Hwa Chong Institution (High School) Secondary Two LSS Chemistry Acids, Bases and Salts I

The Characteristic Pro erties o! Acids and Bases At the end of the lesson, students should know how to: (a) name some common mineral/inorganic acids eg. hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and carbonic acid (b) name some organic acids eg. citric, malic, lactic, tartaric, tannic and ethanoic acids (c) state some uses of common acids eg. hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric, citric and ethanoic acid (d) describe the importance of water for acidity, ie water causes acid molecules to ionise and form hydrogen ions. (e) define acid as a substance that produces hydrogen ions as the only positive ions in water (f) describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of extent of ionisation of acid in water (g) state the physical and chemical properties of acids (h) define a base as a metal oxide/metal hydroxide (i) describe an alkali as a soluble metal hydroxide (j) name some common alkalis (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia) (k) state the uses of common alkalis or bases (l) state the physical and chemical properties of alkalis (m) identify sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide as strong alkalis and aqueous ammonia as weak alkali (n) classify oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric or neutral ( !", #", $")

H and Indicators At the end of the lesson, students should know how to: (a) state the colour changes of common indicators eg litmus paper, methyl orange, phenolphthalein and universal indicator) (b) state that indicators are substances that change colour when an acidic or alkaline solution is added to them (c) investigate the use of %niversal &ndicator and p scale to test for concentration of hydrogen ions and hence relative acidity

"#

Acid

$%am les o! acids and their uses '. Inorganic acids ( ) compound composed of hydrogen and a non(metallic element or group of atoms. *xamples are hydrochloric acid, #l, sulphuric acid, acid, !#"-.
!

+",, and carbonic

$ame ydrochloric acid, #l $itric acid, $"-

%ses &n manufacture of &leach. found in the stomach where it digests proteins /anufacture of nitrate'containing explosives such as nitroglycerin, trinitrotoluene (0$0) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (123), as well as fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate. &n manufacture of detergents, paints, dyes, artificial fibres and plastics. )lso used in &atteries for road vehicles such as cars and buses. 4i55y or car&onated drinks any various acids containing one or more carbon 6 containing polyatomic groups.

+ulphuric acid,

!+",

#arbonic acid, !.

#"-

(rganic acids (

*xamples are ethanoic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid etc. $ame #itric acid #7
8

4ound in Citrus !ruits. *.g oranges, lemon, lime

%ses flavouring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks

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buffering properties of citrates are used to control pH in household cleaners and

/alic acid #,
7

le

pharmaceuticals /alic acid may be helpful to individuals suffering from chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia. +ome athletes consume malic acid hoping that it will increase the delivery of oxygen to muscle cells, thereby improving stamina and endurance. /alic acid is also used to acidi!y &e)erages such as wines, acid drinks, fruit juice, soda water and various soft drinks. &t is also frequently used in cosmetic formulations to adjust the p of the product. ;actic acid is used as a moisturi5er, in some cosmetics and as a mordant, a chemical that helps fabrics accept 2

":

;actic acid #7

"-

Sour mil* yoghurt

and

dyes, in textiles. &t is also used in making pickles and sauerkraut, foods for which a sour taste is desired. ;actic acid is used in the dairy industry not only in ma*ing yoghurt but in ma*ing cheese as well. &t is also used in tanning leather. 0artaric acid #,
7

+ra es, tartar

0artaric acid is found in cream of tartar, which is used in cooking candies and frostings for cakes. 0artaric acid is also found in baking powder, where it serves as the source of acid that reacts with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). 0his reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, and lets products <rise,< but does so without any <yeasty< taste, that can result from using active yeast cultures as a source of the carbon dioxide gas.

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0annic acid #97

:!

Tea

%se as a powerful astringent

Whats that?

",7 ,inegar, tomato juice

Dare to draw that??

*thanoic acid #
-

%sed as a chemical reagent for the production of many chemical compounds major esters of acetic acid are commonly used solvents for inks, paints and coatings &n the form of vinegar, ethanoic acid are used directly as a condiment, and also in the pickling of vegetables and other foodstuffs 2ilute solutions of acetic acids are used for their mild acidity. Examples in the household environment include the use in a stop bath during the development

#""

of photographic films, and in descaling agents to remove limescale from taps and kettles. The acidity is also used for treating the sting of the box jellyfish by disabling the stinging cells of the jellyfish, preventing serious injury or death if applied immediately, and for treating outer ear
What are esters? How are they produced? What are esters used for? Can you find them occurring naturally?

infections in people in preparations such as Vosol. Equivalently, acetic acid is used as a spray-on preservative for livestock silage, to discourage bacterial and fungal gro th.

Im ortance o! -ater !or Acids )cids will only show their acidic properties in the presence of water. 0he acid molecules dissociate into hydrogen ions ( presence of water.
=

) and anions in the

&t is the positive hydrogen ions that are responsible for acidic properties.

.e!inition o! acids )n acid is a su&stance that produces hydrogen ions as the only positive ions in a/ueous solution (water). HA 0 H1( H2(0 0 A' Examples: Hydrochloric acid: HCl (aq) H (aq) Cl! (aq) "itric acid: H"#$ (aq) H (aq) "#$! (aq) %thanoic acid: CH$C##H (aq) H (aq) CH$C##! (aq)
What are those little (aq)? What other such notations are there in chemical equations? Why do these chemical equations have charges on their chemical formulae?

Strength o! Acids +trong acids> All its molecules com letely dissociate to become ions in the presence of water. '??@ of the molecules of strong acids ioni5e completely. 4

%&ample : '((( HCl molecules in the presence of e&cess water would all ioni)e to form '((( H ions and at the same time releases '((( Cl ! ions* HCl H+# H$# Cl!

Aeak acids> Some o! the molecules dissociate to form ions in the presence of water. 0he rest remains as molecules. /olecules of weak acid dissociate partially.

*xample > # -#"" molecules in the presence of excess water would have few = ions formed. Ae say that the reactants and products eventually reach chemical equilibrium. #
-

#""

"

"= = #

#""(

What on earth is H !"? #snt it H" in solution? Why is the ionic equation written with H !"?

Chemical Pro erties o! .ilute Acid Aord equations are )ital to answering many chemistry questions. '. 2ilute acids react with metals to produce a salt and hydrogen gas. Acid 0 3etal Salt 0 Hydrogen %*g* +"a (s) +HCl (aq) +"aCl (aq) H+ (g) ,g (s) H+-#. (aq) ,g-#. (aq) H+ (g) 1eactivity +eries> B, $a, #a, /g, )l, Cn, 4e, Db, ( ), #u, g, )g, )u /ost reactive ;east 1eactive /etals that are less reacti)e than hydrogen will not be able to produce any hydrogen from the acid 6 no reaction occurs. !. )cid reacts with carbonate/bicarbonate to form salt, water and carbon dioxide. Acid 0 Car&onate4&icar&onate Salt 0 -ater 0 Car&on dio%ide %*g* ,gC#$ (s) CuC#$ (s) H+-#. (aq) ,g-#. (aq) H+# (l) C#+ (g) +HCl (aq) CuCl+ (aq) H+# (l) C#+ (g)

-.

)cid reacts with base to form salt and water in a process called neutralisation. 5

)cid = Ease +alt = Aater %*g* HCl (aq) "a#H (aq) "aCl (aq) H+# (l) ,g# (s) H+-#. (aq) ,g-#. (aq) H+# (l) ,. 0he &asicity of an acid is the num&er o! hydrogen ions one molecule o! acid ionises in water. %*g* HCl / monobasic (basicity / ') H+-#. / dibasic (basicity / +) H$0#. / tribasic (basicity / $) #l = = #l( = = +",!( !+", ! = = D",-( -D", roduced when

:.

)queous acids are able to conduct electricity due to the resence o! mo&ile ions. 0hus they are called electrolytes (solutions that conduct electricity). 0he higher the concentration o! mo&ile ions, the higher the electrical conducti)ity of the aqueous acid. 0herefore, strong acids form better electrolytes than weak acids, in the presence of water.

7.

)cids only show their acidic properties in the resence o! water. 0he acid molecules dissociate into hydrogen ions and anions , in the presence of water. 0he positive hydrogen ions are res onsi&le !or the acidic ro erties. Aithout water, there will be no free mobile hydrogen ions, and there are then no acidic properties. 1see the section on 23mportance of water for acids4
Can pure water conduct electricity?

Physical Pro erties o! .ilute Acids '. !. -. Sour taste A/ueous acid conduct electricity due to the abundance of free hydrogen ions and anions when the acid molecules ioni5e in water. Acid molecules in other sol)ent do not conduct electricity# *xample > #l molecules in methylben5ene, an organic solvent, which does not allow #l molecules to ioni5e. 0hey exist as molecules and thus do not conduct electricity.

Why are organic solvents una$le to cause acid molecule ionisation% $ut water is a$le to?

1# Base and Al*ali

) base is a substance that reacts with acids to !orm salt and water only. 6

)n alkali is a base that is dissolved in water and reacts with acid to form a salt and water. Al*ali is a solu&le &ase. 0hus not all bases are alkalis but all alkalis are bases. A solu&le &ase dissol)es in water to !orm an al*ali, its molecules dissociating in the resence o! water to !orm hydro%ide ((H ') ions# Basic o%ide is an oxide that reacts with acid to form a salt and water. &f it dissolves in water it would form an alkali. )ll &asic o%ides are o%ides o! metal. Basic hydro%ide is a hydroxide that reacts with acid to form a salt and water. &f it dissolves in water it would form an alkali. )ll &asic hydro%ides are hydro%ides o! metal# +ome examples of bases> Basic (%ides $a!" 4e!"#u" 4e" Ea" (water(soluble) Base Al*ali4Solu&le Insolu&le hydro%ides hydro%ides $a" 4e(" )! B" #u(" )! ;i" /g(" )! $ Ea(" )! #a(" )! (partially soluble)

%ses of common alkalis Al*alis +odium hydroxide, $a" Dotassium hydroxide, B" #alcium hydroxide, #a(" )! )queous ammonia, $
-

5ses +oap making, paper making, drain cleaning agent for clearing clogged drains #orrection of the p of acidic soils, as a fungicide , as a herbicide &n sewage treatment, used in mortar and plaster &ot mortar and pestle?? Droduction of nitric acid, fertili5er, disinfectant, used in liquids to remove grease and dirt from glass.

Ty es o! (%ides "# 1# . 2# 6eutral o%ide > carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, water etc. 7 Acidic o%ide > carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide etc. Basic o%ide > calcium oxide, iron(&&&) oxide, magnesium oxide etc

7#

Am hoteric o%ide > 5inc oxide, aluminium oxide, lead(&&) oxide, lead(&F) oxide

Acidic oxide )n acidic oxide is a non'metallic o%ide that neutralises a &ase to form salt and water only. &t reacts with water slightly to form an acid solution# $eutrali5ation> 1eaction with water> #"! = +"! = Basic oxide ) basic oxide is a metallic o%ide that neutralises an acid to form salt and water only. &f it is soluble in water, it forms an al*ali. $eutrali5ation > 1eaction with water> $a!" = #a" = Neutral oxide $eutral oxides are non'metallic o%ides that show neither acidic nor &asic properties. 0hey are insolu&le in water and do not react with water. *.g.
!

#"! (g) = !B" " !"

!

(aq)

B!#"- (aq) =

" (l)

#"!+"!

/g" (s) =

+", (aq) /g+", (aq) =

" (l)

" !$a" !" #a(" )!

!

", #", $"

Amphoteric oxide )mphoteric oxides are metallic o%ides that react with &oth acid and &ase to form salt and water. 0hey have &oth acidic and &asic ro erty. *.g. Cn", )l!"-, Db", Db"! 1eaction with acid> Cn" (s) = ! #l (aq) Cn#l! (aq) = 1eaction with alkali> Cn" (s) = !$a" Strength o! Al*ali 8
(aq) !

" (l) " (l)

$a!Cn"! (aq) =

+trong alkali ioni5es or com letely dissociates in water to produce " ( ions in the resence o! water. 0he ionic lattice structure of the hydroxides breaks down to allow free ions to be formed. *xample > $a" (s) $a= (aq) = "
(

(aq)

Aeak alkali artially ioni8es or dissociates to produce " presence of water. *xample >

ions in the

)queous ammonia is a weak alkali. &n an aqueous solution of ammonia, it contains ammonia molecules, water molecules, ammonium cations and hydroxide anions. )mmonium and hydroxide ions are formed in solution but ammonium hydroxide is not an isolatable compound per se. +ince it is a weak alkali, there would be more ammonia and water molecules as compared to ammonium and hydroxide ions. $ - = !" $ ,= = " (

What is the chemical $ehaviour of $ase molecules in water (eg' &H $ecomes &H(")? )mmonia molecules dont e*actly dissociate in water + how then is it a $ase?

Chemical Pro erties o! Base '. Ease/alkali reacts with acid to form salt and water in a process called neutralisation. Ease/)lkali = )cid (G +alt = Aater *xamples> #l (aq) = $a" (aq) $a#l (aq) = !" (l) /g" (s) = !+", (aq) /g+", (aq) = !" (l) !. )lkali reacts with ammonium salts to form salt, ammonia gas and water. )lkali = )mmonium salt (G +alt = )mmonia gas = water *xample> ($ ,)!+", (aq) = !$a"

(aq)

$a!+", (aq) = !$

- (g)

=!

" (l)

)ll ammonium salts would under gentle warming release ammonia gas in the presence of a base. )mmonia formed dissolves readily in water. eating allows ammonia to be evolved as a gas. 0his is a chemical test that can be used to confirm the presence of alkali or ammonium salt. Eases, like acids, are also able to dissociate in water to form mobile ions, which conduct electricity. +uch solutions containing dissociated base or acid 9

are called electrolytes. 0he higher the concentration of mobile ions, the higher the electrical conductivity of the alkali. Physical Pro erties o! Al*ali '. !. Bitter taste and Soa y feel
Why does al,ali feel soapy on touch with our oily fingers?

A/ueous al*ali conducts electricity due to its abundance of free " and cations when the base dissolves in water.

anions

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H and Indicator
p of a solution is a measurement o! the concentration o! hydrogen ions in the solution. 0he higher the concentration o! hydrogen ions, the lower the H )alue# H 9 ' log :H0; +o if concentration of

is ?.?:?? mol/dm-, then p ?I!

H ( log ?.?:?? H '.-?

+trong acid> p
acid a strong

How can we call hydrochloric acid when -'-.-- mol/dm is diluted to half its concentration? How is !H0 concentration measured? When is 1H"2 3 1!H02?

Aeak acid> p ,I7 $eutral> p 9 Aeak alkali> p 8I'? +trong alkali> p '!I', H Indicators

&ndicators are substances that change colour in the presence of acid or alkali. #ommon p indicators are litmus a er, methyl orange, henol hthalein and uni)ersal indicator . /ost of these indicators are organic compounds. $ote that phenolphthalein is rather insoluble in water and, when added in large amounts, may result in white precipitate being formed. Indicator ;itmus paper /ethyl orange Dhenolphthalein Acid colour red red colourless H range o! colour transition -.' 6 ,., 8.! 6 '?.? Al*aline colour blue yellow pink

%niversal indicator +imple indicators, such as litmus, tell whether a solution is an acid or an alkali. owever, other indicators not only indicate an acid or alkali, but also how acidic or alkaline a solution is. p is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. 10

1ed

Dink

"range Kellow Lreen 0urquoise

Elue

Durple

'

!
)cids

'?

''

'!

' -

',

Neutral neither acidic nor alkaline

)lkalis

More acidic

More alkaline

) p of a solution is shown as a number on a scale ranging from ? to ',. 0his p scale has the following features> ) p of 9 is neutral. 0his is the p of pure water.
4his is not true most of the time' 5ind out the specific conditions where it is true that water has a pH of 6 when totally pure'

) solution with p less than 9 is acidic. 0he solution contains hydrogen ions. 0he smaller the p , the more acidic the solution is and the more hydrogen ions it contains. ) solution with p of ! has more hydrogen ions than a solution with a p of :. How much more? ) solution with p greater than 9 is alkaline. 0he solution contains hydroxide ions. 0he larger the p value, the more alkaline the solution is and the more hydroxide ions it contains. ) solution with p of '! has more hydroxide ions than a solution with a p of J.

<estoration o! H Ahen there is an acid spillage or p by various basic substances> of soil becomes acidic, the p can be restored

Chemical Ionic $/uations su&stance = )lkali, such as = " ( !" sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide #alcium ! = = #a(" )! hydroxides #a!= = !" (partially insoluble)

Ad)antage4.isad)antage 2isadvantage> &f added in excess, alkali causes H to go a&o)e =. %nder too alkaline environment, aquatic life and crop growth can be affected. 2isadvantage> &f added in excess, calcium hydroxide can dissolve in water/rain water and spread out throughout the environment, causing the H to go a&o)e =. %nder an alkaline environment, aquatic life and crop growth can be affected. )mmonium salt is added to plants to provide them with

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#alcium carbonate

! =

= #a#"- #a!= !" = #"!

nitrogen that is needed for plant growth. )ddition of calcium hydroxide would result in direct chemical reaction with ammonium salt causing the release of ammonia to the environment. #a(" )! = !$ ,= !$ - = #a!= = ! !" 1elease of ammonia would mean the loss of nitrogen that the farmer added as fertili5er needed for plant growth. )dvantage> &f added in excess, calcium carbonate would not dissolve in the water and thus would not cause the H o! the en)ironment to go a&o)e =#

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