wee'. 9. 8y means of! &e made plans over the telephone. %ast 1. Ap to and beyond! I wal'ed past the house. ". After Bin timeC! It was past " o)cloc'$ half past two ,. 8eyond! past belief %er 1. %or each! 9: 'ilometers per hour$ price per liter %lus 1. &ith the addition of! .ix plus four e?uals ten. &ince 1. %rom a specific time in the past! I had been waiting since two o)cloc'. ". %rom a past time until now! I have been waiting here since noon. Note: 8ecause of its meaning, the preposition since is usually used in combination with a perfect tense. It should be noted that the preposition for can also be used with a perfect tense. #owever, when used with reference to time, for is usually followed by a phrase referring to a period of time$ whereas since is usually followed by a phrase referring to a specific time. e.g. I have 'nown him for six months. I have 'nown him since @anuary. In the first example, for is followed by six$months, which refers to a period of time. In the second example, since is followed by 'anuary, which refers to a specific time. (hrough 1. Across$ from end to end of! the main road through town ". %or the whole of a period! I slept through the night. ,. 8y means of! .'ill improves through practice. (hroughout 1. In every part of! throughout the world ". %or the whole of a period! throughout the winter (ill Note: (ill can be used instead of until. #owever, at the beginning of a sentence, until is usually used.

(o 1. ". ,. /. 0. 9. <.

In the direction of! Turn to the right. 7estination! I am going to >ome. Antil! from 4onday to %riday$ five minutes to ten -ompared with! They prefer hoc'ey to soccer. &ith indirect object! +lease give it to me. As part of infinitive! I li'e to s'i$ he wants to help. In order to! &e went to the store to buy soap.

(oward Bor (owardsC 1. In the direction of! &e wal'ed toward the center of town. ". 3ear$ just before BtimeC! It rained towards evening. )nder 1. 8eneath! under the des'$ under the trees ". (ess than! )nder 1:: people were present. ,. In circumstances of! under repair$ under way$ under discussion )nderneath 1. 8elow, under! underneath the carpet )ntil 1. Ap to a certain time! .he will stay until %riday$ until 0 p.m. )pon Note: #n and upon have similar meanings. )pon may be used in certain expressions, as in once$upon$a$time, and following certain verbs, as in to rely$ upon someone. )p 1. To a higher place! &e went up the stairs. ". In a higher place! .he lives up the hill. )p$to 1. As far as! up$to now$ I have read up$to page 1::. ". 7epending on! The decision is up$to you. ,. As good as$ ready for! #is wor' is up$to standard. *ersus 1. Against Bsports, legalC! The next game is England versus Australia. *ia 1. 8y way of! #e went to (os Angeles via .an %rancisco. +ith 1. Accompanying! #e came with her$ I have my 'eys with me. ". #aving$ containing! #ere is a boo' with a map of the island. ,. 8y means of$ using! I repaired the shoes with glue. /. 4anner! with pleasure$ with ease$ with difficulty 0. 8ecause of! &e were paraly2ed with fear.

+ithin 1. Inside of! within twenty minutes$ within one 'ilometer +ithout 1. 3ot having! 7o not leave without your coat$ without money

1. Paying attention to the meanings of the prepositions, fill in the blanks with the most appropriate prepositions chosen from those given in brackets. For example: She made a speech _____ the f t re of the school. !abo t, aro nd" She made a speech abo t the f t re of the school. D comes _______ C and E in the alphabet. !between, beyond" D comes between C and E in the alphabet. 1. #his train travels from $ondon ______ Paris. !at, to" %. &e stood at the back ______ the theater. !of, on" '. She went to (ome __________ France. !vers s, via" ). #he store is open daily ________ *onday to Friday. !for, from" +. , took my hat ________ the table. !of, off" -. .e looks ________ his brother. !despite, like" /. #he children ran ________ the school. !of, o t of" 0. .e opened the box ________ a screwdriver. !at, with" 1. , will work _________ five o2clock. ! ntil, p" 13. &e walked __________ the resta rant. !despite, past" 11. 4t three o2clock we reached the top _______ the hill. !of, off" 1%. 5o have delivered all of the papers __________ this one. !between, b t" 1'. #he bank is _________ the school. !opposite, o t of" 1). __________ the danger, he decided to climb the mo ntain. !despite, except" 1+. #he treas re was hidden __________ the earth. ! nder, p to" 1-. A comes __________ B in the alphabet. !before, behind" 1/. , went to work ____________ my mbrella. !o t of, witho t" 10. &hen it is heated, water changes _________ steam. !in, into" 11. 6oct rnal animals s ally sleep __________ the day. !d ring, nderneath" %3. #he s7 irrel ran _________ the wall. !along, among" 4nswers %. Paying attention to the ses of the prepositions among, at, beside, besides, between, for, in, on and since, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from those given in brackets. For example: #hey live __ '+1 So thdale 4ven e. !at, on" #hey live at '+1 So thdale 4ven e. #he meeting will take place __ # esday. !at, on" #he meeting will take place on # esday.

&e have been traveling ___ several days. !for, since" &e have been traveling for several days. She has been working _____ six o2clock this morning. !for, since" She has been working since six o2clock this morning. 1. .e lives ______ 11 #ower (oad. !at, on" %. &e will be gone ________ two days. !for, since" '. #om and his friend will divide the money ___________ themselves. !among, between" ). #hey will be ret rning ______ 6ovember. !in, on" +. , have known him ________ three years. !for, since" -. *any foods ____________ milk contain calci m. !beside, besides" /. , will arrive ______ six o2clock. !at, in" 0. .e has been gone __________ Friday. !for, since" 1. #he store is located ______ 6orth Street. !at, on" 13. She is leaving ______ five min tes. !at, in" 11. 8ridget, $eslie and Sarah will disc ss the matter _________ themselves. !among, between" 1%. , have known her __________ last year. !for, since" 1'. &e expect them ______ &ednesday. !in, on" 1). #he cat was sitting ___________ the stove. !beside, besides" 1+. #he play begins ______ seven thirty. !at, on" 1-. &e waited __________ fifteen min tes. !for, since" 1/. 9ol mb s crossed the 4tlantic ______ 1)1%. !at, in" 10. #here are many possibilities __________ the ones , have mentioned. !beside, besides" 11. She will call s ______ half an ho r. !at, in" %3. .is birthday is ______ the 0th of :an ary. !in, on" 4nswers '. Fill in the blanks with the missing prepositions. For example: She wants to leave __ once. She wants to leave at once. , bro ght the wrong book __ mistake. , bro ght the wrong book by mistake. 1. Since the resta rant is s ally crowded, it is advisable to make reservations _________ advance. %. 8eca se we have no car, we go everywhere ________ foot. '. , was __________ breath after r nning p the long flight of stairs. ). &e walked o t of the room ________ tiptoe, so as not to dist rb the sleeping baby. +. ,nside yo r passport, yo sho ld write the name of yo r next ______ kin. -. &e made o t the report ________ triplicate. /. 9itr s fr its, _________ example oranges and lemons, re7 ire a long growing season. 0. #he movie seemed to go on forever, b t _______ last it was over. 1. She is so b sy, she always seems to be _______ a h rry.

13. *any people believe birds are incapable of reasoning, b t ______ fact, some birds are 7 ite intelligent. 11. Since he is not very tr stworthy, , advise yo to take what he says ________ a pinch of salt. 1%. , went to the library, b t the book , wanted was o t _______ loan. 1'. #o save money, we s ally b y flo r and rice _______ b lk. 1). Since he co ld offer s no proof, we had to take his story ______ tr st. 1+. She knows h ndreds of poems _______ heart. 1-. Since we cannot find a place to live, ________ the time being, we are staying at a cheap hotel. 1/. $ittle _______ little, the clo ds dispersed and the s n became brighter. 10. 8eca se of its importance, we st died the report ______ detail. 11. 4ll of the clothes sold in this store were made _______ hand. %3. 4t an intersection, pedestrians s ally have the right _______ way. 4nswers ). For each nderlined word or phrase, s bstit te an idiom containing the preposition indicated in brackets. For example: She came p nct ally. !on" She came on time. .is remarks were brief and relevant. !to" .is remarks were brief and to the point. 1. ,ncidentally, , heard that there is a sale at the bookstore. !by" %. &hat do yo do as a profession; !for" '. #he boy left his books at school deliberately. !on" ). #here is a great deal to be won or lost. !at" +. 8efore long, the ship had cast off and was moving. ! nder" -. #he violin strings are not at the correct pitch. !o t of" /. .er paintings are being exhibited at the library. !on" 0. #he niversity operates with a very small amo nt of money. !on" 1. <ccasionally we have a picnic by the river. !in" 13. #here are no =ob openings in the company now. !at" 11. &e have a large variety of prod ce available. !on" 1%. , want to speak to yo not in front of other people. !in" 1'. >nder those circ mstances, we sho ld proceed ca tio sly. !at" 1). ?rad ally, we began to nravel the mystery. !by" 1+. 4t the beginning, it was not obvio s what to do. !at" 1-. &hen looking back over past events, we can see that important changes have taken place. !in" 1/. #he two friends sat beside one another. !by" 10. , co ld see immediately that something was wrong. !at" 11. , see her occasionally. !from" %3. @oes the store have any paint br shes available; !in" 4nswers

+. Paying attention to the no ns which are s ally followed by certain prepositions, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example: @o yo have any ob=ection ___ my plan; !on, to" @o yo have any ob=ection to my plan; She has a good attit de ______ her =ob. !of, toward" She has a good attit de toward her =ob. 1. &e played a =oke ______ him. !of, on" %. &ho else has access ______ the comp ter files; !of, to" '. , have no recollection ______ the event. !of, on" ). *issing the b s is no exc se _______ being late. !for, of" +. , have confidence _______ his ability. !for, in" -. #hat is only one example ______ what , mean. !in, of" /. Pay close attention _______ the traffic signals. !for, to" 0. She takes an active interest ______ comm nity events. !in, of" 1. @o yo have any proof ______ that; !of, to" 13. 5o sho ld make allowances _______ their lack of experience. !for, on" 11. #here is a lack _______ information on this s b=ect. !for, of" 1%. #he report sho ld shed some light _______ the sit ation. !for, on" 1'. .e has a talent _______ p tting people at ease. !for, with" 1). , received no reply _____ my letter. !on, to" 1+. &e soon took command _______ the sit ation. !of, with" 1-. #hey are constantly finding fa lt _______ other people. !of, with" 1/. , have faith ______ their good intentions. !in, to" 10. She has a rep tation _______ having the ability to deal with any sit ation. !for, of" 11. People often make f n ______ what they do not nderstand. !of, to" %3. &e will take a s rvey ______ the participants. !of, on" 4nswers -. Paying attention to the ad=ectives which are s ally followed by certain prepositions, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example: &e were c rio s _____ what they were doing. !abo t, for" &e were c rio s abo t what they were doing. !abo t, for" #he design of most comp ters is based __ binary arithmetic. !for, on" #he design of most comp ters is based on binary arithmetic. 1. &e are ready _______ anything. !for, to" %. , was anxio s ________ her. !abo t, to" '. Photographic film is sensitive ______ light. !of, to" ). Seals are adapted ______ life in the water. !at, to" +. .e is descended ________ *ary, A een of Scots. !from, of" -. 9otton is more resistant _______ fire than nylon is. !for, to" /. 4fter the show, the radio station was besieged ________ telephone calls. !from, with" 0. She was praised _______ her achievements. !for, to"

1. #he p blic library is accessible ________ everyone. !to, with" 13. 4re yo familiar ________ the proced res; !for, with" 11. #hey were over=oyed ______ the news. !at, to" 1%. &e are pro d _______ o r accomplishments. !for, of" 1'. , was pleased ________ the res lts. !of, with" 1). 4re yo aware ________ the risks involved; !of, with" 1+. $ack of exercise can be detrimental ______ one2s health. !of, to" 1-. &e are satisfied ________ the arrangement. !for, with" 1/. She is interested _______ animals. !for, in" 10. .e is well 7 alified _______ the =ob. !for, to" 11. 5o ng children are often s spicio s ______ strangers. !of, to" %3. 4 knowledge of mathematics is essential ________ an engineer. !to, with" 4nswers /. Paying attention to the verbs which are s ally followed by certain prepositions, fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions chosen from the pairs given in brackets. For example: .e likes listening __ m sic. !on, to" .e likes listening to m sic. #hey cooperated ____ one another. !of, with" #hey cooperated with one another. 1. .eat and light radiate ________ the s n. !from, of" %. &here the event will be held depends ______ the weather. !of, on" '. She loves to 7 ote ________ Shakespeare2s plays. !from, to" ). 5o need to concentrate ________ what yo are doing. !into, on" +. #he st dents protested __________ the high st dent fees. !against, from" -. 4 balanced meal consists _______ vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates. !of, with" /. #wenty people applied ________ the =ob. !for, with" 0. She likes to participate ________ extrac rric lar activities. !in, with" 1. .e paid ________ the meal. !for, on" 13. &e do not approve ________ that type of behavior. !of, in" 11. .e s bscribes ______ fo r magaBines. !of, to" 1%. #he dog barked ______ the mailman. !at, to" 1'. Please refrain ________ smoking. !from, to" 1). @o yo conc r ________ my concl sions; !for, with" 1+. #he problem stems ________ a lack of proper training. !for, from" 1-. &e apologiBed ________ o r absence. !for, to" 1/. .e is engaged _______ starting a b siness. !in, on" 10. #he two children stared ______ each other. !at, to" 11. #hey registered _______ the co rse. !for, of" %3. &e rely ________ the city b s service. !on, with" 4nswers

ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Cha ter !"

4nswers to Cxercise 1: 1. to %. of '. via ). from +. off -. like /. o t of 0. with 1. ntil 13. past 11. of 1%. b t 1'. opposite 1). @espite 1+. nder 1-. before 1/. witho t 10. into 11. d ring %3. along 4nswers to Cxercise %: 1. at %. for '. between ). in +. for -. besides /. at 0. since 1. on 13. in 11. among 1%. since 1'. on 1). beside 1+. at 1-. for 1/. in 10. besides 11. in %3. on 4nswers to Cxercise ': 1. in %. on '. o t of ). on +. of -. in /. for 0. at 1. in 13. in 11. with 1%. on 1'. in 1). on 1+. by 1-. for 1/. by 10. in 11. by %3. of 4nswers to Cxercise ): 1. 8y the way, %. for a living. '. on p rpose. ). at stake. +. nder way. -. o t of t ne. /. on display 0. on a shoestring. 1. <nce in a while 13. at the moment. or at present. 11. on hand. 1%. in private. 1'. 4t that rate, 1). 8it by bit or 8y degrees or $ittle by little, 1+. 4t first 1-. ,n retrospect, 1/. side by side. 10. see at a glance. 11. from time to time. %3. in stock; 4nswers to Cxercise +: 1. on %. to '. of ). for +. in -. of /. to 0. in 1. of 13. for 11. of 1%. on 1'. for 1). to 1+. of 1-. with 1/. in 10. for 11. of %3. of 4nswers to Cxercise -: 1. for %. abo t '. to ). to +. from -. to /. with 0. for 1. to 13. with 11. at 1%. of 1'. with 1). of 1+. to 1-. with 1/. in 10. for 11. of %3. to 4nswers to Cxercise /: 1. from %. on '. from ). on +. against -. of /. for 0. in 1. for 13. of 11. to 1%. at 1'. from 1). with 1+. from 1-. for 1/. in 10. at 11. for %3. on
". +aying attention to the uses of the prepositions among, at, beside, besides, between, for, in, on and since, fill in the blan's with the correct prepositions chosen from those given in brac'ets. %or example! They live DD ,0; .outhdale Avenue. Bat, onC They live at ,0; .outhdale Avenue. The meeting will ta'e place DD Tuesday. Bat, onC The meeting will ta'e place on Tuesday. &e have been traveling DDD several days. Bfor, sinceC &e have been traveling for several days. .he has been wor'ing DDDDD six o)cloc' this morning. Bfor, sinceC .he has been wor'ing since six o)cloc' this morning. 1. #e lives DDDDDD 1; Tower >oad. Bat, onC ". &e will be gone DDDDDDDD two days. Bfor, sinceC ,. Tom and his friend will divide the money DDDDDDDDDDD themselves. Bamong,

betweenC /. They will be returning DDDDDD 3ovember. Bin, onC 0. I have 'nown him DDDDDDDD three years. Bfor, sinceC 9. 4any foods DDDDDDDDDDDD mil' contain calcium. Bbeside, besidesC <. I will arrive DDDDDD six o)cloc'. Bat, inC =. #e has been gone DDDDDDDDDD %riday. Bfor, sinceC ;. The store is located DDDDDD 3orth .treet. Bat, onC 1:. .he is leaving DDDDDD five minutes. Bat, inC 11. 8ridget, (eslie and .arah will discuss the matter DDDDDDDDD themselves. Bamong, betweenC 1". I have 'nown her DDDDDDDDDD last year. Bfor, sinceC 1,. &e expect them DDDDDD &ednesday. Bin, onC 1/. The cat was sitting DDDDDDDDDDD the stove. Bbeside, besidesC 10. The play begins DDDDDD seven thirty. Bat, onC 19. &e waited DDDDDDDDDD fifteen minutes. Bfor, sinceC 1<. -olumbus crossed the Atlantic DDDDDD 1/;". Bat, inC 1=. There are many possibilities DDDDDDDDDD the ones I have mentioned. Bbeside, besidesC 1;. .he will call us DDDDDD half an hour. Bat, inC ":. #is birthday is DDDDDD the =th of @anuary. Bin, onC Answers Answers to Exercise "! 1. at ". for ,. between /. in 0. for 9. besides <. at =. since ;. on 1:. in 11. among 1". since 1,. on 1/. beside 10. at 19. for 1<. in 1=. besides 1;. in ":. n ,. %ill in the blan's with the missing prepositions. %or example! .he wants to leave DD once. .he wants to leave at once. I brought the wrong boo' DD mista'e. I brought the wrong boo' by mista'e. 1. .ince the restaurant is usually crowded, it is advisable to ma'e reservations DDDDDDDDD advance. ". 8ecause we have no car, we go everywhere DDDDDDDD foot. ,. I was DDDDDDDDDD breath after running up the long flight of stairs. /. &e wal'ed out of the room DDDDDDDD tiptoe, so as not to disturb the sleeping baby. 0. Inside your passport, you should write the name of your next DDDDDD 'in. 9. &e made out the report DDDDDDDD triplicate. <. -itrus fruits, DDDDDDDDD example oranges and lemons, re?uire a long growing season. =. The movie seemed to go on forever, but DDDDDDD last it was over. ;. .he is so busy, she always seems to be DDDDDDD a hurry. 1:. 4any people believe birds are incapable of reasoning, but DDDDDD fact, some birds are ?uite intelligent. 11. .ince he is not very trustworthy, I advise you to ta'e what he says DDDDDDDD a pinch of salt. 1". I went to the library, but the boo' I wanted was out DDDDDDD loan. 1,. To save money, we usually buy flour and rice DDDDDDD bul'. 1/. .ince he could offer us no proof, we had to ta'e his story DDDDDD trust.

10. .he 'nows hundreds of poems DDDDDDD heart. 19. .ince we cannot find a place to live, DDDDDDDD the time being, we are staying at a cheap hotel. 1<. (ittle DDDDDDD little, the clouds dispersed and the sun became brighter. 1=. 8ecause of its importance, we studied the report DDDDDD detail. 1;. All of the clothes sold in this store were made DDDDDDD hand. ":. At an intersection, pedestrians usually have the right DDDDDDD way. Answers Answers to Exercise ,! 1. in ". on ,. out of /. on 0. of 9. in <. for =. at ;. in 1:. in 11. with 1". on 1,. in 1/. on 10. by 19. for 1<. by 1=. in 1;. by ":. of

9omplete the following sentence by sing appropriate preposition.

1. #he actor is ho nded %. #he new b ilding is deemed

fans. be spectac lar.

'. #he floor is strewn ). #he pro=ect is doomed +. , was bowled -. .e was sworn

a lot of newspapers. be a fail re.

by her sweetness. as president. .

/. .er bad behavio r m st be stamped 0. , was baffled her answer.

1. ,2m dogged

misfort ne.

13. .er behavio r can be constr ed 11. She can2t stand being talked down 1%. ,2m mesmerised

immoral. .

her talent as an actress. . the staff.

1'. #he conditions cannot be r led 1). #he new boss p t press re 1+. , ran

*ario when , was at the concert. the process. on the train. copying d ring the exam.

1-. Some do bts can arise 1/. #he famo s t nnel caved 10. < r teacher warned s

11. .e has to comply %3. #he president absconded %1. @o yo plan

his obligations. all o r money.

visiting my co ntry; his profession. yo r parents;

%%. < r teacher is a credit %'. 4re yo dependent

#riend$% &etter #ormat

(et rn 4ddress $ine 1 , (et rn 4ddress $ine % @ate !*onth @ay, 5ear" !

@ear 6ame of (ecipient, '

8ody Paragraph 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................. ....... 8ody Paragraph % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................. ....... 8ody Paragraph ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................. .......( 9losing !Sincerely...", Signat re "

P.S. )

,n the friendly letter format, yo r address, date, the closing, signat re, and printed name are all indented to the right half of the page !how far yo indent in is p to yo as long as the heading and closing is lined p, se yo r own discretion and make s re it looks presentable". 4lso the first line of each paragraph is indented. *o+r Address , 4ll that is needed is yo r street address on the first line and the city, state and Bip on the second line. !6ot needed if the letter is printed on paper with a letterhead already on it." Date ! P t the date on which the letter was written in the format *onth @ay 5ear i.e. 4 g st '3, %33'. Skip a line between the date and the sal tation. Sa$+tation ' >s ally starts o t with @ear so and so, or .i so and so. 6ote: #here is a comma after the end of the sal tation !yo can se an exclamation point also if there is a need for some emphasis". Bod% ( #he body is where yo write the content of the letterD the paragraphs sho ld be single spaced with a skipped line between each paragraph. Skip % lines between the end of the body and the closing.

C$osing $et2s the reader know that yo are finished with yo r letterD s ally ends with Sincerely, Sincerely yo rs, #hank yo , and so on. 6ote that there is a comma after the end of the closing and only the first word in the closing is capitaliBed. Signat+re " 5o r signat re will go in this section, s ally signed in black or bl e ink with a pen. Skip a line after yo r signat re and the P.S. ./S/ ) ,f yo want to add anything additional to the letter yo write a P.S. !post script" and the message after that. 5o can also add a P.P.S after that and a P.P.P.S. after that and so on. See also: Friendly $etter &riting E Sample Friendly $etter

Sam $e #riend$% &etter

+3- 9o ntry $ane 6orth 8aysville, 94 +'%0: ly 1-, %33/

@ear S san,

,t feels like s ch a long time since the last time , saw yo . , know it2s only been several weeks since , saw yo . So far my s mmer has been greatF , spend my all my weekends at the beach. , am getting a nice tan and yo can no longer say , am paler than yo . , have been playing lots of volleyball, s rfing and b ilding a nice collection of sea shells. : st this past weekend , took second place in a sandcastle b ilding contestF <n the weekdays , work. , drive an ice cream tr ck aro nd and sell ice cream to the kids. ,t is so cool. ,t is a combination of the two things , love most, ice cream and kids. #he pay isn2t too great b t , love the =ob so m ch. , hope the s mmer2s been going well for yo too. #here2s only a month and a half left in s mmer vacation and after that it2s back to school. &o ld yo like to meet p some time to before school starts; 5o r friend, Signature

P.S. :ohn 4 stin says hi.