ABSTRACT Brief History of MP based relays Different technologies have been used in past to implement protection functions that

properly detect disturbances in power system & initiate the disconnection of faulted section. Originally, electromechanical relays were used to protect power systems. Most relays used either electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction principal for their operation. Plunger type relays formed instantaneous units for detecting over current or over voltage conditions. Balanced beam relays provided differential relays. Electromagnetic induction cup principal used for directional & distance protection relays. wo unit induction types provide directional relays & three unit inductions provide distance relays. !hen solid state technology was introduced, amplitude & phase comparison were implemented using discrete components including vacuum tubes. "n #$%&'s early, advantages in integration of electronics circuits made this technology suitable for use this relays. he advantage of this relay was no moving parts were needed for performing their intended functions. he operating speed of this relay was also faster than the speed of electromechanical relay and their reset time is lesser than electromechanical relay. "n addition to these benefits, the solid state relay could be set more precisely and needed less maintenance. he attempts & the advantages in the very large scale integrated technology and software techni(ues in the #$)&'s led to development of MP based relays that were first offered as commercial devices in #$)$'s.

Benefits of MP based relays !hile basic protection functions remaining unchanged through the evolution of MP based, the adoption of this technology has provided many benefits compare to previous technologies. he benefits are discussed in this section. Multiple functions: MP based relays provided many functions that were not available in electromechanical or solid states relays. he feature includes multiple settings groups, programmable logics, adaptive logics, self monitoring, self testing, event logging & recording, oscillography etc. so, these features ma*e relays as powerful tools for diagnostics of faults and it helps to improve application settings. Cost: +ost of multi functions MP based is lower compared to the cost of electromechanical & solid state relays being used for individual function. he cost reduction is due to lower cost of electronics components, production e(uipment, and production techni(ues Custom logic schemes: , ma-or advantage of MP based relays that was not available in previous technologies is the ability to allow user to develop their own or custom logic schemes, including dynamic changes in their logics. Panel Space: he si.es of MP based relays are smaller or compact compared to electromechanical relays which is re(uired significantly less panel space or cubical si.e and also reduces cubical cost. Burden on instrument transformer: MP based relays place significantly less burden on instrument transformers than the burden placed by relays of previous technologies.

Sequence of e ents ! oscillography: Event logging, recording & oscillography features are e/cellent tool of MP based relays to analy.e performance of relays on actual fault conditions. 0umerical relays are the result of the application of microprocessor technology in relay industry. 0umerical relays have the ability to communicate with its peers, are economical and are easy to operate, ad-ust and repair. Modeling of digital and numerical relays is important to ad-ust and settle protection e(uipment in electrical facilities and to train protection personnel. Designing of numerical relays is employed to produce new prototypes and protection algorithms. +omputer models of numerical relays for the study of protection systems are greatly enhanced when wor*ing along with an electromagnetic transient program 1EM P2. , literature survey has revealed that previous modeling techni(ues presented a lac* of automation in the generation of relay models, or show high comple/ity in lin*ing the numerical relay models with the power system modeled in the EM P. , number of protection system studies were performed with the structure created with the proposed methodology. ,d-ustment of distance and differential relays were studied. 3elay performance under + saturation and the effects of the removal of anti4aliasing analog filter were investigated. 5ocal and remote bac*up distance protection of transmission lines was simulated. ,dditionally, a set of tests were performed to investigate the consistency of the relay models generated with the proposed methodology. he results showed that the numerical relay models respond satisfactorily according with the e/pected results of the tests. Transmission "ine Protection: ransmission 5ine is heart of electric power system. "t is design to transfer large amount of power 1Bul* power2 from one location to another. he length e/posed to environment is a ma-or reason for occurrence of faults on lines. "t is re(uire securing under faults conditions. he performance of 5 line is depends on performance of Protection relays under various disturbances. , fault on high voltage 5 lines affects the stability of the

over all power system, which sometimes led to permanent damage of the e(uipment. he relays are developed & installed to protect 5 lines. Distance relays play an important role for reliability of ransmission line under such *ind of circumstances. he thesis discusses about the faults, Protection of ransmission line relaying & various techni(ues.