Analytical Method in

Reinforced Concrete







Ramon V. Jarquio








Universal Publishers
Boca Raton, Florida
USA 2004






Analytical Method in Reinforced Concrete


Copyright 2004 Ramon V. Jarquio
All rights reserved.


Universal-Publishers.com
Boca Raton, Florida
USA 2004

ISBN: 1-58112-534-8

Rev (a) Feb 2005










i
Foreword


For more than five decades, analysis for the ultimate strength of
reinforced concrete section employed the equivalent rectangular
stress block, finite-element methods and the interaction formula to
predict the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete section
subjected to axial and biaxial bending loads. The analytical
method described in this book uses the classical strength of
materials approach, basic calculus and the fundamental
requirement of equilibrium conditions defined by !F = 0 and !M
=0 in any structural analysis.

For concrete, it uses the parabolic nature of the rising part of
concrete stress/strain curve and the useable concrete strain set by
codes of practice. For steel, it utilizes the linear property of steel
stress/strain curve. These two material properties are linked to a
common deformation as they resist external loads. This
deformation is assumed linear with respect to the neutral axis
defined by the compressive depth, c of the concrete section.

One major difference between the graphical method and the
analytical method is the introduction of the capacity axis, which
can vary from 0 to /2 from the horizontal axis and defines the
ultimate strength of a concrete section from uniaxial to any
position of biaxial bending condition. This axis effectively
eliminates the concept of interaction formula for biaxial bending
in the graphical method of analysis. It also allows the
determination of the centroid of internal forces, which can
correspond to a specific external load, which is lacking in the
graphical method. Use of the analytical method has also disclosed
the diagonal of a rectangular column as the axis for maximum
capacity to resist biaxial bending and for circular column section
the capacity axis can lie between any two steel bars for
equilibrium of internal and external forces.

The concrete forces are determined by integration of the stress
volumes at every position of the concrete compressive depth,
using the true parabola in reference [13]. The value of the concrete
forces is not affected by the useable concrete strain assigned by
ii
codes. The steel forces, however, is governed by the useable
concrete strain, chosen in the analysis and the limiting condition
for maximum yield stress of steel.

In this book, limiting condition for yield stress of steel bar to
maintain linear reduction from extreme tensile stress towards the
neutral axis is taken from reference [5]. The reader may use other
limiting shape of the steel strain such as the CRSI (Concrete
Reinforcing Steel Institute) method in which the straight-line
shape of the strain diagram is pivoted at the position of useable
concrete strain equal to 0.003. The CRSI method will yield higher
bar forces. The tabulation for bar forces can be easily prepared
from the listed formulas for bar force. Moreover, the basic
formulations are listed which the reader can input by drawing the
strain diagrams for other values of useable concrete strain, for
instance using the Canadian value of 0.0035 or any desired value
beyond the concrete strain at ultimate concrete compressive stress.

The example column capacity curves and tables from the Excel
software program were the result of using the ACI useable
concrete strain of 0.003. To have a rational comparison of results
between graphical and analytical method, the column capacity axis
concept was also employed for the first time to the ACI 318.10.2.6
rectangular stress block to determine the capacity of the column
section. Derived formulas for rectangular stress block is listed in
the Appendix. This analytical method and the comparison to
graphical method is unique and never been shown before in any
work on the subject. The analysis is limited to standard shapes of
reinforced concrete such as the circular and rectangular section.
The methodology, however, is applicable not only to concrete
material but also to timber and steel whose stress/strain properties
can be expressed in an equation form for analysis.

The availability of personal computers will facilitate the efficient
solution using the analytical approach illustrated in this book as
compared to graphical methods of solution.

For clarity, numbering of equations in each chapter starts from one
and numbering for CFT columns is done separately for circular
and rectangular CFT columns. In this book equations for shear
iii
and torsion are not included since these are adequately covered in
many reinforced concrete textbook.

Chapter 4 is included to illustrate the use of the analytical method
of computing the area of spread footing under compression, the
footing capacity curve, design of a rectangular footing and footing
settlement using the standard soil settlement formula.

To convert to SI units use the following conversion:

1 in. = 25.4 mm.
1kip = 4.448 kN
1 ksi = 6.895 Mpa
1 lb-ft. = 1.356 N-m
1 kN-m = 0.738 ft.- kip

The reader can plug into the equations any system of units such as
the English, Metric or SI units of measures.

Manual calculations involved in the solutions for reinforced
concrete circular and rectangular columns using parabolic and
standard method are shown in the Appendix.

A computer program for ultimate strength of reinforced concrete
circular and rectangular columns in Excel 97 is available for a
price. If interested contact me at my address below.


Ramon V. Jarquio, P. E.
CM - SEI (ASCE), M. ACI
E-mail: Parabola5@aol.com


Acknowledgements


I am very grateful to my brother, Victor V. Jarquio, P.E. for
verifying the veracity of the column equations using his own
method for my son Lawrence M. Jarquio for his assistance in
preparing the manuscript according to the publishers requirements.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Chapter 1 - BEAMS 1 - 26
True parabolic stress method 1 - 8
Singly reinforced concrete beam 8 - 13
Doubly reinforced concrete beam 13 - 17
T-beam analysis 18 - 20
Beam with Biaxial Bending 20 - 26
Chapter 2 - COLUMN ANALYSIS 27 - 89
Circular column 27 - 49
Rectangular column 49 - 80
Column Capacity Axis 81 - 87
Chapter 3 - CFT COLUMN ANALYSIS 90 - 125
CFT Circular column 91 - 104
CFT Rectangular column 104 - 125
Chapter 4 - FOOTING FOUNDATION 126 - 172
Rectangular footing 126 - 138
Circular footing 138 - 140
Triangular footing 140 - 147
Footing Capacity Curve 147 - 161
Footing Design 162 - 167
Wall Footing Surcharge Load 167 - 169
Footing Settlement 170 - 172
APPENDIX 175 - 245
Rebar development 175 - 179
Concrete Forces 180 - 181
v
Equivalent Rectangle 192 - 194
Standard Rectangular Method Formulas 196 - 199
Manual Calculations 199 - 235
Soil Wedge 236 - 239
Footing Derivations 240 - 245


























1
CHAPTER 1


BEAM ANALYSIS


1.0 INTRODUCTION

Ultimate strength design in reinforced concrete uses the so-called
parabolic-rectangular stress block method, commonly known as
the Whitney equivalent rectangular stress block. This current
method is crude and inefficient because the equivalent rectangle
was referred to the simple parabola.

In contrast, the true parabolic stress method presented herein
utilizes the basic parabola, which closely fits the stress-strain
curves of concrete material. This parabola is defined by the value
of f
c

, the depth of compression, c

and the useable value of linear
strain, e
c

. The maximum area derived from these limiting
parameters is the measure of the ultimate strength of the concrete
section under consideration. This true parabolic stress method
permitted under ACI 318.10.2.6 facilitates the rational, realistic
and systematic calculations for the ultimate strength in reinforced
concrete as compared to the imaginary rectangular stress block
method.

Worked out examples are presented to show the application of this
method using manual calculations.

1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY

It is an established fact that the rising part of the stress/strain data
for concrete material closely approximates a parabola. Earlier
investigators decided that to apply the basic parabola to the
analysis for ultimate strength would be a cumbersome, if not a
difficult procedure since the derived property of a parabola
required for the proper manipulation is not available. Hence,
Whitney employed the so-called parabolic-rectangular stress block
method of approximation of the concrete compressive forces. The
fact that it is called parabolic-rectangular clearly indicates the
2
inability of previous investigators to operate the basic parabola in
the solution for ultimate strength of reinforced concrete members.

The true parabolic stress method presented herein also precludes
the averaging of concrete compressive stress which is assumed at
0.85 f
c
even near the neutral axis in the standard rectangular
stress block method. The true parabolic stress method gives
accurate values of the compressive stresses in the reinforcing steel
bars.

In Figure A4 of the Appendix is shown an overlay of the basic
parabola to the curve of stress/strain of concrete material. The four
basic assumptions common to the true parabolic stress method and
the standard parabolic-rectangular method are as follows:

1. The rising part of the concrete stress/strain curve is
parabolic.
2. The strain due to bending on a given section is linear
with respect to the neutral axis.
3. The useable concrete strain is limited at a point
beyond the maximum concrete stress at a strain value,
which is assumed to be 0.003 by the ACI and 0.0035
by the Canadian method.
4. The area between the parabola and the concrete
stress/strain curve is neglected.

Also, in Figure A2 of the Appendix is shown the derivation of the
property of the parabolic curve, which will be utilized in the
analysis for ultimate strength. With this property of the parabola
and the application of algebra, trigonometry, analytic geometry
and calculus, the solution for ultimate strength in reinforced
concrete becomes feasible and systematic.

1.2 DERIVATION

The analytical method in reinforced concrete is based on applying
basic mathematics on the two important assumptions in predicting
the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete section. One
assumption is the fact that the rising part of the plot of stress/strain
data for concrete material is almost parabolic or second-degree
3
curve. The other assumption is that the strain of the reinforced
concrete section due to bending is linear with respect to the neutral
axis. To express these two assumptions into an equation form was
not discovered by previous investigators and therefore resorted to
the graphical method of analysis started by Whitney. This
graphical method with the interaction formula for biaxial external
loads and finite-element method is currently what is being
employed as standard tools for predicting the ultimate strength of
reinforced concrete sections.

This paper will show how the analytical method in reinforced
concrete can be implemented, thereby eliminating the graphical
method of analysis extensively being used today. Previous
investigators failed to solve the equation of the true parabola y =
f(x) to represent the concrete compressive stress, f
c
and the
concrete compressive depth, c for concrete forces because the
property of the parabolic curve to use in the analysis was not in
print and has to be derived using analytic geometry. This property
of the parabola is the key to implement the analytical method.
Once the equation of the true parabola is known the calculation for
concrete forces in reinforced concrete section is just basic calculus.

The analytical method will be compared to the ACI rectangular
stress block method of analysis by solving the true equivalent
rectangular stress block consistent with the required equilibrium
conditions, !F = 0 and !M = 0, which is fundamental in any
structural analysis. The presentation will be limited to the
calculations for concrete forces only. The calculations for steel bar
forces is relatively easy since it is based on the linear property of
the strain diagram and only geometric proportion is involved in the
operation. Hence, it is not shown here but other works of the
author may be consulted to find out how the bar forces should be
calculated and added to the concrete forces for the ultimate
strength of the reinforced concrete section.

Derivations

From analytic geometry we get the equation of the parabola with
its axis parallel to the y- axis and opening below as

4
(x - a)
2
= - 2p (y - b) (1)
In Figure 1, when a = L/2 and b = m, equation (1) becomes

(x - L/2)
2
= - 2p (y - m) (2)

Since the curve passes through the origin (0, 0)

(0 - L/2)
2
= - 2p (0 - m) and

2p = (L/2)
2
/m (3)

Put equation (3) in equation (2) to obtain

(x - L/2)
2
= - (L/2)
2
(y - m)/m (4)

Figure 1 - Property of a Parabola

Y (L/2, m)
m
y
X
O
x L - x
L
5
Simplifying equation (4) will yield the relationship

y/x(L - x) = m/(L/2)
2
(5)

Equation (5) is the property of the parabola, which is the key to the
analytical method for the calculation of concrete forces for
ultimate strength analysis of reinforced concrete section

Figure 2 shows the schematic overlay of the parabola with the plot
of the stress/strain of concrete material from data of compressive
tests on concrete cylinders. The concrete force is the product of
concrete stress and the area of concrete section under it.

Figure 3 will be used to derive the equation of the concrete stress
in the analysis for the calculation of the concrete forces. The basic
parabola for concrete force is defined by the maximum useable
concrete strain allowed and the maximum area bounded by the
curve OMN and the X-axis. From the property of a parabola
expressed in equation (5)

y/x(2 x
m
- x) = f
c

/(x
m
)
2
or
y = f
c

x (2x
m
- x)/ (x
m
)
2
(6)
and from the strain diagram,
x
m
/ e
m
= c/ e
c
or
x
m
= c e
m
/ e
c
(7)
Substitute equation (7) in (6)

y = (e
c
f
c

/ c
2
e
m
2
) [ 2 c e
m
x - e
c
x
2
] (8)

The area under this curve is actually the concrete force on a unit
width and by calculus is given by

A =
0
c
"
( e
c
f
c

/ c
2
e
m
2
) [ 2 c e
m
x - e
c
x
2
] dx (9)
6

Figure 2 - Overlay of Basic Parabola to Concrete Stress/Strain

Integrating and evaluating limits
A = (c f
c

e
c
/ 3 e
m
2
)( 3 e
m
- e
c
) (10)
Differentiate equation (10) with respect to e
m
, equate to zero
Basic parabola closely matches
data in this region
Basic parabola diverges
in this region
Y
Neglect area
between curves
Stress/Strain curve
from concrete
cylinders
y = f(x)
f
c
Stress
f
c

e
c
c
X
O
Strain
7





Figure 3 - Basic parabola for Ultimate Strength Analysis


and solve for the value of e
m
, which will yield the maximum
area under the curve.

A = ( c f
c

e
c
/ 3) [ e
m
2
(3) - ( 3 e
m
- e
c
) ( 2 e
m
) ] / e
m
4
= 0 or

e
m
= (2/3) e
c
(11)

Equation (11) confirms that when e
c
= 0.003, the strain at the
maximum compressive stress, f
c
occurs at e
c
= 0.002 as indicated
in the ACI 318 R - 83 Commentary on Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Chapter 10. It also
Y
M
N
fc fc
X
O e
m
parabolic stress
e
c
straight-line strain
xm
neutral axis
c
8
justifies assumption one that the rising part of the concrete stress
strain curve is parabolic. From equation (7)

x
m
= (2/3) c (12)

Equation (12) indicates that the maximum compressive stress f
c

passes through the centroid of the triangular strain diagram.
Substitute equation (12) in equation (6) to obtain the equation of
the basic parabola to use in the analysis for ultimate strength in
reinforced concrete, i.e.,

y = (3 f
c

/ 4 c
2
) ( 4 c x - 3 x
2
) (13)
Equation (13) is the basic parabola to use in the analysis for the
ultimate strength of reinforced concrete. At the assumed point of
failure, N

f
c
= c( 2x
m
- c) f
c

/ (x
m
)
2
(14)
Put equation (12) in equation (14) and simplify
f
c
= 0.75 f
c

(15)
In Figure 2 using ACI value of e
c
= 0.003 and the depth of
concrete in compression denoted by c, the total compressive
force on this section per unit width is given by the area under the
curve OMN and the X - axis, i.e.,
A =
0
c
"
(3 f
c

/ 4 c
2
) ( 4 c x - 3x
2
) dx (16)
Integrating equation (16) and evaluating limits
A = 0.75 c f
c

(17)
The centroid or point of application of this force can be calculated
from the expression
9
Ax =
0
c
"
(3 f
c

/ 4 c
2
) (4 c x
2
- 3 x
3
) dx (18)
Integrating and evaluating limits
Ax = 0.4375 c
2
f
c

(19)
Therefore,

x = 0.583 c (20)
c - x = 0.417 c (21)

1.3 SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

In reinforced concrete beams, the maximum compressive force is
developed from the edge to a depth equal to c. Figure 4 shows
balanced condition of the compressive and tensile forces. The
expressions for these forces are as follows:

C = 0.75 c f
c

b (22)

T = A
s
f
y

= pbdf
y
(23)

!F = 0: C = T or

0.75 c f
c

b = pbdf
y
or

p = 0.75c f
c

/ df
y
(24)

Using linear distribution of strains with respect to the neutral axis,

c = e
c
d/(e
c
+ e
s
) (25)

When e
c
= 0.003 and f
y
is expressed in ksi equation (25) is
simplified to

10


c = 87 d/(87 + f
y
) (25a)

When e
c
= 0.003 and f is expressed in Mpa equation (25) is
simplified to
c = 600 d/(600 + f
y
) (25b)

Substitute equation (25) in equation (24) to solve for p at
balanced condition, i.e.

When e
c
= 0.003 and f
c
and f
y
are expressed in ksi

p
b
= 65 f
c

/ f
y
( 87 + f
y
) (26a)

When e
c
= 0.003 and f
c
f
y
are expressed in Mpa

p
b
= 450 f
c
/f
y
(600 + f
y
) (26b)

b
0.003 0.75f
c
0.417c fc
C
d
c
2c/3
n.
a.
As d - 0.417c M
T
fy /29000
Strain Stress
Figure 4 - Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam
11
To insure ductile failure, p
max
= 0.75 p
b
as mandated by the ACI
code. Therefore, for design use

p
max
= 49 f
c

/f
y
(87 + f
y
) (27a)

when f
c

and f
y
are expressed in ksi.

p
max
= 338 f
c
/f
y
(600 + f
y
) (27b)

For other values and units for f
c
and f
y
the reader should be able to
derive the appropriate equations to use. In the following sections
the English system of units will be employed.

Minimum Reinforcement

In Figure 4, assume plain concrete so that c = d/2 and for f
c

substitute the value of the modulus of rupture equal to 7.5 ( f
c

)
1/2
.
Hence, from equation (24)

p
min
= 0.75(d/2)(237{f
c

}
1/2
)/1000f
y
or

p
min
= 0.09{f
c

}
1/2


/f
y
(28)

Moment Capacity

Summing moments about the compressive force, C

M = A
s
f
y
(d-0.417c) = pbdf
y
(d-0.417c) (29)

Substitute equation (23), (24) and (27) in equation (29) to obtain

M = Kbd
2
(30)
in which,

K = 49(51 + f
y
) f
c

/(87 + f
y
)
2
(31)

Example Problem 1: Design a rectangular beam to resist a
bending moment of 3500 in-kips, using f
c

= 5 ksi and f
y

= 60 ksi.

12
Solution: Step 1: From equation (31),

K = 49(51 + 60)(5)/(87 + 60)
2
= 1.258

Step 2: From equation (30),

bd
2
= M/K = 3500/1.258 = 2782

Assume b = 10

. Therefore,

d = 2782 10 / = 16.68

Assume concrete cover to center of bars is 2.50 . Then,

T = 16.68 + 2.50 = 19.18 say T = 20

Step 3: From equation (29) with d = 20-2.50 =17.58

A
s
= 3500/60{17.50-0.417(87)(17.50)/(87 + 60)} = 4.43 sq. in.

Use 8 - # 7 bars in two layers (A
s
= 4.81 sq. in.)

Step 4: Check A
s

limitations.

From equation (28), p
min
= 0.09 5 / 60 = 0.0034

A
s min
= 0.0034(10)(17.50) = 0.58 sq. in. < 4.81 sq. in. OK

From equation (27), p
max
= 5(49)/60(87 + 60) = 0.0283

A
s max
= 0.0283(10)(17.50) = 4.96 sq. in. > 4.81 sq. in. OK

Step 5: Check spacing of rebars and revise thickness, if
necessary. In this case, T = 17.50 + 3.50 to comply with the
ACI requirement for spacing of rebars. Hence, use T = 21
inches.

Example Problem 2: Determine the ultimate strength capacity of
the beam designed in Example 1.
13
Solution: Step 1: Determine the maximum concrete force given A
s

= 4.81 sq. in., f
y
= 60 ksi, f
c
= 5 ksi and d = 21 - 3.50 = 17.50 in.

c = 17.50 (87/140) = 10.36

Maximum concrete force = 0.75(10.36)(5)(10) = 389 kips

Step 2: Determine the rebar force

Maximum A
s
to develop this = 389/60 = 6.47 sq. in.

Available rebar force = 4.81 (60) = 289 kips. The corresponding
depth of compressive concrete section to balance this force is
given by

0.75 c (5)(10) = 289 or c = 289/37.5 = 7.70

Step 3: Determine the resisting moment of the beam section

M
c
= concrete moment at centerline = 289(10.50 - 0.417x7.70)
= 2104 kips and

Ms = rebar moment at centerline = 289(10.50 - 3.50) = 2020
kips

M = M
c
+ M
s
= 2104 + 2020 = 4124 kips > 3500 kips OK
Note: The ACI requirement to use 75% of maximum concrete
force in the design of tension rebars will also allow the
compressive reinforcement in a beam section to have a strain
within the yield strength of the steel reinforcement. This can be
observed from the strain diagram as the value of c is reduced
from 10.36 to 7.70 and tensile rebar strain maintained at
f
y
/29000.

1.4 DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

In Figure 5,

C
1
= A
s
fy (32)

14
C
2
= 0.75c f
c

b (33)

T = A
s
f
y
(34)

From the strain diagram,

e
s
= e
c
(c-d)/c (35)

From the property of the parabola,

f
c
= (c-d){(c/3) + d} f
c

/(2c/3)
2
(36)

When e
c
= 0.003 and e
s
= f
y
/29000

f
y
= (0.003/c){(c-d)(29000)} - f
c
(37)

Put equation (36) in equation (37) and simplify

f
y
= (1/c
2
){(87-0.75 f
c

)c
2
- (87d + 1.50df
c

)c +

2.25d
2
f
c

f
y
max (38)

Put equation (38) in equation (32) to obtain

C
1
= (A
s
/c
2
){(87-0.75f
c

)c
2
- (87d + 1.50df
c

)c + 2.25d
2
f
c

} (39)

!F = 0: C
1
+ C
2
= T (40)

Put equation (33), (34) and (39) in equation (40) and simplify

c
3
- (1.33c
2
/bf
c

){A
s
f
y
- A
s
(87-0.75f
c

)} -

(1.33cA
s
/bf
c

)(87d + 1.50d f
c

) + 3d
2
A
s
/b (41)

This is a cubical equation in the variable c which can be solved
as follows:

Let P = -(1.33/bf
c
){A
s
f
y
- A
s
(87-0.75f
c
)} (42)

15


Q = - (1.33A
s
/bf
c
)(87d + 1.50d f
c
) (43)

R = 3d
2
As/b (44)

Equation (41) is then written as

c
3
+ Pc
2
+ Qc + R = 0 (45)

Transform equation (45) to

x
3
+ ax + b = 0 (46)

by setting c = x - P/3 (47)

and a = (3Q - P
2
)/3 (48)

b = (2P
3
- 9PQ + 27R)/27 (49)

Solution to equation (46) is given by

x = A + B (50)

in which,
b
f
c
c
0.003
d
0.75f
c f
c
e
s
A
s c - d C
2
2c/3
d d - d
n.
a.
A
s
d - 0.417c M
f
y
/29000
T
Strain Stress
Figure 4 - Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beam
16
A =
3
(-b/2) + (b
2
/4) + (a
3
/27) (51)

B =
3
(-b/2) - (b
2
/4) + (a
3
/27) (52)

Use above formulas when (b
2
/4) + (a
3
/27) > 0

When (b
2
/4) + (a
3
/27) < 0, use the following trigonometric
formulas:

cos(3) = (3b)/2a ( / ) a 3 (53)

x = 2 ( / ) a 3 . cos (54)

Moment Capacity: !M = 0

M = C
1
(d-d) + C
2
(d-0.417c) (55)


Example Problem 3: Determine the moment capacity of the beam
in Example 1 if it is provided with
4-#7 bars as compression reinforcement with d = 2.00 and A
s
=
7.22 sq. inches.

Solution: Step 1: Calculate values of P, Q, and R from equation
(42), (43) and (44) with A
s
= 7.22 sq. in. and A
s
= 2.41 sq. in.

P = (-1.33/10x5){7.22(60) - 2.41(87-0.75x5)} = - 6.19

Q = (-1.33x2.41/10x5){87x2 + 1.50x2x5} = - 12.12

R = 3(2)
2
(2.41)/10 = 2.89

Step 2: Calculate values of a and b using eq. (48) and (49).
a = {3(-12.12) - (- 6.19)
2
}/3 = - 24.89

b = {2(- 6.19)
3
- 9(- 6.19)(-12.12) + 27(2.89)}/27 = - 39.69

17
Step 3: (b
2
/4) + (a
3
/27) = 393.75 - 571.10 < 0. Use equation (53)
and (54) to obtain

cos(3) = 3(- 39.69)/2(- 24.89) (24.89/3)
1/2
= 0.83042

3 = 33.86

= 11.29

cos = 0.98066

x = 2 (24.89/3)
1/2
(0.98066) = 5.65

Step 4: Determine the location of the neutral axis. From eq.(47)

c = 5.65 + 6.19/3 = 7.71

Step 5: Calculate the compressive forces, C
1
and C
2
.

C
1
= {(87-0.75x5)(7.71)
2
- (87x2 + 1.50x2x5)(7.71) +

2.25(2)
2
x5}{2.41/(7.71)
2
}

f
y
= 59.49 < 60 OK

C
1

= 144 kips

C
2
= 0.75(7.71)(5)(10) = 289 kips

T = 7.71 x 60 = 433 kips

Step 6: Solve for the moment capacity using equation (55)

M = 144 (17.50 - 2.00) + 289 (17.50 - 0.417x7.71)

= 6360 in-kips



18
1.5 T-BEAM ANALYSIS

Case 1: When c t use beam formulas

Case 2: When c > t, i.e., d > [(87 + f
y
/87]t, the following analysis
is applicable.

In Figure 6, concrete forces are determined as follows:

C
F
= [0.75f
c
/c
2
]
c t
c

"
[4cx - 3x
2
] dx

C
F
= [0.75f
c
/c
2
][ct
2
+ c
2
t - t
3
] (56)

C
F
x
F
= [0.75f
c
b
F
/c
2
]
c t
c

"
[4cx
2
- 3x
3
]dx

C
F
x
F
= [0.75f
c
b
F
/12c
2
][12c
3
t + 6c
2
t
2
- 20ct
3
+ 9t
4
] (57)
C
W
= [0.75f
c
b
W
/c
2
]
c t
c

"
[4cx - 3x
2
] dx

C
W
= [0.75f
c
b
W
/c
2
][c
3
- c
2
t - ct
2
+ t
3
] (58)

C
W
x
W
= [0.75f
c
b
w
/ c
2
]
"
t c
0
[4cx
2
- 3x
3
] dx

C
W
x
W
= [0.75f
c
b
W
/12c
2
][7c
4
- 12c
3
t - 6c
2
t
2
+ 20ct
3
- 9t
4
] (59)

Bar Forces, T = A
s
f
y
and concrete forces, C
F
& C
W
must satisfy
equilibrium conditions, i.e., !F = 0 and !M = 0.

!F = 0: T = C
F
+ C
W
(60)

A
s
= [0.75f
c
/c
2
f
y
][(b
F
- b
W
)(ct
2
+ c
2
t - t
3
) + b
W
c
3
] (61)

!M = 0: M = T(d - c) + C
F
x
F
+ C
W
x
W
(62)

M = A
s
f
y
(d - c) + [0.75f
c
/12c
2
][(b
F
- b
W
)(12c
3
t + 6c
2
t
2
- 20ct
3
+