Stresses in a Plane Mohrs Circle

MET 210W E. Evans Some parts experience normal stresses in two directions. directions These types of problems are called Plane Stress or Biaxial Stress

Cross Section thru Body

z

Tangent and normal to the surface

Force Fy zy Force Fx zx Force Fz z

Convenient coordinate system
x

Make two more cuts in the original body, each perpendicular to the others.

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

General State of Stress

Cubic volume element Characterized by three components on each face Changes Ch with ith a different coord. system
Rotating the element in any direction changes the state of stress.

General State of Stress & Strain

y yz yx x z y Positive orientations shown zy zx xz xy x
x = + x y z E E E x y z y = + E E E x y z z = + E E E

= strain = Poissons Ratio

Finding Maximum Stress

There are three maximum stresses to be found:
The maximum normal stress, = P/A Mc/I The orientation of maximum stress Mohrs Circle Time Ti dependent d d t maximum i stress t endurance d strength

Purpose of Mohrs Circle

Visual tool used to determine the stresses that exist at a given point in relation to the angle of orientation of the stress element. There are 4 possible variations in Mohrs Circle depending on the positive directions are defined.

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

Sample Problem
y

Mohrs Circle
y = -2 ksi x = 6 ksi 2 xy = 3 ksi

(CW) x-axis (6 ksi, k i 3 ksi) k i) 6 3 Center of Mohrs Circle (-2 ksi, -3 ksi)

A particular point on the part

x y = -2 ksi

Some Part
x = 6 ksi xy = 3 ksi

3 y-axis

x & y orientation

Mohrs Circle
y = -2 ksi x = 6 ksi xy = 3 ksi 2 (-2 ksi, -3ksi) y-face

(CW)

(avg, max) x-face (6 ksi, 3ksi)

Mohrs Circle
y = -2 ksi x = 6 ksi

(CW)

(avg, max) (2 ksi, 5 ksi) x-face (6 ksi, 3ksi) R 3 ksi 1

xy = 3 ksi 2
R = (3 ksi k i) 2 + ( 4 ksi k i) 2 = 5 ksi R = max

avg = 2 ksi

4 ksi

avg =

x + y 2

y-face (avg, min) (2 ksi, -5 ksi)

= 2 ksi

(avg, min)

1 = avg + R = 7 ksi 2 = avg R = 2 ksi

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

Mohrs Circle
y = -2 ksi x = 6 ksi xy = 3 ksi 2

(CW)

(avg, max) (2 ksi, 5 ksi) x-face (6 ksi, 3ksi) 2 4 ksi 3 ksi 1

Principle Stress
2 = -3 ksi = 18.435 1 = 7 ksi Principle Stress Element 2

(CW)

(avg, max) (2 ksi, 5 ksi) x-face (6 ksi, 3ksi) 2 4 ksi 3 ksi 1

3 ksi s 2 = Tan T 4 ksi 2 = 36.869 y-face = 18.435

1

(avg, min) (2 ksi, -5 ksi)

Rotation on element is half of the rotation from the circle in same direction from x-axis

(avg, min) (2 ksi, -5 ksi)

Shear Stress
avg = 2 ksi = 26.565 max = 5 ksi avg = 2 ksi Maximum Shear Stress Element 2

(CW)

(avg, max) (2 ksi, 5 ksi) x-face 2 2 4 ksi (6 ksi, 3ksi) 3 ksi 1

Relationship Between Elements

avg = 2 ksi y = -2 ksi x = 6 ksi = 26.565 = 18.435 xy = 3 k ksi i max = 5 ksi avg = 2 ksi 2 = -3 ksi

2 = 90 2 2 = 90 36.869 2 = 53.130 = 26.565

y-face (avg, min) (2 ksi, -5 ksi)

+ = 18.435 + 26.565 = 45

1 = 7 ksi

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

Whats the stress at angle of 15 CCW from the x-axis?

y

Rotation on Mohrs Circle

(CW)

(avg, max) (U, U) f x-face 30

A particular i l point i on the part

x V = ? ksi 2 U x y-face 15 on part and element is 30 on Mohrs Circle (V, V)

Some Part

avg = 2 ksi

= ? ksi 15 = ? ksi

U & V new axes @ 15 from x-axis

(avg, min)

Rotation on Mohrs Circle

U = avg + R*cos(66.869) U = 3.96 ksi 2 ( ) V = avg R*cos(66.869) V = 0.036 ksi UV = R*sin(66.869) UV = 4.60 ksi y-face (V, V)

(CW)

(avg, max) (U, U) x-face f R

Whats the stress at angle of 15 CCW from the x-axis?

y

66.869 avg = 2 ksi 1

A particular point on the part

x V V = .036 ksi U = 3.96 ksi U 15 x = 4.60 ksi

Some Part

(avg, min)

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

Special Case Both Principle Stresses Have the Same Sign

Y

Questions?
Z

x =

pD 2t

Cylindrical Pressure Vessel

y =

pD 4t

y x

Mohrs Circle
(CW)

Mohrs Circle
(CW) x max = xz

z = 0 x

x y 2
z

y This isnt the whole story however

z = 0 since it is perpendicular to the free face of the element. z = 3 and x = 1

max = 1 3 2

Mohrs Circle for X-Y Planes

x = 1 and y = 2

Mohrs Circle for X-Z Planes

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

y x

Mohrs Circle
(CW) max = xz

Pure Uniaxial Tension

y = 0 x = P/A 2 = 0

max =

x 2

3 z = 0 since it is perpendicular to the free face of the element.

1= x

1 > 2 > 3

Ductile Materials Tend to Fail in SHEAR

Note when x = Sy, Sys = Sy/2

Pure Uniaxial Compression

T

Pure Torsion
max = xy

y = 0 x = P/A

max =

x 2

2= x

1 = 0

xy =

Tc J

2 = -xy

1 = xy

1 CHALK

Brittle materials tend to fail in TENSION.

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

Uniaxial Tension & Torsional Shear Stresses

Rotating shaft with axial load. load Basis for design of shafts.
x = P/A xy = Tc/J
2

Equivalent Torque
Special case of body subjected to BENDING and TORSION. TORSION Point on top of bar is in shear and in tension.
x = M/S xy = T/Zp T Fixed F M = Bending Moment S = Section Modulus T = Torque Zp = Polar Section Modulus

max = R (x, xy)

2 = x/2-R (0, yx)

x/2

1 = x/2+R

R = x + 2 xy = max 2

Equivalent Torque
R= x + 2 xy 2 T M + 2S Z p
2 2 2

Example
Strain Gage Torque on nut is 10000 in-lbs We want to apply a strain gage to the bolt to measure the maximum strain. Determine the proper orientation and predict the strain to be measured.

max = R ( x, xy) (

2 = x/2-R (0, yx)

x/2

1 = x/2+R 1- 8 Bolt

max = max =

T M2 + T 2 = e Zp Zp

Te = M2 + T 2
Strain gages only measure normal strain, NOT shear strain!

For round bars, Zp = 2S, Te = Equivalent Torque

MET 210W Mohrs Circle

Axial Force in Bolt

The axial force in the bolt can be found using Eqn. 18-3: T=K K*D*P D P where T = torque in in-lbs D = nominal outside diameter of threads, in. P = Clamping load, lbs p g on the lubrication present p K = constant depending K = .15 for average commercial applications with any lubrication present at all. K = .20 for well cleaned and dried threads. Values of K are approximate & should be verified (Pg 719) (Pg.

MET 210W Mohrs Circle