EXPLORING ENGLISH PHONETICS TEACHING TECHNIQUES

A Graduate Research Project by LUIS ANTONIO BAL ERAS RU!"

Sub#$tted to the Co%%e&e o' Graduate Stud$es Te(as A)* U+$,ers$ty-.$+&s,$%%e $+ /art$a% 'u%'$%%#e+t o' the re0u$re#e+t 'or the de&ree o'

*ASTER O1 E UCATION IN ENGLISH AS A SECON LANGUAGE

A/r$% 2332

*ajor Subject4 E+&%$sh as a Seco+d La+&ua&e

EXPLORING ENGLISH PHONETICS TEACHING TECHNIQUES

A Graduate Research Project by LUIS ANTONIO BAL ERAS RU!"

A//ro,ed as to sty%e a+d co+te+t by4

5555555555555555555555555555555 Roberto Torres6 Ph7 7 9Research Project Su/er,$sor:

55555555555555555555555555555 Gusta,o Go+8a%e86 Ph7 7 9Head o' e/art#e+t:

555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 A%berto *7 O%$,ares6 Ph7 7 9 ea+6 Co%%e&e o' Graduate Stud$es: A/r$% 2332

ABSTRACT

E(/%or$+& E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs Teach$+& Tech+$0ues 9A/r$% 2332: Lu$s A+to+$o Ba%deras Ru;86 B7A76 Te(as A)* U+$,ers$ty- .$+&s,$%%e Research Project Su/er,$sor4 r7 Roberto Torres

Th$s study #a$+%y descr$bed ho< S/a+$sh s/ea=$+& stude+ts ca+ o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ by e(/%or$+& a+d /ro,$d$+& E1L teachers <$th teach$+& tech+$0ues to he%/ stude+ts 'u%'$%% th$s &oa%7 $''ere+t o/$+$o+s to the <ay E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs shou%d be tau&ht to +o++at$,e s/ea=ers <ere co+s$dered a+d a+a%y8ed $+ order to '$+d a+ easy a+d co#'ortab%e <ay that cou%d br$+& sat$s'actory resu%ts dur$+& a+d at the e+d o' a+ E+&%$sh course7 It <as 'ou+d that $t $s $#/orta+t to start dea%$+& <$th these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e s$+ce $t $s #ost%y throu&h ora% co##u+$cat$o+ that stude+ts tra+s#$t the$r #essa&es a+d $deas to others7 I &ot to the co+c%us$o+ that ac0u$r$+& a +at$,e-%$=e acce+t #ay #a=e stude+ts 'ee% #ore se%'-co+'$de+t <he+ try$+& to #a=e use o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e $+ rea%-%$'e s$tuat$o+s7 The tech+$0ues that <ere /ro,$ded $+ th$s study ca+ be #od$'$ed a+d ada/ted accord$+& to the a&e o' stude+ts as <e%% as the %e,e% o' E+&%$sh that $s be$+& tau&ht at the #o#e+t7 So#e /eo/%e had a%<ays thou&ht that Pho+et$cs <as a b$& bore6 but the #ater$a% that <as /rese+ted o+ th$s /roject a%so $+te+ded to sho< that teach$+& these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e cou%d be a %ot o' 'u+7

E ICATION

Th$s $s ded$cated to #y be%o,ed a+d /rec$ous /are+ts FRANSCISCO BALDERAS AND ALICIA RUZ DE BALDERAS

AC.NO>LE GE*ENT

I <ou%d %$=e to ac=+o<%ed&e the e+or#ous he%/ &$,e+ to #e to co#/%ete th$s research /roject7 1or h$s he%/ a+d su//ort6 I <$sh to tha+= r7 Torres7 >$thout h$s ass$sta+ce6 $t <ou%d ha,e bee+ $#/oss$b%e 'or #e to '$+$sh #y stud$es7 Bes$des6 I a%so &$,e #y tha+=s a+d res/ect to *r7 uarte 'or &$,$+& #e the o//ortu+$ty to study th$s #aster?s /ro&ra#6 to *r7 Res@+d$8 a+d *rs7 Rube+o,a 'or #ot$,at$+& #e to study abroad7 1or e+coura&$+& #e to +ot &$,e u/ a+d to e+dea,or to %ear+ as #uch as I ca+6 I e(te+d #y ,ery s/ec$a% tha+=s to #y 'r$e+ds4 Arturo Garc;a6 Aos@ *a+ue% GB#e86 a+d *ar;a G/e7 Rodr;&ue87 *y &rat$tude to r7 >a%sh a+d h$s 'a#$%y6 to $a+a Go+8B%e8 a+d her /are+ts6 a+d to *rs7 Torres6 'or the$r hos/$ta%$ty a+d thou&ht'u%+ess <h$%e <e <ere study$+& $+ .$+&s,$%%e6 TX7

1$+a%%y6 I &$,e tha+=s to a%% o' #y /ro'essors <ho co+tr$buted to #y stud$es a+d 'or <ho# I ha,e &reat estee#4 r7 Casste,e+s6 r7 Gree+6 a+d r7 Gos<a#$7

TABLE O1 CONTENTS TITLE PAGECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC77$ SIGNATURE PAGECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC777$$ E ICATION CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC$$$ AC.NO>LE G*ENT CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC$, ABSTRACT CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC, TABLE O1 CONTENTS CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC,$ CHAPTER I7 INTRO UCTION 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 State#e+t o' The Prob%e#77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Pur/ose o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Research Quest$o+s7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Theoret$ca% Pers/ect$,e7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 e'$+$t$o+ o' Ter#s777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 e%$#$tat$o+s o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 L$#$tat$o+s o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 S$&+$'$ca+ce o' the Study7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 CHAPTER II7 REDIE> O1 THE LITERATURE777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Ce%ce-*urc$a7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Chr$st$a++e a%to+ a+d Barbara Se$d%ho'er777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Nash Rose777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 *aya LeE+77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 CHAPTER III7 *ETHO SCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC The Assu#/t$o+s o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Research es$&+77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

The Ro%e o' the Researcher7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 ata Co%%ect$o+ Procedures777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Se%ect$o+77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Procedure77777C77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 CHAPTER ID7 ATA ANALFSIS 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

CHAPTER D7 CONCLUSION777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Reco##e+dat$o+7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 RE1ERENCES7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 DITA77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

LIST O1 1IGURES Pa&e 1$&ure G 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure 2 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure H7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure I7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure J7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure K7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure L7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure M7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure N7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure G377777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GG77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure G277777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GH77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GI77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GJ 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GK 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GL77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GM77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure GN77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure 2377777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure 2G77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 1$&ure 2277777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

1$&ure 2HCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC777 1$&ure 2ICCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC777 1$&ure 2JCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC777 1$&ure 2KCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC777

CHAPTER I INTRO UCTION It $s $#/orta+t to co+s$der the se&#e+ta%s 9/ro+u+c$at$o+:6 a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s 9stress a+d $+to+at$o+: as/ects o' %a+&ua&e $+ teach$+& E+&%$sh as a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e 9E1L:7 Th$s study 'ocused #a$+%y o+ de,e%o/$+& teach$+& tech+$0ues 'or E1L teachers <hose stude+ts ha,e a S/a+$sh %a+&ua&e bac=&rou+d7 These as/ects re%ated to E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs ha,e rece+t%y bee+ co+s$dered $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&6 but so#e tech+$0ues st$%% +eeded to be /ro,$ded to teachers so they cou%d he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ a+y o' these as/ects7 I+ %ear+$+& a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e6 stude+ts +eed to de,e%o/ e,ery s=$%% a+d sub-s=$%% correct%y $+ order to /roduce the %a+&ua&e a//ro/r$ate%y 'or a+ e''ect$,e co##u+$cat$o+7 I ha,e a%<ays thou&ht that /roduct$,e s=$%%s such as6 <r$t$+& a+d s/ea=$+& are the #ea+s throu&h <h$ch <e e(/ress ourse%,es to tra+s#$t #essa&es $+ <r$tte+ a+d ora% 'or# res/ect$,e%y7 *$sta=es $+ &ra##ar6 s/e%%$+& a+d /u+ctuat$o+ #ay d$sturb the <r$tte+ #essa&e7 *$sta=es $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ ca+ a%so cause /rob%e#s to be u+derstood by others <he+ try$+& to s/ea= the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Pro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+6 a#o+& other as/ects o' %a+&ua&e re%ated to E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs ha,e to be &$,e+ s/ec$a% atte+t$o+ s$+ce the ,ery be&$++$+&7 I+ #y e(/er$e+ce as a stude+t6 I rea%$8ed ho< $#/orta+t $t <as to %ear+ the correct /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+

order to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ E+&%$sh7 No<6 as a teacher o' E+&%$sh6 I ha,e %ear+ed that $t $s rea%%y +ecessary to ha,e a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ so that stude+ts ca+ ha,e a &ood #ode% to 'o%%o< <he+ they study the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Ha,$+& a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ #ay he%/ a &reat dea% <he+ teach$+& E+&%$sh6 but <hat are the tech+$0ues teachers shou%d de,e%o/ $+ order to he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e the$r /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+O Th$s $s <hat th$s /roject $+te+ded to do6 to e0u$/ teachers <$th the +ecessary too%s to a+s<er stude+ts doubts a+d 0uest$o+s about E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 The se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects o' %a+&ua&e /%ay a ,ery $#/orta+t ro%e $+ co##u+$cat$+& because errors /roduced $+ a+y o' the# #ay cause stude+ts &o throu&h e#barrass$+& a+d 'rustrat$+& s$tuat$o+s <he+ try$+& to s/ea= E+&%$sh7 There ha,e bee+ d$''ere+t stud$es that dea% <$th E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+ se/arate%y7 The %$terature a+a%y8ed 'or th$s /roject <as care'u%%y se%ected to 'u%'$%% the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s studyP that o' /ro,$d$+& tech+$0ues to he%/ teachers de,e%o/ the$r o<+ s=$%%s to he%/ the$r stude+ts7 The d$''ere+t /o$+ts o' ,$e< each author has <$th res/ect to /ho+et$cs ha,e bee+ $+te&rated $+ such a <ay that teachers ca+ teach these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e $+ a+ easy6 co#'ortab%e a+d #ot$,at$+& #a++er7 There are d$''ere+t se0ue+ces to teach each o+e o' these as/ects7 The 'o%%o<$+& <as the o+e co+s$dered 'or th$s /roject4 Pro+u+c$at$o+ 9,o<e%s6 d$/htho+&s6 a+d co+so+a+ts:6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 A%% o' these as/ects <ere re%ated to o+e a+other6 they <ere treated $+d$,$dua%%y a+d co#b$+ed <he+ +ecessary7 Both the E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh sou+d syste#s <ere co#/ared a+d co+trasted 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' the <ay sou+ds6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+ <or= $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 The /ur/ose o' th$s study <as to '$+d <ays to /ro,$de teachers <$th tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to E+&%$sh %ear+ers <$th a S/a+$sh %a+&ua&e bac=&rou+d7 *ost o'

the #ethods that ha,e bee+ used to teach E+&%$sh $+ our cou+try d$d +ot co+s$der /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ as $#/orta+t as/ects to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 So#e #ethods d$d +ot co+s$der the# at a%%7 It <as just ,ocabu%ary a+d &ra##ar tra+s%at$o+7 I' the teacher had a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stude+ts cou%d ac0u$re $t by try$+& to $#$tate6 but so#e cou%d +ot %ear+ $t th$s <ay7 Bad hab$ts <ere ac0u$red 'ro# the ,ery be&$++$+& a+d they <ere +e,er corrected by so#e o' the teachers $+ h$&her %e,e%s7 They cou%d +ot be corrected a//ro/r$ate%y because teachers d$d +ot ha,e the +ecessary =+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts <here a+d ho< sou+ds are actua%%y /roduced7 Th$s s$tuat$o+ <ou%d 'rustrate teachers as <e%% as stude+ts because they cou%d +ot '$+d the r$&ht a+s<er to the$r /rob%e#s $+ a+y o' these as/ects7 As <e =+o<6 there are #a+y #ore d$''ere+t #ethods 'or %a+&ua&e teach$+& +o<adays7 They ha,e be&u+ to co+s$der E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 They dea% <$th each o+e o' these as/ects se/arate%y7 But the 'o%%o<$+& 0uest$o+ st$%% re#a$+s4 do E+&%$sh teachers ha,e the tech+$0ues to teach these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e ade0uate%y to the$r stude+tsO I+ #a+y schoo%s there are you+& a+d +ot so you+& teachers a+d #ost o' the# do +ot ha,e a =+o<%ed&e o' /ho+et$cs7 Teachers $+ &e+era% +eed to be /ro,$ded <$th so#e tech+$0ues to he%/ the$r stude+ts <$th the$r /ho+et$c /rob%e#s7 A%% o' the #ater$a% /rese+ted $+ th$s research /roject $+te+ded to #a=e $t eas$er 'or teachers as <e%% as stude+ts to u+dersta+d better ho< the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh <or=s6 a+d ho< $#/orta+t $t $s $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y7

THEORETICAL 1RA*E>OR. A 0ua%$tat$,e /arad$&# <as used $+ the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s research /roject7 There ha,e bee+ se,era% tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to E1L stude+ts7 1or the

acco#/%$sh#e+t o' th$s study6 #ost o' the $+'or#at$o+ <as obta$+ed 'ro# <or=s o' d$''ere+t authors 9Ce%ce- *urc$a *ar$a++e6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d Aa+et *7 Good<$+6 9 GNNK : a+d a%to+ Chr$st$a++e ) Se$d%ho'er Barbara6 GNNI : <ho dea% <$th E+&%$sh

Pho+et$cs6 a+d #y e(/er$e+ce $+ atte+d$+& co+'ere+ces a+d teach$+& th$s subject7 The Pho+et$cs tra$+$+& tech+$0ue <as co+s$dered to de,e%o/ use'u% a+d /ract$ca% h$+ts to teach each o+e o' these as/ects7 Both E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh sou+d syste#s <ere co+trasted a+d co#/ared 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh <or=s 9Nash6 Rose6 GNLL:7 Pro+u+c$at$o+ o' ,o<e% sou+ds6 d$/htho+&s a+d co+so+a+ts6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ <ere e(/%a$+ed $+ th$s order a%thou&h so#e #$(ture o' these as/ects occurred to #a=e th$+&s c%ear7 So#e ad,$ce a+d su&&est$o+s <ere /ro,$ded to he%/ teachers #ot$,ate the$r stude+ts to $#/ro,e the$r %ear+$+& o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 The #a$+ $dea o' th$s /roject <as to sho< ho< &ett$+& so#e =+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs cou%d he%/ teachers as <e%% as stude+ts to co##u+$cate $+ E+&%$sh <$thout be$+& a'ra$d to #a=e #$sta=es $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+dQor $+to+at$o+7 The authors #e+t$o+ed abo,e a&reed that $+ order to #a=e stude+ts co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ E+&%$sh they shou%d be /ro,$ded <$th a &ood =+o<%ed&e a+d /ract$ce o' %a+&ua&e s=$%%s a+d subs=$%%s6 es/ec$a%%y that o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 Th$s object$,e cou%d be 'u%'$%%ed by shar$+& <$th teachers so#e tech+$0ues $+ teach$+& E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to ESLQE1L stude+ts7

RESEARCH PROBLE* E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs has bee+ co+s$dered $#/orta+t $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 A %ac= o' =+o<%ed&e $+ teach$+& /ho+et$cs cou%d be re'%ected $+ stude+ts /er'or#a+ce <he+ try$+& to co##u+$cate $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Th$s $s o+e o' the reaso+s <hy so#e tech+$0ues $+ teach$+& /ho+et$cs +eeded to be de,e%o/ed $+ order to /ro,$de teachers <$th the

a//ro/r$ate too%s to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ a+y o' the se&#e+ta% or su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures7 So#e stude+ts 'ou+d $t d$''$cu%t to succeed $+ rea% %$'e s$tuat$o+s because o' /rob%e#s $+ try$+& to co##u+$cate $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 They <ere a'ra$d to &o throu&h e#barrass$+& s$tuat$o+s <he+ try$+& to s/ea= E+&%$sh7 A%% th$s <as due to a 'au%ty /roduct$o+ o' sou+ds6 stress a+dQor $+to+at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh7 There are se,era% stud$es that ha,e bee+ <or=$+& o+ the de,e%o/#e+t o' teach$+& tech+$0ues $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 There'ore6 the research /rob%e# o' th$s study co+s$sted o' sho<$+& ho< these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e /%ay a+ $#/orta+t ro%e to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7

PURPOSE STATE*ENT The /ur/ose o' th$s study <as to e(/%ore teach$+& tech+$0ues 'or E1L teachers e#/has$8$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 S/ec$'$ca%%y6 /ho+et$cs tra$+$+& tech+$0ue <as se%ected to de,e%o/ h$+ts to teach E1LQESL stude+ts <$th a S/a+$sh bac=&rou+d7 Both E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh <ere co+trasted to better u+dersta+d ho< the sou+d syste# o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e <or=s7

RESEARCH QUESTIONS Th$s study <as about '$+d$+& /ract$ca% <ays to he%/ teachers to de,e%o/ s=$%%s to $#/ro,e the$r de%$,ery o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 To acco#/%$sh th$s study the 'o%%o<$+& research 0uest$o+s <ere addressed7 G7 >hat tech+$0ues ca+ E1L teachers use to de,e%o/ the /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ o' the$r E1L stude+tsO 27 >hat $s the correct se0ue+ce to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+O

H7 Ho< ca+ E1L teachers #ot$,ate stude+ts to $#/ro,e the$r %ear+$+& o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$csO SIGNI1ICANCE The '$+d$+&s o' th$s research <ere use'u% 'or E1L teachers a+d stude+ts7 They a%so had $#/%$cat$o+s 'or the schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+ 'or the 'o%%o<$+& reaso+s4

E1L TEACHERS It <as $#/orta+t 'or teachers to ac0u$re so#e &ood =+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs7 Th$s study be+e'$ted teachers <ho +eeded to %ear+ tech+$0ues to teach a+d he%/ the$r stude+ts to o,erco#e those /ho+et$c /rob%e#s $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Teachers the#se%,es <ere ab%e to $#/ro,e the$r o<+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d th$s <as re'%ected $+ the$r stude+ts? /ro+u+c$at$o+4 RThe better the teachers? /ro+u+c$at$o+6 the better the$r stude+ts?7 O+ce teachers %ear+ed the tech+$0ues /ro,$ded $+ th$s research /roject6 they <ere ab%e to de,e%o/ the$r o<+ tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs to the$r stude+ts7

E1L STU ENTS 1or the E1L stude+ts the '$+d$+&s o' th$s study <ere $#/orta+t because th$s he%/ed the# u+dersta+d ho< the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh <or=s7 The /ract$ca% h$+ts $+ E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ #ade $t eas$er 'or the# to /roduce a+d u+dersta+d E+&%$sh s/o=e+ by +at$,e a+d +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers $+ d$''ere+t co+te(ts a+d s$tuat$o+s o' e,eryday %$'e7 O+ce stude+ts %ear+ed the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh us$+& the I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c A%/habet 9IPA:6 they <ere ab%e to tra+scr$be a+d read tra+scr$/t$o+s7 A%so6 they cou%d u+dersta+d the /ro+u+c$at$o+ &u$des as used by so#e other authors $+ the &reat ,ar$ety o' d$ct$o+ar$es o+ the #ar=et7

SCHOOL A *INISTRATION Stud$es %$=e th$s <ere a%so $#/orta+t 'or the schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+ s$+ce the resu%ts obta$+ed by the a//%$cat$o+ o' th$s study $+ the schoo% c%asses <as re'%ected $+ the +u#ber o' stude+ts <ho '$+$shed the$r courses or #ajors a+d <ere ab%e to ha,e better o//ortu+$t$es to succeed $+ %$'e7 The de#a+d o' teachers a+d stude+ts <ho <$shed to %ear+ E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs $+creased7 Pho+et$c courses 'or /r$,ate a+d /ub%$c schoo%s <ere o''ered by the $+st$tut$o+ so that E1L teachers a+d stude+ts $+ our co##u+$ty cou%d 'ee% co+'$de+t <he+ s/ea=$+& the E+&%$sh %a+&ua&e7

ELI*ITATIONS O+e o' the %$#$tat$o+s o' th$s study <as the %$tt%e =+o<%ed&e a+d $+e(/er$e+ce $+ research #ethodo%o&y <h$ch %$#$ted the ,a%$d$ty a+d re%$ab$%$ty o' the '$+d$+&s7 A+other de%$#$tat$o+ <as the %$#$ted t$#e to de,e%o/ th$s /roject7 There'ore6 th$s study #a$+%y co+s$dered so#e o' the #ost re%e,a+t as/ects re%ated to E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 The e(te+t o' the data <as based o+ just o+e d$a%ect o' E+&%$sh4 A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh7 S/ec$'$ca%%y6 th$s /roject <as 'ocused o+ so#e other stud$es a+d /erso+a% e(/er$e+ce $+ teach$+& E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 I' there had bee+ t$#e a+d '$+a+c$a% a$d to tra,e% to the d$''ere+t states a+dQor re&$o+s o' the U+$ted States6 a #ore $+-de/th study cou%d ha,e bee+ co+ducted7 S$+ce resources <ere %$#$ted6 th$s study re'%ected these $+stru#e+ta% a+d cost $ssues7 E1INITIONS O1 TER*S There +o< 'o%%o<s a %$st o' so#e o' the $#/orta+t ter#s used o+ th$s /roject7 The de'$+$t$o+ 'or each ter# #ade $t eas$er 'or the reader to u+dersta+d the act$,$t$es6 e(erc$ses a+d so#e other #ater$a% $+c%uded here7 Source: 9 a%to+ ) Se$d%ho'er6 GNNI :

Accent: 9 G : ,ar$ety o' a %a+&ua&e <h$ch d$''ers 'ro# others $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+P 9 2 : soc$a% a+d Qor &eo&ra/h$ca% character$st$cs o' the /ro+u+c$at$o+ o' a+ $+d$,$dua% s/ea=er7 Affricate: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+7 Allophone: d$''ere+t /ho+et$c rea%$8at$o+s o' o+e /ho+e#e6 +o+-d$st$+ct$,eP o'te+ de/e+ds o+ sou+d e+,$ro+#e+tP e7&7 the Q / Q $+ R/ot? $s as/$rated but the Q b Q $+ Rs/ot? $s +ot7 Alveolar: see /%ace o' art$cu%at$o+7 Articulation: the /rocess o' 'or#$+& sou+ds <$th the s/eech or&a+s7 h A piration: /u'' o' a$r 'o%%o<$+& the re%ease o' a /%os$,e6 e7&7 S / a t T A i!ilation: /rocess o' s$#/%$'$cat$o+ by <h$ch a s/eech sou+d $s $+'%ue+ced by the surrou+d$+& sou+ds 9 usua%%y the sou+d 'o%%o<$+& $t : to #a=e the# #ore s$#$%ar7 Bila"ial: see /%ace o' art$cu%at$o+7 Con onant: s/eech sou+d /roduced by creat$+& a+ obstruct$o+ to the a$rstrea# dur$+& art$cu%at$o+7 Dental: see /%ace o' art$cu%at$o+7 Diphthon#: a ,o<e% sou+d <here a &%$de 'ro# o+e ,oca%$c /os$t$o+ to a+other ta=es /%ace6 e7&7 Q eI Q $+ R/%ace? Fricative: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+7 Intonation: Rs/eech #e%ody?6 the use o' /atter+ o' /$tch to co+,ey d$''ere+t #ea+$+& $+ d$scourse7 I$A: I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$cs Assoc$at$o+P a%so sta+ds 'or the $+ter+at$o+a% /ho+et$cs a%/habet sta+dard$8ed by that assoc$at$o+7 %anner of articulation: o' co+so+a+ts4 <ay $+ <h$ch the obstruct$o+ o' the a$rstrea# $s /roduced7 The 'o%%o<$+& are used 'or E+&%$sh co+so+a+t sou+ds4

$lo ive 9 a%so ca%%ed Stop : U the t<o art$cu%ators 'or# a co#/%ete c%osure <h$ch $s sudde+%y re%eased 9 e7&7 Q/Q6 Q&Q :7 Fricative4--the t<o art$cu%ators co#e c%ose to&ether6 'or#$+& a str$cture throu&h <h$ch the a$r ca+ esca/e6 thereby /roduc$+& a h$ss$+& +o$se 9 e7&7 Q'Q6 Q Q:7 AffricateVa sou+d <here a sto/ art$cu%at$o+ $s co+t$+ued as a 'r$cat$,e $+ the sa#e /%ace 9 e7&7Q t Q :7 Li&ui'Vas 'or 'r$cat$,e6 but the a$rstrea# has a '%u$d 0ua%$ty6 thus %ess +o$se 9 e7&7 QrQ6Q%Q:7 Na alVas 'or /%os$,e6 but the c%osure $s +ot re%eased6 the a$r esca/es throu&h the +ose $+stead 9e7&7 Q+Q:7 %ini!al pair: <ords $+ a %a+&ua&e <h$ch d$''er o+%y $+ o+e /ho+e#e6 e7&7 /$+-b$+6 %$c=%oc=6 %oc=-%otP 're0ue+t%y used 'or /ract$c$+& sou+d co+trasts $+ a seco+d %a+&ua&e7 Na al: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+7 $hone!e: s/eech sou+d <h$ch $s d$st$+ct$,e <$th$+ the syste# o' a /art$cu%ar %a+&ua&eP see #$+$#a% /a$r $honetic : the study o' hu#a+ s/eech sou+dsP descr$bes the <$de ra+&e o' sou+ds hu#a+s ca+ /roduce7 $honolo#(: the study o' the use o' d$st$+ct$,e s/eech sou+ds 9 /ho+e#es : $+ /art$cu%ar %a+&ua&es7 $itch: ,o$ce he$&htP de/e+ds o+ the 're0ue+cy o' ,$brat$o+s o' the ,oca% cordsP e,ery /erso+ has a+ $+d$,$dua% /$tch ra+&eP re%at$,e /$tch a+d /$tch #o,e#e+t 9 to+e : are #ade use o' $+ $+to+at$o+7 $lace of articulation: the %ocat$o+ $+ the ,oca% tract <here a /art$cu%ar s/eech sou+d $s /roducedP th$s $s usua%%y stated $+ ter#s o' the act$,e art$cu%ator 9 the /art <h$ch $s touched or a//roachedQthe /art to<ards <h$ch the act$,e art$cu%ator #o,es:7

)"i*la"ial la"io+'ental 'ental alveolar po t+alveolar palato+alveolar palatal velar #lottal ( Brown 1993: 155)

act$,e art$c7 %o<er %$/ %o<er teeth to+&ue t$/ to+&ue t$/ to+&ue t$/ to+&ue b%ade to+&ue 'ro+t to+&ue bac= t<o ,oca% cords

/ass$,e art$c7 u//er %$/ u//er teeth u//er teeth a%,eo%ar r$d&e rear o' a%,eo%ar r$d&e a%,eo%arQ/a%ate /a%ate ,e%u#

$lo ive: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+ $ro!inence: the /%ace#e+t o' stress $+ d$scourse by the s/ea=er9 o'te+ re'erred to as Rse+te+ce stress? :P see stress7 A%so =+o<+ as h$&h%$&ht$+&6 'ocus6 to+$c /ro#$+e+ce7 $ro o'(: o'te+ used sy+o+y#ous%y <$th the ter# su/rase&#e+ta%s6 but #ay a%so $+c%ude the study o' sy%%ab%e structure7 ,ualit(: see ,o<e% /ara#eters7 Rh(th!: the se0ue+ce o' stro+& a+d <ea= e%e#e+ts $+ %a+&ua&eP there are d$''ere+t ,$e<s4 so#e say rhyth# re'ers to the occurre+ce o' stress6 others say that $t de/e+ds o+ stro+& a+d <ea= ,o<e%s7 Sch-a: short6 ce+tra% ,o<e%6 +eutra% $+ 0ua%$tyP '$rst ,o<e% $+ the <ord Ra&a$+?6 tra+scr$bed as Q Q P occurs $+ u+stressed sy%%ab%es o+%y7 Se!i+vo-el: a%so ca%%ed a//ro($#a+t or &%$deP e(tre#e%y c%ose ,o<e% art$cu%at$o+ <h$ch a%#ost tur+s $+to a co+so+a+t6 e7&7 E+&%$sh QjQ6 Q<Q7 Sentence+ tre : see /ro#$+e+ce Stre : a sy%%ab%e $s stressed $' $t $s /ro+ou+ced <$th o+e or #ore o' the 'o%%o<$+& 'eatures4 &reater e+er&y6 &reater %e+&th6 h$&her /$tch7 Uses o' stress4 9G: %e($ca% stress or <ord stressP 92: /ro#$+e+ce or Rse+te+ce stress?7

Supra e#!ental : 'eatures o' s/eech stretch$+& o,er #ore tha+ o+e sou+d or se&#e+t u/ to <ho%e uttera+ces 9 e7&7 stress6 rhyth#6 /$tch6 te#/o6 ,o$ce 0ua%$ty :P see a%so /rosody7 .one: see /$tch7 /ariet(: a soc$a%6 &eo&ra/h$ca% 9 or h$stor$ca% : ,ar$a+t o' a %a+&ua&eP +eutra% $+ ter#s o' co++otat$o+6 <h$ch the ter# d$a%ect $s +ot7 /elu!: s/eech sou+ds are acco#/a+$ed by a ,$brat$o+ o' the ,oca% cords6 ,o$ce%ess sou+ds are +otP a%% are ,o$ced6 co+so+a+ts #ay be e$ther7 /o-el: s/eech sou+d <here the a$rstrea# esca/es the ,oca% tract u+obstructed7 /o-el para!eter : ,o<e%s are descr$bed $+ ter#s o' ho< the cha#ber o' reso+a+ce 9 the #outh : $s #od$'$ed7 The t<o #a$+ 'eatures are4 ,o<e% 0ua+t$tyVthe %e+&th o' the ,o<e%6 e7&7 short Q I Q ,s7 %o+& Q $ 4 QP a+d ,o<e% 0ua%$ty6 de'$+ed by the #o,e#e+t o' to+&ue6 %$/s6 or ja<7 Bac= ,s7 'ro+t ,o<e%s6 e7&7 Qu4Q ,s7 Q $4Q e&ree o' %$/ rou+d$+&6 e7&7 Q I4 Q ,s7 Q u4 Q C%ose ,s7 o/e+ ,o<e%s6 e7&7 Q I4 Q ,s7 Q W Q 0or'+ tre : a '$(ed /atter+ o' stressed a+d u+stressed sy%%ab%es <$th$+ a <ord6 e7&7 the d$''ere+ce bet<ee+ ?REcord? AN RreCOR ?P see stress7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REDIE> CHRISTIANE ALTON AN BARABARA SEI LHO1ER Accord$+& to Chr$st$a+e a%to+ a+d Barbara Se$d%ho'er 9GNNI:6 /ro+u+c$at$o+ has beco#e rece+t%y a to/$c o' $+terest $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&6 +e< $deas o+ ho< to teach th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e ha,e bee+ de,e%o/ed $+ order to /ro,$de teachers <$th the +ecessary too%s to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s they #$&ht ha,e <he+ try$+& to s/ea= E+&%$sh7

Teachers +eeded to be e0u$//ed <$th the +ecessary bac=&rou+d a+d rat$o+a%e 'or a//%y$+& th$s =+o<%ed&e to /r$+c$/%ed dec$s$o+s about the$r o<+ c%assroo# s$tuat$o+7 I+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+ the #a$+ object$,e shou%d be to he%/ stude+ts co##u+$cate a//ro/r$ate%y7 Th$s $s o+e o' the &oa%s that a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er had $+ #$+d <he+ they '$rst started to create the$r <or=7 A%% o' the as/ects co,ered $+ the$r <or= had as a+ a$# to a,o$d /rob%e#s $+ co##u+$cat$o+ as a resu%t o' a #$s/ro+u+c$at$o+7 Teachers +eeded to ha,e a 'ra#e o' re'ere+ce <here they cou%d '$+d $+'or#at$o+ about <hat to teach <he+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d the <ay $t shou%d be tau&ht7 A%so6 teachers +eeded to =+o< the reaso+ <hy $t $s $#/orta+t to co+s$der /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 As <e =+o<6 there are d$''ere+t %ear+$+& sty%es6 a+d the s$tuat$o+s a+d the reaso+s 'or study$+& the tar&et %a+&ua&e ,ary a %ot7 Teachers +eed to co+s$der a%% as/ects a+d 'actors that #ay he%/ stude+ts %ear+ the correct /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ the c%assroo# so that <he+ they use the %a+&ua&e $+ rea% %$'e s$tuat$o+s they ca+ ha,e a &ood /er'or#a+ce $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Teachers shou%d ha,e =+o<%ed&e o' ho< the /ho+et$c syste# o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e <or=s7 To acco#/%$sh th$s6 teachers shou%d '$+d <ays to ac0u$re so#e #ore $deas6 tech+$0ues6 a+d h$+ts o+ ho< to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+7 There are a %ot o' sources that dea% <$th th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e a+d 'ro# <h$ch teachers ca+ &et the +ecessary =+o<%ed&e to he%/ the$r stude+ts7 La+&ua&e teach$+& shou%d $+c%ude th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e7 a%to+ ) Se$d%ho'er?s

<or= #a$+%y co+s$dered the E+&%$sh %a+&ua&e to /ro,$de e(a#/%es a+d $%%ustrat$o+s s$+ce $t $s the %a+&ua&e shared by a%% readers7 The #a$+ object$,e here <as to e0u$/ teachers <$th re%e,a+t /o$+ts o' re'ere+ce7 I+ s/ea=$+& a %a+&ua&e the #ost $#/orta+t $s to be ab%e to

co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y6 a &ood =+o<%ed&e o' %a+&ua&e a%o+& <$th a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ #ay 'u%'$%% th$s &oa%7 Pro+u+c$at$o+ $s de'$+ed as the /roduct$o+ o' s$&+$'$ca+t sou+ds <h$ch $s used as /art o' a code o' a /art$cu%ar %a+&ua&e7 I+ th$s se+se6 /ro+u+c$at$o+ $s the /roduct$o+ a+d rece/t$o+ o' sou+ds o' s/eech7 A%so6 sou+d $s s$&+$'$ca+t because $t $s used to ach$e,e #ea+$+& $+ co+te(ts o' use7 Here the code co#b$+es <$th other 'actors to #a=e co##u+$cat$o+ /oss$b%e7 I+ th$s se+se <e ca+ ta%= about /ro+u+c$at$o+ <$th re'ere+ce to acts o' s/ea=$+&7 Both se+ses are co+s$dered $+ th$s boo=6 but s/ec$a% /ro#$+e+ce $s &$,e+ to co##u+$cat$,e as/ectsP re'ere+ce to /hys$ca% 'eatures o' sou+d occurs o+%y $+ so 'ar as they are re%e,a+t to the u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< they '$&ure $+ d$scourseP that $s to say $+ the ach$e,e#e+t o' #ea+$+& 9 a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er6 GNNI:7

The <or= o' a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er <as re%e,a+t to th$s /roject because $t dea%t <$th /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 It /ro,$ded a se/arate descr$/t$o+ o+ each o+e o' these cr$ter$a7 There <ere so#e tas=s a+d act$,$t$es that cou%d he%/ teachers u+dersta+d better ho< to a//%y these as/ects $+ rea% %$'e s$tuat$o+s a+d co+te(ts7 A%so6 $t to%d us ho< th$s descr$/t$o+ o' sou+d <as re%e,a+t to subjects o' %a+&ua&e teach$+&6 a+d $+ /art$cu%arP o' course6 to the /eda&o&y o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&7 a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er 9GNNI:6

descr$bed <ays $+ <h$ch teachers ca+ e(/%ore a+d #a=e use o' theoret$ca% a+d /eda&o&$c a//roaches to /ro+u+c$at$o+7 Su&&est$o+s <ere /ro,$ded as to ho< a teacher #$&ht test out certa$+ $deas a&a$+st the rea%$ty o' h$sQher o<+ c%assroo#7 I+ co+c%us$o+6 her <or= he%/ed us re'%ect o+ our teach$+& act$,$ty6 es/ec$a%%y o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&7 But th$s $s +ot the

o+%y source o' $+'or#at$o+ that <as co+s$dered $+ th$s /roject7 There $s a re'ere+ce 'or teachers o' E+&%$sh to s/ea=ers o' other %a+&ua&es by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d Aa+et *7 Good<$+ that <as a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study7

CELCE-*URCIA *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a?s <or= ser,ed as the core o' a co#/rehe+s$,e course $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ /eda&o&y7 Ce%ce-*urc$a /ro,$ded a+ o,er,$e< o' the $ssues $+,o%,ed $+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+6 such as ho< /ro+u+c$at$o+ had bee+ ,$e<ed 'ro# ,ar$ous #ethodo%o&$ca% /ers/ect$,es a+d <hat <as =+o<+ about the ac0u$s$t$o+ o' seco+d %a+&ua&e /ho+o%o&y7 It dea%t #a$+%y <$th the sou+d syste# o' North A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh 9NAE:6

$+c%ud$+& both the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects6 $+ other <ords6 $t a+a%y8ed /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 It descr$bed ho< the sou+d syste# <as re%ated <$th other s=$%%s a+d areas o' %a+&ua&e6 such as %$ste+$+&6 $+'%ect$o+a% #or/ho%o&y6 a+d ortho&ra/hy7 There <as a 'ra#e<or= 'or de,e%o/$+& teach$+& tech+$0ues6 structured e(erc$ses6 $+c%ud$+& a%ter+at$,e teach$+& tech+$0ues6 a#o+& other th$+&s7 There <ere su&&est$o+s about ho< teachers cou%d dea% <$th both se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects 'ro# a co##u+$cat$,e /o$+t o' ,$e< that $+c%uded the accuracy'%ue+cy co+t$+uu#7 There <ere e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es to e+coura&e teachers to br$+& the$r o<+ /erso+a% %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& a+d teach$+& e(/er$e+ces to bear o+ the to/$c at ha+d7 The #ater$a% /ro,$ded /ract$ca% /ho+et$cs to teach E1LQESL stude+ts a+d to tra$+ /ros/ect$,e teachers7 Based o+ the tech+$0ues6 e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es o+ th$s <or=6 teachers cou%d re'%ect o+ the$r o<+ teach$+& a+d the+ de,e%o/ the$r o<+ or$&$+a% e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es7

Th$s source o' $+'or#at$o+ dea%t a%so <$th the h$story o' a+d research o+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+7 It sho<ed the sou+d syste# o' North A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh a+d so#e bas$c teach$+& tech+$0ues by 'ocus$+& o+ co+so+a+ts6 ,o<e%s6 rhyth#6 stress6 a+d adjust#e+ts $+ co++ected s/eech6 /ro#$+e+ce a+d $+to+at$o+ at the d$scourse %e,e%7 Th$s <or= <as des$&+ed to he%/ e(/er$e+ced a+d $+e(/er$e+ced teachers better u+dersta+d the /ro+u+c$at$o+ ac0u$s$t$o+ /rocess $+ a better /os$t$o+ to set $+struct$o+a% /r$or$t$es7 There <as use'u% a+d e+joyab%e #ater$a% 'or both teachers a+d stude+ts o' E+&%$sh as a seco+d or 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e7 The research o' Ce%ce-*urc$a <as s$&+$'$ca+t 'or th$s /roject 'or the 'o%%o<$+& reaso+s4 $t /ro,$ded us <$th a h$story o' ho< /ro+u+c$at$o+ had bee+ ,$e<ed by %$+&u$sts throu&hout the t$#e6 ho< $t <as re%ated to %a+&ua&e teach$+& a+d the &reat $#/orta+ce $t had to co##u+$cate $+te%%$&$b%y a+d a//ro/r$ate%y $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 The &reat ,ar$ety o' teach$+& tech+$0ues a+d s=$%%sP that $s6 the #ethodo%o&$ca% as/ect6 /%ayed a ,ery $#/orta+t ro%e $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 The #ater$a% /rese+ted <as o' &reat $#/orta+ce s$+ce the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s /roject <as that o' /ro,$d$+& teachers <$th tech+$0ues to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e the$r /ro+u+c$at$o+ /rob%e#s that $+ter'ere $+ the co##u+$cat$,e /rocess7 S$+ce the #a$+ object$,e <as to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+ as /art o' the Co##u+$cat$,e A//roach6 d$''ere+t =$+ds o' trad$t$o+a% tech+$0ues a+d /ract$ce #ater$a%s had to be re,$e<ed $+ order to u+dersta+d better ho< to teach /ract$ca% /ho+et$cs accord$+& to th$s a//roach7 The order $+ ho< the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects o' %a+&ua&e had to be treated <as a%so co+s$dered o+ th$s /roject7 Tech+$0ues6 s=$%%s6 act$,$t$es6 a+d /ract$ca%

e(erc$ses <ere /ro,$ded here to su//ort th$s #ethodo%o&$ca% as/ect o' teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+7 The d$a%ect o' E+&%$sh that <as a+a%y8ed dur$+& th$s /roject <as NAE7 It <as $#/orta+t6 ho<e,er6 to #a=e stude+ts co+sc$ous that E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ ,ar$es a %ot7 The act$,$t$es a+d h$+ts <ere based o+ the I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c A%/habet 9IPA:7 Stude+ts +at$,e %a+&ua&e sou+d syste# <as co#/ared a+d co+trasted 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' the sou+d syste# o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Pro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 se+te+ce stress6 rhyth#6 adjust#e+ts $+ corrected s/eech a+d $+to+at$o+ ha,e bee+ co+s$dered ,ery $#/orta+t 'eatures to ach$e,e success'u% co##u+$cat$o+ 'or seco+d %a+&ua&e %ear+ers7 These as/ects o' %a+&ua&e <ere co+s$dered $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& s$+ce they <ere o' /r$#ary $#/orta+ce $+ the s/eech co##u+$cat$o+ /rocess7 Accord$+& to Ce%ce-*urc$a the E+&%$sh sou+d syste# $+teracts <$th other syste#s o' %a+&ua&e <he+ +at$,e a+d +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers use E+&%$sh 'or co##u+$cat$o+7 So#e o' the #ost $#/orta+t co++ect$o+s that <ere e(/%ored $+ th$s /roject <ere the sou+d syste# a+d %$ste+$+&6 the sou+d syste# a+d $+'%ect$o+a% #or/ho%o&y a+d the sou+d syste# a+d ortho&ra/hy 9the %ast o+e <as h$&h%y used to de,e%o/ act$,$t$es a+d h$+ts to better e(/%a$+ ho< to teach the se&#e+ta%s a+d su/arse&#e+ta%s:7 Teachers +eeded to u+dersta+d that $+tersect$o+ o' the sou+d syste# <$th these areas <as e(tre#e%y $#/orta+t7 I 'ou+d out that the sou+d syste# <as re%ated to e,ery other as/ect o' the %a+&ua&e <he+ the %ear+er %$ste+ed6 s/o=e6 read6 a+d <rote7 These +atura% co++ect$o+s +eed to be u+derstood by teachers $' they <$shed to he%/ %ear+ers de,e%o/ &ood %$ste+$+& co#/rehe+s$o+ a+d $+te%%$&$b%e /ro+u+c$at$o+ as a +atura% /art o' the$r co##u+$cat$,e %a+&ua&e /ro'$c$e+cy7

>$th a%% th$s =+o<%ed&e $+ #$+d o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&6 teachers cou%d start th$+=$+& a+d de,e%o/$+& the$r o<+ tech+$0ues a+d <ays to better #eet stude+ts? +eeds6 co+s$der$+& %ear+$+& sty%es6 /re'ere+ces6 a&e a+d other $#/orta+t as/ects a+d 'actors that <$%% co+tr$bute to a &ood ac0u$s$t$o+ o' E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ that cou%d %ead to a+ e''ect$,e co##u+$cat$o+7 But $t <as +ot o+%y '$+d$+& tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs the #a$+ object$,e6 <e st$%% +eeded to <orry about #a=$+& $t e+joyab%e a+d 'u+ 'or our stude+ts7 I+ a boo= <r$tte+ by *aya LeE+6 a S/a+$sh +at$,e s/ea=er6 she dea%t <$th the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ ta=$+& a 'u+ a+d creat$,e a//roach7

*AFA LEXN The #ethod /ro#oted by *aya Leo+ <as e''ect$,e a+d e+joyab%e to teach these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e to E1L stude+ts7 The #a$+ object$,e o' her <or= <as to correct or #od$'y those bad hab$ts $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+7 The author o' th$s source o' $+'or#at$o+ to%d about her e(/er$e+ce %ear+$+& E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+7 She stated that $t $s d$''$cu%t 'or so#e adu%t %ear+ers to try to %ear+ a seco+d %a+&ua&e6 but +ot $#/oss$b%e7 Her <or= #a$+%y dea%t <$th d$''$cu%t$es $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+7 It <as $+te+ded to correct those /ro+u+c$at$o+ /rob%e#s co+s$der$+& a hu#a+$st$c 'ocus7 The e(/%a+at$o+ o' each o+e o' the sou+ds <as &$,e+ $+ S/a+$sh to #a=e $t eas$er 'or the %ea+er to o,erco#e these d$''$cu%t$es $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+7 The #ethod <as des$&+ed to /ro,$de a+ $++o,at$,e a+d e(c$t$+& <ay to teach Correct$,e Pho+et$cs7 It <as a+ a//roach that <as #uch #ore 'u+ 'or teachers a+d stude+ts7 Accord$+& to th$s author6 $t <as $#/orta+t to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+ 'ro# the ,ery be&$++$+& to a,o$d bad hab$ts that #$&ht be d$''$cu%t to correct at %ater sta&es #a=$+& use o'

re#ed$a% /ro+u+c$at$o+ c%asses7 *aya LeE+ a%so stated that $t <as #uch eas$er to %ear+ E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ the correct <ay 'ro# the '$rst #o#e+ts o' e(/osure to the %a+&ua&e7 The author reco##e+ded to start teach$+& a ded$cated /ro+u+c$at$o+ c%ass to be&$++$+& stude+ts7 The $+struct$o+s <ere <r$tte+ $+ S/a+$sh to ta=e the /ressure o'' the stude+ts so they cou%d co+ce+trate #ore 'u%%y o+ the tas= at ha+d --%ear+$+& correct /ro+u+c$at$o+7 I' the $+struct$o+s had bee+ <r$tte+ $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e6 both teachers a+d stude+ts <ou%d ha,e &otte+ 'rustrated $+ try$+& to u+dersta+d6 a+d <ou%d a%so ha,e %ost #ot$,at$o+ 'or the %ear+$+& /rocess7 The #ethod $+c%uded a+ e(/%a+at$o+ o' the /roduct$o+ o' E+&%$sh sou+ds so that teachers cou%d s/e+d t$#e a+d e+er&y o+ other as/ects o' teach$+&7 Stude+ts e+joyed the hu#or <h$%e #aster$+& the sou+ds o' the E+&%$sh %a+&ua&e7 A%so6 *aya LeE+?s <or= <as $+te+ded a+d des$&+ed to s/ec$'$ca%%y 'ocus o+ the E+&%$sh /ho+et$c syste# 'ro# the /ers/ect$,e o' the %ear+er6 <ho <as a +at$,e s/ea=er o' S/a+$sh <$th certa$+ Y'$(edZ s/eech hab$ts7 Th$s source o' $+'or#at$o+ <as de,e%o/ed to he%/ teachers <$th be&$++er6 $+ter#ed$ate a+d ad,a+ced stude+ts7 The stude+t te(tboo= $s $+ S/a+$sh6 but the c%ass ca+ be tau&ht $+ E+&%$sh to $+ter#ed$ate a+d ad,a+ced stude+ts7 There $s a Teacher?s Gu$de that has the sa#e te(t $+ E+&%$sh6 as <e%% as deta$%s re&ard$+& the e(erc$ses a+d other #ater$a%s7 There are a%so e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es o+ stress a+d $+to+at$o+ to /ro,$de ad,a+ced stude+ts <$th the o//ortu+$t$es to /ract$ce at the$r %e,e%7 The author o' th$s #ethod reco##e+ded the use o' a $a&+ost$c Test to a+a%y8e the stude+ts? %e,e% o' /ro'$c$e+cy a+d the area o' #ore d$''$cu%ty7 There $s a $a&+ost$c Test that ca+ be &$,e+ /er$od$ca%%y $+ order to e,a%uate stude+ts? /ro&ress6 <h$ch ca+ be e+coura&$+& 'or stude+ts a+d re<ard$+& 'or teachers7

The #a$+ /ur/ose /ro/osed by *aya LeE+ <as to #a=e teachers e+joy the $++o,at$,e $deas a+d the #ater$a% <h$ch $s use'u%6 e''ect$,e a+d 'u+ to use7 1u+ teach$+& <$%% %ead to #e#orab%e a+d e''ect$,e %ear+$+&7 The co+tr$but$o+s o' th$s author to th$s /roject <ere s$&+$'$ca+t because her <or= dea%t /rec$se%y <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s /roject7 There ha,e bee+ so #a+y as/ects a+d 'actors that co+tr$bute to a &ood ac0u$s$t$o+ o' E+&%$sh7 Prob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ #ay cause so#e stude+ts to re'use to s/ea= the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Th$s <as ,ery co##o+ $+ our stude+ts <he+ they <ere 'aced to rea% %$'e s$tuat$o+s <here E+&%$sh <as +eeded to co##u+$cate7 I+ order to a,o$d /rob%e#s $+ co##u+$cat$o+6 $t <as $#/orta+t to #a=e use o' a &ood +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+7 Th$s /roject <as $+te+ded to $#/ro,e E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ order to a,o$d #$su+dersta+d$+&s a+d e#barrass$+& s$tuat$o+s7 U+'ortu+ate%y6 $+ so#e cu%tures6 %$=e ours6 ha,$+& a bad /ro+u+c$at$o+ #ay #a=e us &o throu&h +e&at$,e a+d e,e+ d$scr$#$+atory react$o+s just 'or ha,$+& a stro+& 'ore$&+ acce+t7 The %ear+$+& o' the /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d /ho+et$c syste# o' E+&%$sh <as %ear+ed $+d$,$dua%%y6 the+ $t <as co#b$+ed to '$+a%%y /roduce the %a+&ua&e a%#ost %$=e a +at$,e s/ea=er7 Pract$c$+& each sou+d o' E+&%$sh cou%d he%/ stude+ts to be ab%e to /art$c$/ate $+ co##o+ s$tuat$o+s <$th co+'$de+ce a+d secur$ty7 Stress a+d $+to+at$o+ <ere a%so co+s$dered $+ order to &et to ac0u$re a &ood acce+t &radua%%y a+d +atura%%y7 The IPA <as used as a bas$s to e(/%a$+ each o+e o' the sou+ds o' E+&%$sh7 So#e sy#bo%s <ere s$#$%ar to the %etters used $+ the +or#a% a%/habet7 Stude+ts had to %ear+ that so#e o' those sy#bo%s ha,e a d$''ere+t sou+d7 A%so6 o+ce %ear+$+& the IPA stude+ts <ere ab%e to u+dersta+d the /ro+u+c$at$o+ &u$de o' a+y other d$ct$o+ary <he+e,er they had a doubt o+ ho< to /ro+ou+ce a <ord7

The order $+ <h$ch *aya LeE+ des$&+ed her <or= <as the o+e used $+ order to teach the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects o' %a+&ua&e7 The <ay $t <as or&a+$8ed <as a//ro/r$ate 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study7 A+d the 'act o' co+s$der$+& the +at$,e %a+&ua&e o' stude+ts to teach the tar&et %a+&ua&e <as so#eth$+& <e ha,e to ta=e $+to accou+t $' our #a$+ object$,e $s to he%/ our stude+ts ac0u$re a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh7 There <as a%so a source o' $+'or#at$o+ by Nash6 Rose6 9GNLL: <h$ch co#/ared a+d co+trasted E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh #ore dee/%y6 a+d 'or th$s reaso+ $t <as se%ected to 'or# /art o' th$s /roject7

NASH ROSE Th$s sect$o+ de,e%o/s the /r$+c$/%es ad,a+ced by Nash 9GNLL:7 Accord$+& to her there are #$%%$o+s o' S/a+$sh +at$,e s/ea=ers that study E+&%$sh as a seco+d or 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e7 1or e(a#/%e6 $+ the U+$ted States there are #a+y S/a+$sh s/ea=ers that +eed to %ear+ E+&%$sh as a seco+d %a+&ua&e7 There are soc$a%6 eco+o#$c a+d /o%$t$ca% co+cer+s to %ear+ th$s %a+&ua&e $+ th$s cou+try7 Nash[s <or= <as $+te+ded to /ro,$de a &e+era% descr$/t$o+ o' the /ho+o%o&$ca% a+d ortho&ra/h$c descr$/t$o+ o' the /ho+o%o&$ca% a+d ortho&ra/h$c corres/o+de+ces that create d$''$cu%t$es 'or the S/a+$sh-s/ea=er %ear+er o' E+&%$sh7 It <as a use'u% #ethod that <as des$&+ed 'or teacher tra$+ers6 but cou%d a%so be used by stude+ts <ho <$shed to $#/ro,e the$r E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+7 The descr$/t$,e a//roach <as used here to teach the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh7 There <ere /ract$ca% act$,$t$es to %ear+ each sou+d $+d$,$dua%%y a+d $+ &rou/s7 A%so6 there <as a+ a+a%ys$s o' the /ro+u+c$at$o+ errors6 a+d d$''er$+& /atter+s7 Both E+&%$sh a+d

S/a+$sh sou+ds <ere co+trasted 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' the /roduct$o+ o' E+&%$sh sou+ds7 The co+trast <as #ade by the use o' /ho+et$c sy#bo%s7 As <e =+o<6 there $s +o d$rect re%at$o+ bet<ee+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d s/e%%$+&7 1or th$s reaso+6 the h$+ts o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ /ro,$ded here <ere treated as Y/ure ru%esZ7 There <ere so#e t$/s that cou%d be co+s$dered as ru%es6 but there <ere a%<ays <ords that d$d +ot '$t $+ a+y o' the t$/s /ro,$ded7 But e,e+ those e(ce/t$o+s cou%d be %ear+ed by the stude+t7 I+ her <or= the author a%so states that there are d$''ere+t d$a%ects o' E+&%$sh $+ d$''ere+t /arts o' the <or%d7 I+ the U+$ted States $tse%' /ro+u+c$at$o+ ,ar$es a %ot 'ro# re&$o+ to re&$o+7 The /o%$cy ado/ted here $s to /rese+t the ,ar$ety that e#/has$8ed s$#$%ar$ty $+ the sou+ds o' the t<o %a+&ua&es6 a+d to #e+t$o+ other ,ar$a+ts $+ the d$scuss$o+ +otes at the e+d o' each sect$o+7 I+ the $+troduct$o+ o' her <or=6 she re'erred to the E+&%$sh /oet Aoh+ ryde+ <ho <rote6 YErrors6 %$=e stra<s6 u/o+ the sur'ace '%o<P He <ho <ou%d search 'or /ear%s #ust d$,e be%o<Z 9 Nash6 Rose6 GNLL:7 >$th these /hrases he #ea+t that $+ ac0u$r$+& or %ear+$+& a %a+&ua&e <e a%ready =+o< <hat to e(/ect o+ a+ abstract $+tu$t$,e %e,e%7 I+ add$t$o+6 the author #e+t$o+ed that there are three d$''ere+t ty/es o' errors that #ay occur <he+ so#eo+e $s %ear+$+& a %a+&ua&e7 The '$rst =$+d $s the o+e due to #e#ory %a/ses6 'at$&ue6 or s/eech de'ects 9/hys$o%o&$ca%:6 the seco+d ty/e o' error $s de,e%o/#e+ta% a+d the th$rd o+e $s tra+s'er <h$ch <as the /r$#ary 'ocus o' her <or=7 YTra+s'er errors resu%t <he+ a +at$,e %a+&ua&e /atter+ $s carr$ed o,er $+to a +o++at$,e %a+&ua&e7 Tra+s'er errors a''ect the $+te%%$&$b$%$ty <he+ the %$ste+er does +ot $+ter/ret the /atter+ the <ay the s/ea=er $+te+ded7 A&a$+6 th$s $s due to the $+a//ro/r$ate tra+s'er o' accou+t s$&+a%s 'ro# the sou+d syste# o' the s/ea=er?s +at$,e %a+&ua&e <h$ch the %$ste+er $+ter/reted accord$+& to the sou+d syste# o'

h$s or her o<+ +at$,e %a+&ua&e7

e/e+d$+& o+ the acoust$c s$&+a%s $s +ot the

o+%y <ay to co##u+$cate6 there $s /%e+ty o' %$+&u$st$c a+d soc$a% co+te(t to he%/ $+ $de+t$'y$+& <ords a+d reco&+$8e the s/ea=er?s #essa&e7Z 9Nash6 GNLL: Pro+u+c$at$o+ errors are caused +ot o+%y by d$''ere+ces $+ sou+d syste#s6 <h$ch $s ca%%ed YSou+d-to-Sou+dZ tra+s'er7 I+ add$t$o+ there $s YS/e%%$+&-to-S/e%%$+&Z tra+s'er7 These <ere the t<o =$+ds o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ errors that had to be d$st$+&u$shed a+d that caused d$''$cu%t$es 'or the +o+-+at$,e %ear+er7 Stude+ts had to be e(/%a$+ed the reaso+ <hy these %o&$ca% tra+s'er errors occur $+ %ear+$+& a %a+&ua&e7 YCross-%a+&ua&e d$''ere+ces $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d s/e%%$+& tra+s'ers ca+ be obser,ed #ost c%ear%y $+ co&+ate <ordsP that $s6 E+&%$sh S/a+$sh <ord /a$rs that ha,e the sa#e Lat$+ or Gree= root6 a%thou&h there #ay +ot a%<ays ha,e e(act%y the sa#e #ea+$+& $+ the co+te#/orary %a+&ua&es 9Nash6 ,$ GNLL:7 There <ere a%so /rosod$c errors $+ stress6 rhyth#6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 S/a+$sh a+d E+&%$sh ha,e d$''ere+t <ays o' s$&+a%$+& e#/has$s a+d co+trast6 a+d d$''ere+t o,era%% /atter+s o' rhyth# a+d $+to+at$o+7 Nash su&&ested to co#/are /rosod$c as/ects o' %a+&ua&e be'ore co#/ar$+& co+so+a+ts a+d ,o<e% sou+ds $+ order to %ear+ the correct /ro+u+c$at$o+7 I+ th$s <or= there <ere just a 'e< /eda&o&$ca% h$+ts about teach$+& /rocedures $+ the c%assroo#7 It <as co+cer+ed <$th <hat to teach6 +ot ho< to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+7 Nash stated that Y#ethods are best <or=ed out by the teacher6 <ho =+o<s the +eeds a+d ca/ab$%$t$es o' the stude+tsZ7 The /ro+u+c$at$o+ that <as a+a%y8ed by the author o' th$s source <as the o+e acce/ted as sta+dard $+ the >ester+ He#$s/here7 There <as a%so a sect$o+ o+ #ajor d$a%ect$ca% ,ar$a+ts o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 The syste# o' tra+scr$/t$o+ used $+ th$s boo= $s des$&+ed s/ec$'$ca%%y 'or cross-%a+&ua&e descr$/t$o+6 a+d #ay d$''er $+ so#e res/ects 'or

those you ha,e 'ou+d $+ te(tboo=s dea%$+& <$th E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs6 or those used $+ /ro+ou+c$+& d$ct$o+ar$es7 Nash?s <or= dea%t <$th a &e+era% $+troduct$o+ to the bas$c co+ce/ts a+d c%ass$'$cat$o+ that o+e +eeded to u+dersta+d6 a+d a sur,ey o' the sou+ds o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 It a%so co#/ared the sou+d syste# $+ deta$%6 &rou/$+& to&ether sou+ds that shared /ho+et$c character$st$cs7 It to%d us ho< sou+ds <ere art$cu%ated a+d /erce$,ed a+d the <ay they a''ected each other <he+ they <ere co#b$+ed $+ a <ord7 Ortho&ra/hy <as a%so co+s$dered to e(/%a$+ the ,ar$ous /ho+et$c ,a%ues 'or each %etter a+d %etter co#b$+at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 S$#$%ar$t$es a+d d$''ere+ces <ere co#/ared 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' the t<o sou+d syste#s6 es/ec$a%%y that o' E+&%$sh7 The #ode% /ro/osed by Nash co+tr$buted to the /rese+t study because o' the &reat a#ou+t o' $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to the sou+d syste#s o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 Th$s study $+te+ded to '$+d better <ays a+d tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ to S/a+$sh s/ea=ers7 Nash #e+t$o+ed a 'e< tech+$0ues that <ere co+s$dered 'or th$s /roject6 but the co#/ar$so+ a+d co+trast o' the t<o %a+&ua&es /ro,$ded e(ce%%e+t $deas to '$+d better t$/s to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 The 'act o' a+a%y8$+& the d$a%ect o' E+&%$sh s/o=e+ $+ the >ester+ He#$s/here <as use'u% 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s /roject7 A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh <as co+s$dered as the sta+dard to co#/are a+d co+trast $t <$th S/a+$sh $+ order to better u+dersta+d <here a+d ho< sou+ds are /roduced6 $+c%ud$+& stress a+d $+to+at$o+ o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 The d$''ere+t ty/es o' errors the author descr$bed $+ her <or=6 /ro,$ded better $deas o+ they <ay th$s study <as co+ducted to 'u%'$%% the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s /roject6 that o' /ro,$d$+& teachers <$th tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ to E1L stude+ts $+ a /ract$ca% a+d e+joyab%e <ay7

SU**ARF STATE*ENT There are d$''ere+t s=$%%s a+d sub-s=$%%s that ha,e to be co+s$dered $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 Th$s study #a$+%y dea%t <$th the E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs co+s$der$+& the se&#e+ta%s a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s7 These as/ects ha,e rece+t%y bee+ a &reat co+cer+ s$+ce $t has bee+ /ro,ed that they are a%so $#/orta+t $+ the co##u+$cat$o+ /rocess7 The d$''ere+t sources co+su%ted 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s %$terature re,$e< had e(ce%%e+t co+tr$but$o+s to ta=e $+to accou+t $+ order to 'u%'$%% <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s study7 Each author dea%t <$th E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs 'ro# a d$''ere+t /o$+t o' ,$e<6 th$s $s <hat #ade th$s study #ore 'ru$t'u% a+d $+terest$+& 'or the &reat a#ou+t o' $deas shared $+ each <or=7 So#e /eo/%e had a%<ays thou&ht that /ho+et$cs <as a b$& bore7 The $dea o' <or=$+& o+ th$s /roject <as to sho< teachers a+d stude+ts that %ear+$+& E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ cou%d be eas$er a+d #ore 'u+ tha+ they ha,e $#a&$+ed7 Th$s <as <hat I had $+ #$+d <he+ I dec$ded to carry out th$s study7 CHAPTER III

*ETHO S

I+ th$s cha/ter I <$%% descr$be the /rocedures used to co%%ect data re%ated to each o+e o' the three research 0uest$o+s $+ <h$ch th$s /roject <as #a$+%y 'ocused7 The $+'or#at$o+ &athered to a+s<er each o+e o' the $ssues <$%% be do+e co+s$der$+& the assu#/t$o+s o' th$s study7 The #a$+ /ur/ose <$%% be to '$+d the a//ro/r$ate $+'or#at$o+ that <ou%d res/o+d e''ect$,e%y each o+e o' the $ssues7 A br$e' descr$/t$o+ o' the sources o' $+'or#at$o+ that

<ere bas$ca%%y co+s$dered 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study6 a+d the se%ect$o+ o' the# to a+s<er each o+e o' the three 0uest$o+s <$%% a%so be /ro,$ded7 The research des$&+ a+d ro%e o' the researcher <$%% be #e+t$o+ed $+ th$s /art o' the /roject s$+ce the are ,ery $#/orta+t as/ects to sha/e the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s /art o' the /roject7 ASSU*PTIONS O1 THE STU F The /ur/ose o' th$s research /roject <as to e(/%ore so#e o' the tech+$0ues used to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to S/a+$sh s/ea=ers7 >$th the $+'or#at$o+ &athered I $+te+ded to sho< ho< $#/orta+t $t <as to co+s$der E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs $+ a %a+&ua&e curr$cu%u#7 So#e o' the assu#/t$o+s that <ere co+s$dered 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study <ere4 G7 It <as assu#ed that a%% E+&%$sh %ear+ers cou%d %ear+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+ the sa#e <ay6 +o #atter <hat a&e they <ere or <hat %ear+$+& sty%e they had7 27 It <as assu#ed that #a=$+& use o' the d$''ere+t =$+ds o' tech+$0ues6 a+d +ot 'ocus$+& o+ /ho+et$cs tra$+$+&6 stude+ts cou%d &et to %ear+ the ade0uate /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+ o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e $+ order to ha,e a+ $+te%%$&$b%e a+d e''ect$,e co##u+$cat$o+7

RESEARCH ESIGN The #ethod used $+ th$s $+,est$&at$o+ <as the 0ua%$tat$,e #ethod7 Th$s #ethod #ade use o' descr$/t$,e a+d $+duct$,e research a+d <as $+terested $+ /rocess6 #easur$+&6 a+d u+dersta+d$+& &a$+ed throu&h <ords a+d /hrases7 Th$s <as a ,ery $#/orta+t $ssue that <as co+s$dered $+ th$s /roject s$+ce #ost o' the #ater$a% /rese+ted here <as $+te+ded to e(/%a$+ ho< to teach as/ects o' %a+&ua&eP such as /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+

#a=$+& use o' ,$sua% a$ds such as6 d$a&ra#s6 tab%es6 a+d charts7 Qua%$tat$,e research $s a%so e(/%oratory6 th$s $s o+e o' the 'eatures o' th$s ty/e o' research that <as co+s$dered 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study <h$ch <as #a$+%y des$&+ed to e(/%ore /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+& tech+$0ues 'or ESLQE1L teachers7

THE ROLE O1 THE RESEARCHER I+$t$a%%y I had to 'ocus #y $+,est$&at$o+ o+ stud$es #ade by so#e other researchers a+d sources o' $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to /ho+et$cs a+d /ho+et$cs teach$+& tech+$0ues7 Th$s $s study <as bas$ca%%y based o+ the 'our d$''ere+t <or=s a%ready a+a%y8ed abo,e that co+ta$+ed $+'or#at$o+ +eeded to acco#/%$sh th$s /roject7 I had to dec$de <hat data $+'or#at$o+ to co+s$der or +ot7 The e(/er$e+ce I had as a+ E1L stude+t a+d as a teacher sha/ed6 to certa$+ e(te+t6 the $+ter/retat$o+ o' the $+'or#at$o+ /ro,$ded $+ th$s $+,est$&at$o+7 *y #a$+ co+cer+ <as to de,e%o/ a /roject <here teachers cou%d see ho< $#/orta+t a+d +ecessary $t <as to ha,e a &ood =+o<%ed&e o' the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh $+ order to =+o< ho< to res/o+d to those /rob%e#s or doubts stude+ts cou%d ha,e about E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 A%so6 based o+ the '$+d$+&s o' th$s study6 teachers cou%d %ear+ <hat the ade0uate <ay to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs <as7 >hat I a%so co+s$dered $#/orta+t <as to %oo= 'or so#e /ract$ca% #ot$,at$+& $deas o+ ho< to #a=e stude+ts be $+terested $+ %ear+$+& the /ho+et$cs o' E+&%$sh7

ATA COLLECTION PROCE URES A descr$/t$o+ o' the &ather$+& tech+$0ues e#/%oyed throu&hout th$s research <as #e+t$o+ed $+ th$s sect$o+7 The sources o' $+'or#at$o+ 'or #y /roject <ere the 'o%%o<$+&

s/ec$a%$8ed te(ts <h$ch I se%ected because they /ro,$de us <$th theoret$ca% a+d /ract$ca% h$+ts re%ated to the teach$+& o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs4 TEACHING PRONUNCIATION A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of ther !anguages as <r$tte+ by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d Aa+et *7 Good<$+7 Th$s source <as re%e,a+t to th$s /roject because $t co+ta$+ed a &reat dea% o' &e+era% $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to the h$story o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs teach$+& throu&hout the t$#e7 *ore s/ec$'$ca%%y the #ater$a% /rese+ted $+ cha/ters o+e a+d t<o <ere use'u% s$+ce they ta%=ed about the d$''ere+t tech+$0ues that each a//roach co+s$dered to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 A%so6 o+ cha/ter t<o Ce%ce-*urc$a e(/%a$+ed <$th #uch deta$% the research o+ the teach$+& a+d ac0u$s$t$o+ o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ s=$%%s7 She #e+t$o+ed as/ects such as6 a&e6 att$tude6 a/t$tud a+d #ot$,at$o+ that ha,e to be ta=e+ $+to accou+t <he+ teach$+& E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 PRONUNCIATION by Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er7 The source o' $+'or#at$o+ <as /rese+ted $+ three d$''ere+t sect$o+s4 Sect$o+ o+e /ro,$ded us <$th a+ e(/%a+at$o+ o+ the s$&+$'$ca+ce o' $+te%%$&$b%e /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ order to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ E+&%$sh7 a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er a%so e(/%a$+ed ho< +ecessary $t <as to &et so#e =+o<%ed&e o' the E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs e#/has$8$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 Th$s <as the se0ue+ce the authors used to e(/%a$+ each o+e o' these as/ects7 Sect$o+ t<o de#o+strated ho< each o+ o' these as/ects <ere actua%%y a//%$ed $+ the c%assroo#6 but s/ec$'$ca%%y /a&es KL throu&h LI /ro,$ded the +ecessary $+'or#at$o+ that <as +eeded to '$+d a /ro,ed se0ue+ce to teach the se&#e+ta%s a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s $+ the order that <as $+te+ded to teach the# $+ th$s /roject7 Sect$o+ three <as a%so use'u% s$+ce $t dea%t <$th so#e other tech+$0ues a+d tas=s to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 Each tas= co+s$dered

the a$#6 resources6 /rocedure a+d e,a%uat$o+ o' each tech+$0ue used to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+dQor $+to+at$o+7 CO*PARING ENGLISH AN SPANISH by Rose Nash <as o+e #ore source o' $+'or#at$o+ that s/ec$'$ca%%y had to do <$th co+trast$+& the sou+d syste#s o' both E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 Parts t<o 9Pho+o%o&y: a+d three 9Ortho&ra/hy: <ere o' &reat he%/ to '$+d t$/s to better e(/%a$+ the re%at$o+ bet<ee+ s/e%%$+& a+d /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d <here a+d ho< sou+ds <ere actua%%y /roduced $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e #a$+%y7 .ISS FOUR ACCENT Goodbye\ By *aya LeE+ *e$s <$th .$tty Ao+es <as a%so co+s$dered $+ &e+era% s$+ce $t dea%t s/ec$'$ca%%y <$th those sou+ds that caused #ore troub%e to S/a+$sh s/ea=ers o' E+&%$sh7 The $%%ustrat$,e a+d #ot$,at$+& ,$sua%s $+ her <or= <ere &$,e+ s/ec$a% atte+t$o+ s$+ce $t <as o+e #ore o' the character$st$cs co+s$dered $+ the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s /roject4 to #a=e the %ear+$+& o' /ho+et$cs 'u+ 'or the %ear+er a+d teacher as <e%%7 These sources o' $+'or#at$o+ <ere bas$ca%%y co+s$dered $+ the order they <ere /rese+ted because the$r %$+=s he%/ed to de,e%o/ th$s study the <ay $t <as $+te+ded <he+ I '$rst dec$ded to se%ect th$s to/$c 'or #y /roject7 Bes$des that6 so#e <eb s$tes <ere a%so co+su%ted s$+ce they o''ered use'u% #ater$a% to su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the $+'or#at$o+ /ro,$ded7

SELECTION TECHNIQUES E1L TEACHERS CAN USE TO EDELOP THE PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS6 AN INTONATION O1 THEIR E1L STU ENTS7

I+ order to co%%ect data re%ated to th$s $ssue6 I se%ected t<o o' the 'our sources #e+t$o+ed abo,e4 TEACHING PRONUNCIATION A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of ther !anguages as <r$tte+ by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d Aa+et *7 Good<$+6 a+d PRONUNCIATION by Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er7 Ce%ce-*urc$a /ro,$ded us <$th the h$story a+d sco/e o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&6 the d$''ere+t a//roaches $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& $+ the /ast a+d today6 a+d the d$''ere+t tech+$0ues6 too%s a+d /ract$ce #ater$a%s that ha,e trad$t$o+a%%y bee+ used a+d are st$%% be$+& used to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+7 Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er dea%t <$th so#e o' the #ost re%e,a+t tech+$0ues re%ated to /ho+et$cs teach$+&6 $+ the$r <or= they #e+t$o+ed so#e o' the <ays $+ <h$ch teachers ca+ e(/%ore a+d #a=e use o' the theoret$ca% a+d /eda&o&$c a//roaches to /ro+u+c$at$o+7 They su&&ested to re'%ect o+ our teach$+&6 es/ec$a%%y o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+& a+d '$+d better <ays to he%/ our stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7

1IN ING THE CORRECT SEQUENCE TO TEACH PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS6 AN INTONATION7 I+ order to &ather data co++ected to th$s $ssue I se%ected the sa#e sources o' $+'or#at$o+ used to a+s<er 0uest$o+ G4 *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a #e+t$o+ed the use o' the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach <h$ch #a=es use o' descr$/t$,e #ater$a%sP such as charts6 'ace d$a&ra#s6 a+d co+trast$,e $+'or#at$o+7 Th$s a//roach #a$+%y 'ocused atte+t$o+ o+ the /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e6 E+&%$sh7

The other source o' $+'or#at$o+ <as the o+e <r$tte+ by Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er <here $+ the$r <or= they #e+t$o+ed the use o' t<o a//roaches to the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+4 the botto#-u/ a//roach <h$ch be&$+s <$th the art$cu%at$o+ o' ,o<e% a+d co+so+a+t sou+ds a+d <or=$+& u/ to<ards $+to+at$o+6 a+d $+ the other case <e had the to/-do<+ a//roach <h$ch be&$+s <$th /atter+s o' $+to+at$o+ a+d br$+&s se/arate sou+ds $+to sha/er 'ocus as a+d <he+ re0u$red7 The 'or#er $s the a//roach that <as co+s$dered to dea% <$th those as/ects o' %a+&ua&e $+ 0uest$o+7 I+ short6 these t<o sources d$d /ro,$de the +ecessary $+'or#at$o+ to a+s<er th$s 0uest$o+7

1IN ING >AFS TO HELP E1L TEACHERS *OTIDATE THEIR STU ENTS TO I*PRODE THEIR LEARNING O1 ENGLISH PHONETICS7 To ac0u$re data 'or th$s $ssue6 I se%ected the source o' $+'or#at$o+ <r$tte+ by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a <here she ta%=ed about the d$''ere+t ty/es o' #ot$,at$o+ that shou%d be co+s$dered to he%/ stude+ts $#/ro,e the$r /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 Three s$tes <ere a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t to co#/%e#e+t th$s /art o' the study7 The t$#e s/e+t $+ %oo=$+& 'or s$tes that <ou%d co#/%e#e+t the #ater$a% /rese+ted o+ th$s /art o' the /roject <as about '$,e hours7 The $dea <as just to %oo= 'or so#e s$tes that teachers cou%d a%so reco##e+d to the$r stude+ts $+ order to /ract$ce %$ste+$+& to E+&%$sh sou+ds a+d so#e other aud$o act$,$t$es7 Perso+a% co+tr$but$o+s <ere a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t to co#/%e#e+t th$s /art o' the study7 *ater$a%s such as &a#es a+d $deas 'ro# so#e other sources o' $+'or#at$o+ <ere a%so co+s$dered7

Procedure

Co+s$der$+& that $t $s $#/orta+t 'or teachers to ac0u$re so#e &ood =+o<%ed&e $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ /eda&o&y6 I dec$ded to start to co%%ect data re%ated to E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 To acco#/%$sh th$s6 I co+su%ted #ater$a% such as6 te(tboo=s a+d <ebs$tes7 The 'our sources o' $+'or#at$o+ that <ere bas$ca%%y used 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study <ere se%ected 'ro# the &reat ,ar$ety o' boo=s o+ the #ar=et7 The $dea <as to '$+d <or=s that <ou%d he%/ #e 'u%'$%% <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s /roject7 Each source co+su%ted dea%t <$th the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh 'ro# d$''ere+t /o$+ts o' ,$e<7 So <hat I d$d <as to '$+d a te(tboo= that <ou%d /ro,$de #e <$th &e+era% $+'or#at$o+ about E+&%$sh /ho+et$csP o+e that <ou%d co+trast E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$shP a+d o+e that <ou%d &$,e #e so#e t$/s or $deas o+ ho< to #a=e the %ear+$+& o' /ho+et$cs attract$,e6 e+joyab%e a+d 'u+ 'or the teachers a+d the stude+ts as <e%%7

A%so6 so#e <ebs$tes <ere ,$s$ted $+ order to &et so#e h$+ts a+d act$,$t$es that cou%d su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the t$/s /ro,$ded o+ the /ho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue sect$o+ 'ou+d o+ cha/ter 'our o' th$s research /roject7

CHAPTER ID ATA ANALFSIS 1or th$s /art o' the study the $+'or#at$o+ &athered 'or each o+e o' the three research 0uest$o+s <as a+a%y8ed res/ect$+& the order $+ <h$ch they <ere /rese+ted o+ the Research Quest$o+s sect$o+7

PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS AN INTONATION EDELOP*ENT

To address the $ssues o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+ de,e%o/#e+t $t <as +ecessary to tur+ to the <or=s o' *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d Aa+et *7 Good<$+P a+d Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er7 Accord$+& to Ce%ce-*urc$a $+ the /ast /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+& had bee+ tau&ht accord$+& to the #ethod o' $+struct$o+ used $+ the c%assroo# to teach a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e7 1or so#e o' those #ethodsP such as the Gra##ar Tra+s%at$o+6 Read$+&-based a//roaches6 a+d the Co&+$t$,e a//roach the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ <as %ar&e%y $rre%e,a+t7 S$+ce the GM33s a+d ear%y GN33s6 $+ the $rect #ethod /ro+u+c$at$o+ <as tau&ht throu&h $+tu$t$o+ a+d $#$tat$o+7 Y L$ste+ a+d $#$tateZ <as the tech+$0ue used $+ th$s #ethod6 stude+ts %$ste+ed to a #ode% a+d re/eated or $#$tated $t7 Ta/e recorders6 %a+&ua&e %abs6 a+d ,$deo recorders <ere h$&h%y used to teach th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 GNNK :7 There <as a /er$od $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+& that ha//e+ed $+ the GMN3s6 the Re'or# *o,e#e+t 'or# <h$ch the '$rst %$+&u$st$c or a+a%yt$c co+tr$but$o+ to /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+& e#er&ed7 Th$s #o,e#e+t <as $+'%ue+ced by /ho+et$c$a+s such as He+ry Sheet6 >$%%$a# D$]tor6 a+d Pau% Passy <ho '$rst 'or#ed the I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c Assoc$at$o+ $+ GMMK a+d de,e%o/ed the I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c A%/habet 9IPA:7 1o%%o<$+& are the +ot$o+s a+d /ract$ces that6 accord$+& to th$s author6 $+'%ue+ced #oder+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&4 The s/o=e+ 'or# o' a %a+&ua&e $s /r$#ary a+d shou%d be tau&ht '$rst7 The '$+d$+&s o' /ho+et$cs shou%d be a//%$ed to %a+&ua&e teach$+& Teachers #ust ha,e so%$d tra$+$+& $+ /ho+et$cs Lear+ers shou%d be &$,e+ /ho+et$c tra$+$+& to estab%$sh &ood s/eech

Pho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue <as the +a#e &$,e+ by the /ho+et$c$a+s #e+t$o+ed abo,e7 Th$s tech+$0ue #ade use o' art$cu%atory descr$/t$o+s6 art$cu%ators d$a&ra#6 a+d /ho+et$c a%/habet7 Stude+ts <ere $+,o%,ed $+ /ho+et$c tra+scr$/t$o+s as <e%% as read$+& /ho+et$ca%%y tra+scr$bed te(t7 Th$s $s the tech+$0ue that <as #a$+%y co+s$dered to /ro,$de teachers <$th so#e too%s to he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 Y*a+y h$stor$es o' %a+&ua&e teach$+& 9e7&76 Ho<att GNMI: be%$e,e that the Re'or# *o,e#e+t /%ayed a ro%e $+ the de,e%o/#e+t o' Aud$o%$+&ua%$s# $+ the U+$ted States a+d o' the Ora% A//roach $+ Br$ta$+ dur$+& the GNI3s a+d GNJ3sZ 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 GNNK :7Z Pro+u+c$at$o+ <as ,ery $#/orta+t $+ the t<o Aud$o%$+&ua% a+d Ora% P/roaches6 $t <as tau&ht 'ro# the be&$++$+&7 The teacher or a record$+& #ode%ed a s/eech sou+d6 a <ord6 or certa$+ uttera+ce a+d the stude+ts had to $#$tate or re/eat7 Teachers <ho #ade use o' the Aud$o%$+&ua% A//roach a%so #ade use o' $+'or#at$o+ 'ro# /ho+et$cs6 such as charts6 'ace d$a&ra#s a+d so#e other ,$sua% #ater$a% to teach th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e7 *$+$#a% /a$r <as a tech+$0ue used by the Aud$o%$+&ua% A//roach $+ <h$ch stude+ts had to d$st$+&u$sh bet<ee+ s$#$%ar a+d /rob%e#at$c sou+ds $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Both %$ste+$+& d$scr$#$+at$o+ a+d &u$ded ora% /ract$ce <ere h$&h%y reco##e+ded to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+ ,$a th$s tech+$0ue 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 GNNK :7 The re'erred author a%so stated that there <as o+e #ore tech+$0ue used by #a$+%y the S$%e+t >ay 9a #ethod that a//eared to ha,e a s/ec$a% 'ocus o+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+: <as the so-ca%%ed ,$sua% a$ds tech+$0ue that ut$%$8ed ,$sua%s6 such as sou+d co%or charts <h$ch <ere created by Gatte&+o $+ GNMJ to by/ass the ear7 It co+ta$+ed a%% the ,o<e%s a+d co+so+a+t sou+ds o' a tar&et %a+&ua&e $+ se,era% co%ored recta+&%es7 A%so6 th$s #ethod #ade use o' 1$de% <a%% charts <h$ch co+ta$+ed a%% /oss$b%e s/e%%$+& /atter+s 'or each sou+d

$+ the %a+&ua&e7 These %ast charts <ere a%#ost the sa#e s$8e as the co%or chartsP 1$de% <a%% charts re'%ected a+d re$+'orced the syste# used $+ the sou+d co%or chart7 The author a%so #e+t$o+ed so#e other tech+$0ues that <ere trad$t$o+a%%y used a+d are st$%% be$+& used to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+4 a: Co+te(tua%$8ed #$+$#a% /a$rs4 $t <as a tech+$0ue <here the sett$+& <as estab%$shed a+d =ey ,ocabu%ary <as /rese+tedP stude+ts <ere tra$+ed to res/o+d to a se+te+ce ste# <$th the a//ro/r$ate #ea+$+&'u% res/o+se7 b: To+&ue t<$sters4 $t <as a tech+$0ue used 'or# s/eech correct$o+ strate&$es 'or +at$,e s/ea=ers7 It had a%so bee+ co+s$dered to teach sou+ds o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 It resu%ted 'u+ 'or stude+ts <ho tr$ed to say the to+&ue t<$ster7 c: e,e%o/#e+ta% a//ro($#at$o+ dr$%%s4 $t <as a tech+$0ue su&&ested by '$rst%a+&ua&e ac0u$s$t$o+ stud$es $+ <h$ch seco+d %a+&ua&e %ear+ers <ere tau&ht to retrace to ste/s that #a+y E+&%$sh s/ea=$+& ch$%dre+ 'o%%o<ed as they ac0u$red certa$+ sou+ds $+ the$r '$rst %a+&ua&e7 Th$s tech+$0ue 'ocused #a$+%y o+ those sou+ds adu%t %ear+ers had d$''$cu%ty <$th7 1$rst6 they <ere tau&ht easy sou+ds that a//ro($#ated to those sou+ds that <ere d$''$cu%t to /roduce by +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers7 d: Pract$ce o' ,o<e% sh$'ts a+d stress re%ated by a''$(at$o+4 Th$s <as a tech+$0ue that <as based o+ ru%es o' &e+erat$,e /ho+o%o&y a+d $t <as used <$th $+ter#ed$ate or ad,a+ced %ear+ers7 YThe teacher /o$+ts out the ru%ebased +ature o' ,o<e% a+d stress sh$'ts $+ ety#o%o&$ca%%y re%ated <ords to ra$se a<are+essP se+te+ces a+d short te(ts that co+ta$+ed both #e#bers o' a /a$r #ay be /ro,$ded as ora% /ract$ce #ater$a%7

e:

Read$+& a%oudQrec$tat$o+4 Th$s <as a tech+$0ue that #ade use o' /assa&es or scr$/ts 'or %ear+ers to /ract$ce a+d the+ read a%oud6 'ocus$+& o+ stress6 t$#$+&6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 *e#or$8at$o+ o' the te(t cou%d or cou%d +ot be $+,o%,ed6 a+d $t usua%%y occurred <$th &e+res that <ere $+te+ded to be s/o=e+6 such as s/eeches6 /oe#s6 /%ays6 a+d d$a%o&ues7

':

Record$+& o' %ear+ers? /roduct$o+4 Rehearsed a+d s/o+ta+eous s/eeches6 'ree co+,ersat$o+6 a+d ro%e /%ays <ere aud$ota/ed a+d ,$deota/ed7 Stude+ts <ere &$,e+ 'eedbac= 'ro# teachers a+d other stude+ts as <e%% as 'or teachers6 /eer6 a+d se%'-e,a%uat$o+7

1IN ING THE CORRECT S^QUENCE TO TEACH PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS6 AN INTONATION

To co%%ect data re&ard$+& th$s $ssue6 the /r$+c$/%es de,e%o/ed by *ar$a++e Ce%ce*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d Aa+et *7 Good<$+P a+d Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er <ere a%so co+su%ted7 I+ her <or= Ce%ce-*urc$a stated that /ro+u+c$at$o+ be&a+ to be stud$ed syste#at$ca%%y short%y be'ore the be&$++$+& o' the t<e+t$eth ce+tury7 The author a%so #e+t$o+ed that there <ere t<o &e+era% a//roaches to the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+4 The $+tu$t$,e-$#$tat$,e a//roach a+d the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 I+ &e+era% ter#s6 the 'or#er a//roach de/e+ded o+ the %ear+ers? ab$%$ty to %$ste+ to a+d $#$tate the rhyth#s a+d sou+d o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e <$thout the $+ter,e+t$o+ o' a+y e(/%$c$t $+'or#at$o+7 Th$s sa#e a//roach /resu//osed the a,a$%ab$%$ty o' &ood #ode%s to %$ste+ to6 they #ade use o'

%$ste+$+& #ater$a%s6 such as /ho+o&ra/h records6 ta/e recorders6 %a+&ua&e %abs6 aud$o ta/es6 ,$deocassesttes a+d rece+t%y co#/act d$scs7 The a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach #ade use o' $+'or#at$o+ a+d too%s such as a /ho+et$c a%/habet6 'ace d$a&ra#6 art$cu%atory descr$/t$o+s6 co+trast$,e $+'or#at$o+6 a+d so#e other a$ds to su//%e#e+t %$ste+$+&6 $#$tat$o+6 a+d /roduct$o+7 Th$s a//roach #a$+%y e(/%a$+ed the sou+ds a+d rhyth#s o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e 'ro# a descr$/t$,e /o$+t o' ,$e<7 It <as de,e%o/ed to co#/%e#e+t the $+tu$t$,e-$#$tat$,e a//roach6 a+d +ot +ecessar$%y to re/%ace $t7 A%so6 $t <as ty/$ca%%y reta$+ed as the /ract$ce /hase used $+ ta+de# <$th the /ho+et$c $+'or#at$o+7 *y study <as #a$+%y based o+ the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach6 but the $deas o' the $+tu$t$,e-$#$tat$,e a//roach <ere a%so co+s$dered just to su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the e(/%a+at$o+ o' the d$''ere+t as/ects /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ co+s$dered to 'u%'$%% <$th the object$,e o' th$s /roject7 Co+trast$,e $+'or#at$o+ o' the +at$,e %a+&ua&e 9S/a+$sh: a+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e 9E+&%$sh: <as o+e o' the too%s h$&h%y used $+ order to see the d$''ere+ces o+ the /roduct$o+ o' sou+ds $+ the t<o %a+&ua&es6 es/ec$a%%y those sou+ds $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e that S/a+$sh +at$,e s/ea=ers 'ou+d d$''$cu%t to /roduce a+d that used to $+ter'ere $+ the co##u+$cat$o+ /rocess6 a,o$d$+& the tra+s#$ss$o+ o' $+te%%$&$b%e a+d e''ect$,e #essa&es $+ E+&%$sh7 Accord$+& to Ce%ce-*urc$a there <as a /rob%e# 'or Co##u+$cat$,e-La+&ua&e Teach$+&6 /ro/o+e+ts o' th$s a//roach ha,e +ot dea%t ade0uate%y <$th the ro%e o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&6 a+d they ha,e +ot de,e%o/ed a+ a&reed-u/o+ set o' structures 'or teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+ co##u+$cat$,e%y7 There <ere d$''ere+t =$+ds o' tech+$0ues a+d /ract$ce #ater$a%s that ha,e bee+ used to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+7

To 'u%'$%% <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s study6 Pho+et$c tra$+$+& <as se%ected 'ro# the d$''ere+t =$+ds o' tech+$0ues used throu&hout the t$#e7 O+e o' the reaso+s <hy $t <as se%ected <as that $t <as re%ated to <hat the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach /ro/osed7 A+d because Yo+%y throu&h a thorou&h =+o<%ed&e o' the E+&%$sh sou+d syste# a+d throu&h 'a#$%$ar$ty <$th a ,ar$ety o' /eda&o&$ca% tech+$0ues6 #a+y o' <h$ch shou%d be co##u+$cat$,e%y or$e+ted6 ca+ teachers e''ect$,e%y address the /ro+u+c$at$o+ +eeds o' the$r stude+ts 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 GNNK :7 A%so the author $+ her <or= stated that $+ the /ast there <as a debate bet<ee+ the teach$+& o' se&#e+ta% a+d the su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures o' %a+&ua&e7 *ater$a% de,e%o/ers a+d teachers dec$ded that the correct se0ue+ce to teach the tar&et %a+&ua&e co##u+$cat$,e%y to +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers <as by '$rst teach$+& the su/rase&#e+ta%s 9$7e76 rhyth#6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+:7 But so#e other #ater$a% de,e%o/ers a+d teachers a&reed that a ba%a+ce $+ the teach$+& o' se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures o' %a+&ua&e cou%d br$+& e(ce%%e+t resu%ts a+d a /os$t$,e $#/act o+ the ora% co##u+$cat$o+ a+d the %$ste+$+& co#/rehe+s$o+ ab$%$t$es o' +o++at$,e s/ea=ers o' E+&%$sh6 our #a$+ co+cer+ here S/a+$sh s/ea=ers 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 GNNK6 / G3:7 Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er #e+t$o+ed the +a#es o' t<o a//roaches to teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+4 The botto#-u/ a//roach a+d the to/-do<+ a//roach the 'or#er be&a+ by teach$+& the art$cu%at$o+ o' $+d$,$dua% ,o<e%s a+d co+so+a+ts a+d <or=ed u/ to<ards $+to+at$o+7 A+d the %atter a//roach be&a+ <$th /atter+s o' $+to+at$o+ a+d brou&ht se/arate sou+ds $+to sha/er 'ocus as a+d <he+ re0u$red 9 a%to+6 GNNI6 // KN-L3:7 I+ th$s /roject the botto#-u/ a//roach <as co+s$dered to sho< teachers ho< /ho+et$cs tra$+$+& ca+ be dea%t <$th $+ a rea% c%assroo# sett$+& by #a=$+& use o' the $+'or#at$o+ a+d too%s /ro/osed by the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 So#e o' the $deas

/ro/osed by the $+tu$t$,e a//roach a+d the tech+$0ues a+d /ract$ce #ater$a%s used trad$t$o+a%%y by teachers <ho <ere $+ 'a,or o' other #ethods a+d a//roaches <ere ta=e+ $+to accou+t to su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the tech+$0ue $+ <h$ch th$s study <as #a$+%y 'ocused6 /ho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue7

$1ONE.IC .RAININ2 .EC1NI,UE

1o%%o<$+& are se,e+ su&&ested ste/s $+ order to teach E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ to S/a+$sh +at$,e s/ea=ers7 The se0ue+ce /rese+ted to teach these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e <as based o+ the botto#-u/ a//roach co+s$der$+& the $deas &$,e+ by the a+a%yt$c%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 The $+'or#at$o+ /ro,$ded here #ay be #od$'$ed a+d ada/ted accord$+& to the a&e6 %e,e% o' E+&%$sh a+d c%assroo# s$tuat$o+7

FACE DIA2RA%
Step 3: Teachers start by sho<$+& the$r stude+ts the 1ace $a&ra#7

Fi#ure 3: Dia#ra! of Or#an of Speech

Source: S/eech Or&a+s4 htt/4QQ<<<edu7+=+u7edu7t<Q_e+&%$shQso7ht#

INSTRUCTIONS4 It $s $#/orta+t to e#/has$8e <here a+d ho< sou+ds are actua%%y /roduced7 Teachers sho< the$r stude+ts a chart o' the ,oca% a//aratus a+d e(/%a$+ to the# the d$''ere+t art$cu%ators used $+ the /roduct$o+ o' sou+ds7 It $s +ot reco##e+ded to o+%y teach stude+ts tech+$ca% ter#s to descr$be each art$cu%ator6 but a%so to &$,e the# a+ e(a#/%e o' a sou+d so they ca+ ,$sua%$8e <here a+d ho< $t $s be$+& /roduced7 1or e(a#/%eP teachers ca+ te%% the stude+ts that the Q t Q sou+d $+ S/a+$sh $s /roduced by /%ac$+& the t$/ o' the to+&ue beh$+d the u//er teeth6 a+d that $+ E+&%$sh the Q t Q sou+d $s /roduced by /%ac$+& the t$/ o' the to+&ue o+ the a%,eo%ar r$d&e7 Teachers +eed to re#e#ber that %ater $t $s reco##e+ded to co+trast the <ay sou+ds are /roduced $+ the t<o %a+&ua&es 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< sou+ds are actua%%y /roduced $+ E+&%$sh s/ec$a%%y7

S.E$ 4: Teachers sho< the$r stude+ts the ,o<e% charts o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh
Fi#ure 4: Contra tive vo-el chart of En#li h an' Spani h

S$ANIS1
front hi#h 6i6 central "ac5 6u6 front central "ac5 hi#h

!i'

6e6

6o6

6 eu6 6ei6

6oi6

!i'

lounroun'e'

6a6 e!i roun'e' roun'e' unroun'e'

6au6 6ai6 e!i roun'e' roun'e'

lo-

EN2LIS1
front central "ac5 front central "ac5

hi#h

6I6

6U6

6i6

6u6

hi#h

!i'

6 6

66

6e6

6o6 6oI6

!i'

lo-

6 7 6 unroun'e'

6a6

6 6 unroun'e'

6aU6 6aI6 e!i roun'e' roun'e'

lo-

e!i roun'e' roun'e'

Source: 9 Nash6 Rose6 GNLL :

INS.RUC.IONS: By #a=$+& use ,o<e% charts a+d a 'ace d$a&ra#6 teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the ,o<e% sou+ds o' the +at$,e %a+&ua&e a+d the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Co+trast the t<o charts $+ order to %oo= at the d$''ere+ces bet<ee+ the#7 Based o+ the ,o<e% charts teachers te%% or as= stude+ts ho< #a+y sy#bo%s there are $+ S/a+$sh a+d ho< #a+y $+ E+&%$sh7 Teachers as= stude+ts to descr$be each ,o<e% sou+d o' S/a+$sh a+d E+&%$sh #a=$+& use o' the 'o%%o<$+& cr$ter$a4

CRI.ERIA FOR /O0EL SOUNDS a* A'vance!ent of the ton#ue 1ro+t Ce+tra% Bac= "* 1ei#ht of the ton#ue H$&h *$d Lo< c* Lip roun'in# Rou+ded Se#$rou+ded U+rou+ded '* .en ene Te+se La( ) For En#li h vo-el oun' *

38 Spani h vo-el oun' 'e cription: 6i6 6e6 6a6 6u6 6o6 'ro+t 'ro+t ce+tra% bac= bac= h$&h #$d %o< h$&h #$d u+rou+ded u+rou+ded u+rou+ded rou+ded rou+ded

48 En#li h vo-el oun' 'e cription 6i6 6I6 6e6 66 676 6a6 66 6u6 6U6 6o6 66 'ro+t 'ro+t 'ro+t 'ro+t 'ro+t ce+tra% ce+tra% bac= bac= bac= bac= h$&h h$&h #$d #$d %o< %o< #$d h$&h h$&h #$d %o< u+rou+ded u+rou+ded u+rou+ded u+rou+ded u+rou+ded se#$rou+ded se#$rou+ded rou+ded rou+ded rou+ded rou+ded te+se %a( te+se %a( %a( %a( te+seQ%a( te+se %a( te+se %a(

O+ce the teachers ha,e a%ready e(/%a$+ed <here a+d ho< each ,o<e% sou+d $s /roduced $+ S/a+$sh as <e%% as $+ E+&%$sh7 They +eed to /ro,$de the$r stude+ts <$th so#e t$/s to #a=e $t eas$er 'or the# to $de+t$'y <he+ each sou+d occurs $+ a <ord7 Teachers #a=e use o' the 'o%%o<$+& charts that $+c%ude so#e o' the #ost ty/$ca% s/e%%$+&s 'or each ,o<e% sou+d $+ E+&%$sh7 So#e e(a#/%es ha,e bee+ /ro,$ded to &$,e teachers a+ $dea o+ ho< to a//%y th$s $+ the c%assroo#7 The arro< $+ each o' the 'o%%o<$+& charts #ea+s that there $s a cha+&e $+ the 0ua%$ty o' the or$&$+a% sou+d7 Source: The $dea 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' these charts <as &otte+ 'ro# a co+'ere+ce o+ E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs &$,e+ by *aya LeE+ *e$s $+ *e($co $+ GNNK7 /O0EL SOUNDS

Fi#ure 9: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 i 6 oun' in En#li h8 6 i 6 +ea eat each rea' tea "ean +ee %eet Beet Feet Coffee See 6 I6 +ear hear 'ear clear fear near +eer "eer 'eer peer "rea5 tea5 #reat "ear pear E:CE$.IONS

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the Q i Q sou+d $+ E+&%$sh $s Uea a+d Uee7 The Q i Q sou+d beco#es Q I Q <he+ Uea or Uee are /receded by the Q r Q sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s 'or a+y o' those t$/s7 Fi#ure ;: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 I 6 oun' in En#li h8

6 I 6 Letter i "et-een con onant

66 C<<<<<<<R

E:CE$.IONS

C<<<<<<C
hit "it tic5 #ive hip =i Lip %i Live =ic5 ir tir li5e ti!e !ine i#ht ni#ht

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the Q I Q sou+d $+ E+&%$sh $s <he+ %etter i occurs bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+t sou+ds7 The Q I Q sou+d beco#es Q Q <he+ the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the Q r Q sou+d 7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7

Fi#ure >: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 e 6 oun' in En#li h8

6 e 6 +a( +ai

6 6 +air

E:CE$.IONS

a( pa( -a( "a( to'a(

0ait Bait trai#ht

chair tair pair hair air

fair airport

!ountain fountain certain a( + ai' a#ain

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the Q e Q sou+d $+ E+&%$sh $s Ua( a+d Uai7 The Q e Q sou+d beco#es Q / <he+ s/ec$'$ca%%y the Uai co#b$+at$o+ $s /receded by the Q r Q sou+d7

There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7

Fi#ure ?: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 6 oun' in En#li h8

6 6 Letter e "et-een con onant :

66 C<<<<<R

E:CE$.IONS

C<<<<<C

#et "et et -et let

ev@nt r@cipe

her per

rec@ive "ehAn' rep@at

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the Q Q sou+d $s <he+ the %etter e occurs bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The Q Q sou+d beco#es Q Q <he+ the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the Q r Q sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7 Fi#urte B: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 7 6 oun' in En#li h8

6 7 6 Letter a "et-een con onant :

6 a 6 C<<<<<R

E:CE$.IONS

C<<<<<C
cat rat "at "ac5 ac5 la" "a# la t "a' that car "ar tar far cCrpenter care "are late !ate rate

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the Q Q sou+d $s <he+ the %etter a occurs bet<ee+ to co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The Q Q sou+d beco#es Q a Q <he+ the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the Q r Q sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7

Fi#ure D: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 a 6 oun' in En#li h

6 a 6 Letter o "et-een con onant :

6 6 C<<<<< R

E:CE$.IONS

C<<<<<C
hot not 2o' #ot pot 'o'#e lot ro' loc5 pot for nor Lor' corn !ore 'o# lo t lon# on# !o t

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the Q a Q sou+d $s <he+ the %etter o occurs bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The Q a Q sou+d beco#es Q Q <he+ the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the Q r Q sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7

Fi#ure E: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 6 oun' in En#li h8 6 6 Letter u "et-een Con onant : 6 6 C<<<<<R E:CE$.IONS

C<<<<<C

"u "ut cut hut 'ull

'u t !u t ru# hu# #un

fur

cute !ute + clue put + pu h "ull + "u h full

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the Q Q sou+d $s <he+ the %etter u occurs bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The Q Q sou+d beco#es Q / when the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the Q r Q sou+d7 Fi#ure 3F: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 u 6 oun' in En#li h8

6 u 6 +oo

6 U 6 + oor

E:CE$.IONS

!oon oon Goo! poon loop

poor !oor

"oo5 floor 'oor Hput Hpull floo' "loo'

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the Q u Q sou+d $s Uoo7 The Q u Q sou+d beco#es Q U Q <he+ the Uoo co#b$+at$o+ $s /receded by the Q r Q sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7 H $''ere+t s/e%%$+& 'or the sou+d7

Fi#ure 33: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 o 6 oun' in En#li h8

6 o +oa

6 +oar

E:CE$.IONS

coat toa t #oal #oat "oat

oap roa' Hho!e HloH ho-

"oar' roar oar hoar e oar

coalition coa#ulate

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the Q o Q sou+d $s <he+ the %etters Uoa occur bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ the sa#e stressed sy%%ab%e7 The Q o Q sou+d beco#es Q / <he+ the Uoa co#b$+at$o+ $s /receded by the Q r Q sou+d7 H $''ere+t s/e%%$+& 'or the sou+d7

.1E SC10A I r J 6 6 SOUND The sch<a ` r a Q Q sou+d $s a ,ery usua% sou+d $+ E+&%$sh6 a%#ost a%% <ords o' t<o or #ore sy%%ab%es ha,e the sch<a sou+d7 There $s +o s$#$%ar sou+d $+ S/a+$shP a+d 'or th$s reaso+6 $t re0u$res s/ec$a% atte+t$o+ so that stude+ts %ear+ to $de+t$'y a+d /roduce th$s sou+d

a//ro/r$ate%y7 1o%%o<$+& are so#e charts that teachers ca+ use $+ order to e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the d$''ere+t /os$t$o+s $+ a <ord <here the Q Q occurs7 To do th$s $t <as +ecessary to co#b$+e e,ery ,o<e% %etter <$th the %etter - r U to '$+d out <he+ UarK erK irK orK ur are /ro+ou+ced <$th Q Q $+ a <ord7 The '$rst co%u#+ $+ the 'o%%o<$+& charts re'ers to the be&$++$+& o' a <ordP the seco+d co%u#+ re'ers to the #$dd%e o' a <ordP a+d the th$rd co%u#+ re'ers to the e+d o' a <ord7 A /%us 9 I : $+ a co%u#+ #ea+s that UarK erK irK orK or ur are /ro+ou+ced <$th the Q Q7 A #$+us 9 - : $+ a co%u#+ #ea+s that the sou+d $s other tha+ that Q Q7 These charts $%%ustrate that there #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s 'or each co%u#+7 It $s su&&ested to #a=e use o' a d$ct$o+ary <hose /ro+u+c$at$o+ &u$de #a=es use o' the IPA syste# to %oo= 'or e(a#/%es a+d e(ce/t$o+s 'or each co%u#+7

The charts be%o< are /art o' #y co+tr$but$o+ to th$s /roject6 they <ere des$&+ed by #e based o+ #y e(/er$e+ce7 I ha,e bee+ try$+& to %oo= 'or better <ays to #a=e the teach$+&%ear+$+& /rocess o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs eas$er6 #ore attract$,e a+d 'u+ 'or the stude+ts7

Fi#ure 34: $o ition for Lar pronounce' a 6 68 ar

arm army art architect argue

card large dark March pardon

+ dollar collar regular particular perpendicular

EXCEPTIONS a'roma a'round a'rri#e arid arro!

EXCEPTIONS marry - carry narro! paragraph carrot - married !ar-!ar - !ard - !arm

EXCEPTIONS ar - are "ar - "are car - care compare !are Antonio Balderas

Th$s chart sho<s that Uar $s o+%y /ro+ou+ced as Q Q at the e+d o' t<o or #ore sy%%ab%e <ords7 The e(ce/t$o+s 'or the '$rst co%u#+ a%so sho< that Uar $s /ro+ou+ced as Q Q at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord <he+ the '$rst sy%%ab%e $s u+stressed7 The rest o' the e(a#/%es are /ro+ou+ced <$th a sou+d other tha+ that 6 68

Fi#ure 39: $o ition for Ler pronounce' a 6 68 er + #er" term

+ Erne$t Ernie

+ $i$ter "rother

err % + & ear + con$' earn early earth EXCEPTIONS ear %and deri#ation$& *rror *rrand er,$er err,tic

perm merchant permit

ather mother (inger )utter Per

EXCEPTIONS merry merit me'ridian peri$h

EXCEPTIONS adhere Mere +ere

Antonio Balderas

Th$s chart sho<s Uer #ay /ro+ou+ced as Q Q at the be&$++$+&6 $+ the #$dd%e6 a+d at the e+d o' a <ord7 O+ the '$rst co%u#+ the Uear co#b$+at$o+ $s a%so /ro+ou+ced as Q Q7 Th$s chart sho<s that there are e(ce/t$o+s 'or e,ery co%u#+ <here the sou+d #$&ht be other tha+ that 6 67

Fi#ure 3;: $o ition for Lir pronounce' a 6 68 ir + girl

+ irk

+ Sir

irksome EXCEPTIONS irregular irrelevant irresistible Iranian - Iran EXCEPTIONS Ireland - Irish iron - ironic iris - irate

bird firm birthday thirty thirsty third EXCEPTIONS miracle mirror mirage

stir

EXCEPTIONS fire tire admire wire Antonio Balderas

Th$s chart sho<s that Uir #ay be /ro+ou+ced as Q Q at the be&$++$+&6 $+ the #$dd%e6 a+d at the e+d o' a <ord7 Th$s chart a%so sho<s that there are e(ce/t$o+s 'or e,ery co%u#+ <here the sou+d #$&ht be other tha+ that 6 67

Fi#ure 3>: $o ition for Lor pronounce' a 6 68 or born corn form thorn

order orient ordinal organ

+ doctor factor tractor actor

oral

dorm

Translator

EXCEPTIONS % + & -O.orange orifice original word work world

EXCEPTIONS wore adore for before Antonio Balderas

Th$s chart sho<s that Uor $s o+%y /roduced as Q Q at the e+d o' t<o or #ore sy%%ab%e <ords7 The e(ce/t$o+s 'or the '$rst co%u#+ a%so sho< that so#et$#es Uor $s /ro+ou+ced as Q Q at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord <he+ the '$rst sy%%ab%e $s u+stressedP 'or e(a#/%e" original7 O+ the e(ce/t$o+s 'or the seco+d co%u#+ <e ca+ see that the Uwor co#b$+at$o+ $s /ro+ou+ced <$th the Q Q7 The rest o' the e(a#/%es o+ the other co%u#+s are /ro+ou+ced <$th a sou+d other tha+ that Q Q7 Fi#ure 3?: $o ition for Lur pronounce' a 6 /. ur + Urge urgent urgency Urban urbinize Urn + turn hurt curly surf surface + fur sulfur % ture & ending nature structure future

creature EXCEPTIONS uranium Urine urinal urinate EXCEPTIONS endurable EXCEPTIONS endure cure sure assure Antonio Balderas

Th$s chart sho<s Uur #ay /ro+ou+ced as Q Q at the be&$++$+&6 $+ the #$dd%e6 a+d at the e+d o' a <ord7 O+ the th$rd co%u#+ the Uture e+d$+& $s /ro+ou+ced <$th the Q Q7 Th$s chart a%so sho<s that there are e(ce/t$o+s 'or e,ery co%u#+ <here the sou+d #$&ht be other tha+ that Q Q7 S.E$ 9: By #a=$+& use o' charts teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the 'or#at$o+ o' d$/htho+&s o' the t<o %a+&ua&es7 Teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts that $+ S/a+$sh a d$/htho+& $s the /ro+u+c$at$o+ o' t<o ,o<e%s <$th$+ the sa#e sy%%ab%e7 They te%% the$r stude+ts that d$/htho+&s are 'or#ed by the co#b$+at$o+ o' a stro+& a+d a <ea= ,o<e%P a+d t<o <ea= ,o<e% 9 *art;+e86 A#/aro6 GNLM :7 S$ANIS1 DI$1.1ON2S FOR%A.ION a $ e u o By co#b$+$+& these ,o<e%s $+ S/a+$sh <e &et 'ourtee+ d$/htho+&s4

DI$1.1ON2 ai ia au ua ei ie eu

E:A%$LE /a$sa+o Patr$a Au%a Cua+to Pe$+e P$e Euro/a

DI$1.1ON2 ue oi io ou uo iu ui

E:A%$LE /ue+te "o$%a rad$o bou #utuo d$ur+o cu$dado

Accord$+& to the IPA $+ E+&%$sh there are three d$/htho+&s7 It $s $#/orta+t to te%% stude+ts that $+ S/a+$sh ,o<e% sou+ds are ,ery te+se6 stab%e a+d that they ha,e the sa#e durat$o+7 I+ E+&%$sh the d$/htho+&s are /roduced by a co#b$+at$o+ o' t<o %a( sou+ds Q aI Q a+d Q aU Q <$th the e(ce/t$o+ o' Q I Q <here the / Q sou+d $s te+se a+d Q I Q %a(7 O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready e(/%a$+ed to the$r stude+ts ho< d$/htho+&s are 'or#ed $+ S/a+$sh a+d $+ E+&%$sh6 they ca+ start 'ocus$+& $+ the /roduct$o+ o' E+&%$sh d$/htho+&s by #a=$+& use o' the 'o%%o<$+& charts <h$ch co+ta$+ so#e t$/s 'or each d$/htho+& $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 It $s reco##e+ded to co+trast E+&%$sh d$/htho+&s <$th the o+es $+ S/a+$sh 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< d$/htho+&s are actua%%y /roduced $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7

Fi#ure 3B: .(pical pellin# for the 6 aI 6 'iphthon#8

6 a 6 fine li5e ite -rite

6 a 6 fire tire a'!ire -ire hire

E:CE$.IONS hi' it "it hit

hi'e !ine

u!pire tire'

ic5 #an$ others

Th$s chart sho<s that <he+ %etter i $s bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts a+d at the e+d there $s a s$%e+t e6 such a %etter $s /ro+ou+ced as Q a Q7 But <he+ the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the %etter - r U there $s a Q Q +e(t to the Q a Q d$/htho+&7 The Q aI Q d$/htho+& #ay be re/rese+ted by so#e other d$''ere+t s/e%%$+&s7 The %ast co%u#+ sho<s so#e e(ce/t$o+s to the t$/ abo,e <here the sou+d $s other tha+ that Q a Q or Q a Q7 Fi#ure 3D: .(pical pellin# for the 6 I 6 'iphthon#8

6 I 6 + o( + oi

6 I 6

E:CE$.IONS

"o( to( Mo( enMo( o(

coin Moin voice choice oil

e!plo(er la-(er Sa-(er

choir

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the Q I Q d$/htho+& $s Uo( a+d Uoi8 The th$rd co%u#+ sho<s that Q I Q #ay occur <he+ <e ha,e the 'o%%o<$+& s/e%%$+&s4 -o(er a+d

L a-(er7 The e(ce/t$o+s co%u#+ sho<s a+ e(a#/%e o' the Uoir co#b$+at$o+ <here Uoi does +ot sou+d Q I Q but Q aU Q7

Fi#ure 3E: .(pical pellin# for the 6 aU 6 'iphthon#8 6 aU 6 + ou + o6 aU 6 + our E:CE$.IONS

foul out foun' !ountain fountain

to-n cro-' noco"o-

our hour flour our

ho-er flo-er to-er

(our four tour pour trou"le

The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the

6 aU 6 d$/htho+& $s Uou a+d Uo-7 The th$rd co%u#+ sho<s

so#e e(a#/%es o' <ords that co+ta$+ the ou I r pellin# +ourP <he+ th$s occurs a sch<a $s $+serted bet<ee+ the d$/htho+& a+d the r sou+d7 The 'ourth co%u#+ sho<s so#e e(a#/%es o' <ords <here the Uo-er $s /ro+ou+ced as Q aU Q 6 too7 The %ast co%u#+ sho<s so#e e(ce/t$o+s to the t$/s /ro,$ded o+ th$s chart7 The sou+d 'or those <ords #ay be other tha+ that 6 aU

6 or Q aU Q7

S.E$ ;: Teachers sho< the$r stude+ts the /ho+e#$c chart o' co+so+a+ts o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 Fi#ure 4F: Contra tive $hone!ic Chart of Con onant of En#li h an' Spani h8

$8A88 BILABIAL %8A S.O$S p p FRICA.I/ES " "

LABIO DEN.AL

IN.ER DEN.AL

A$ICO A$ICO AL/EO DEN.AL AL/EOLAR $ALA.AL t t ' G O P '

$ALA.AL

/ELAR

2LO..AL

5 5

g g h

f f

AFFRICA.ES

R R

Q M

NASALS

! !

n n l l r r S

LA.ERALS

/IBRAN.S

2LIDES

( (

Source: 9 Nash6 Rose6 GNLL:

INSTRUCTIONS4 By #a=$+& use o' a co+so+a+t chart a+d a 'ace d$a&ra#6 teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the co+so+a+t sou+ds o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e by co+trast$+& each sou+d <$th the that o' the +at$,e %a+&ua&e o+e at a t$#e7 Teachers the+ as= stude+ts to cou+t ho< #a+y sy#bo%s there are $+ S/a+$sh a+d ho< #a+y $+ E+&%$sh7 1$+a%%y teachers as= the$r stude+ts to descr$be each co+so+a+t o' S/a+$sh a+d E+&%$sh #a=$+& use o' the 'o%%o<$+& cr$ter$a4

CRI.ERIA FOR CONSONAN. SOUNDS:

a* $oint of articulation ) ee ter! on chart a"ove * "* %anner of articulation ) ee ter! on chart a"ove* c* /oicin# 38 /oicele oun'

48 /oice' oun' S$ANIS1 CONSONAN. SOUND DESCRI$.ION: Q p Q b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ce%ess Q " Q b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ced Q t Q a/$code+ta%-sto/-,o$ce%ess Q ' Qa/$code+ta%-sto/-,o$ced Q 5 Q ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ce%ess Q # Q ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ced Q f Q %ab$ode+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q Q a/$coa%,eo%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q QQ ,e%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess

Q R Q a%,eo/a%ata%-a''r$cate-,o$ce%ess Q ! Q b$%ab$a%-+asa%-,o$ced Q n Q a/$coa%,eoa%r-+asa%-,o$ced Q S Q a%,eo/a%ata%-+asa%-,o$ced Q l Q a/$coa%,eoa%r-%atera%-,o$ced Q r Q a/$coa%,eoa%r-,$bra+t-,o$ced-'%a/ Q Q a/c$oa%,eoa%ar-,$bra+t-,o$ced-tr$%% Q ( Q /a%ata%-&%$de-,o$ced Q - Q ,e%ar-&%$de-,o$ced

EN2LIS1 CONSONAN. SOUND DESCRI$.ION: Q p Q b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ce%ess Q " Q b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ced Q t Q a/$coa%,eo%ar-sto/-,o$ce%ess Q ' Qa/$coa%,eo%ar-sto/-,o$ced Q 5 Q ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ce%ess Q # Q ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ced Q f Q %ab$ode+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q v Q %ab$ode+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q Q $+terde+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q N Q$+terde+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ced Q Q a/$coa%,eo%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q G Q a/$coa%,eo%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ced

Q O Q a%,eo/a%ata%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q P Q a%,eo/a%ata%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ced Q h Q &%otta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess Q R Q a%,eo/a%ata%-a''r$cate-,o$ce%ess v Q M Q a%,eo/a%ta%-a''r$cate-,o$ced Q ! Q b$%ab$a%-+asa%-,o$ced Q n Q a/$coa%,eoa%r-+asa%-,o$ced Q Q a%,eo/a%ata%-+asa%-,o$ced Q l Q a/$coa%,eoa%r-%atera%-,o$ced Q r Q a/$coa%,eoa%r-,$bra+t-,o$ced-'%a/ Q ( Q /a%ata%-&%$de-,o$ced Q - Q ,e%ar-&%$de-,o$ced

O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready e(/%a$+ed <here a+d ho< each sou+d $s /roduced $+ E+&%$sh ha,$+& co+trasted $t <$th S/a+$sh6 they +eed to /ro,$de the$r stude+ts <$th so#e ty/$ca% s/e%%$+&s 'or each sou+d to #a=e $t eas$er 'or the# to $de+t$'y <here e,ery sou+d occurs $+ a <ord or &rou/ o' <ords7 9 1or e(a#/%es6 see Nash6 Rose6 GNLL :

S.E$ >4 Teachers sho< the$r stude+ts the Pho+et$c Chart o' Co+so+a+ts o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7

Fi#ure 43: Contra tive $honetic Chart of Con onant of En#li h an' Spani h

$8A88 %8A S.O$S

LABIO BILABIAL DEN.AL p pp p " " fv " f vf

IN.ER DEN.AL

A$ICO A$ICO %EDIO $ALA.AL DEN.AL AL/EOLAR $ALA.AL h ttt t ' G ' G G G R R v j T P Q # Q 'D 5 h g

/ELAR

2LO..AL

555 5

g g h #

FRICA.I/ES

AFFRICA.ES NASALS ! ! LA.ERALS l /IBRAN.S r 2LIDES n n n l l r

_l U

( (

Source: 9 Nash6 Rose6 GNLL:

By #a=$+& use o' a co+so+a+t chart a+d a 'ace d$a&ra#6 teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the /ho+et$c co+so+a+ts 9 a%%o/ho+es : o' E+&%$sh co+trast$+& the# <$th those o' S/a+$sh7 At th$s /o$+t $t $s +ot +ecessary to as= stude+ts to %ear+ by heart the d$''ere+t /os$t$o+s <here a%%o/ho+es $+ S/a+$sh occur7 It $s reco##e+ded 'or teachers to re,$e< th$s sect$o+ to a+a%y8e the <ay sou+ds are /roduced $+ S/a+$sh so that based o+ $t they ca+ better e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts ho< sou+ds are actua%%y /roduced $+ E+&%$sh7 It $s $#/orta+t to re#e#ber that so#e co+so+a+t sou+ds $+ E+&%$sh a+d $+ S/a+$sh are /roduced e(act%y the sa#e <ayP $+ so#e others there $s a s%$&ht d$''ere+ce7 Teachers shou%d /ay atte+t$o+ to those sou+ds that cause #ore d$''$cu%ty 'or S/a+$sh s/ea=ers or $+d$,$dua% cases $+ the c%assroo#7

PHONOLOGICAL RULES O1 SPANISH S(!"ol u e' to eQplain the pro'uction of Spani h allophone EQa!ple: S ,d sto/s T Q b c 5555555556 c 55555 Q b d +asa% c d

It sho<s the s/ec$'$c /os$t$o+ o' the a%%o/ho+e7 It re'ers to the rest o' the a%%o/ho+es7 It #ea+s $+ the e+,$ro+#e+t o'777 They are used to sho< that the a%%o/ho+e ca+ be used $+ t<o or #ore /os$t$o+s7 The %oo/ #ea+s that the sou+d $s /roduced o+e ste/ 'or<ard o+ the co+so+a+t chart7

a:

S t - d - = - & T Th$s #ea+s that these sou+ds occur be'ore a 'ro+t ,o<e%7 front hi#h 6i6 central 6u6 back

!i'

6e6

6o6

lo-

6a6 unrounded semi rounded rounded

Source: ( Nash, Rose, 1977 ) EXA*PLE4 S Qu$0ue = $ = e T A%,eo A%,eo Pa%ata% Pa%ata% Gu$tarra 5 S & $ t a r a T Sto/ A%,eo/a%ata% b: S b d & T Q -- Q S = DS De%ar De%ar De%ar De%ar Cuca u = a T S Coco = o = o T

Guerra 5 S & e r a T Sto/ A%,eo/a%ata%

Gota DS S & o t a T Sto/ De%ar

The %$+e #ea+s that they beco#e 'r$cat$,e6 th$s #ea+s

that these sou+ds occur bet<ee+ ,o<e%s7

EXA*PLE4

haba

beb@

S a b aT 1r$cat$,e B$%ab$a% hada S a d a T

S b e b eT Sto/ 1r$cat$,e B$%ab$a% B$%ab$a% dado S d a d o T

1r$cat$,e Sto/ 1r$cat$,e A/$code+ta% A/$code+ta% A/$code+ta% &ota ha&o #a&u$ S & o t a T S a &o T S # a& $ T Sto/ 1r$cat$,e Sto/ 1r$cat$,e A%,eo/a%ata% De%ar

c: S

&

They are used at the be&$++$+& o' a+ uttera+ce or a'ter a +asa%7 ba#be S b a # b uT Sto/ Sto/ B$%ab$a% B$%ab$a% #a+dar S # a + d a r T Sto/ A/$code+ta% da+do S d a + d o T Sto/ A/$code+ta% S & a & a T DS Sto/ De%ar Sto/ De%ar DS beb@ S b e b

EXA*PLE4

eT

DS

Sto/ 1r$cat$,e B$%ab$a% B$%ab$a% hada S a d a T 1r$cat$,e A/$code+ta%

S a & a T 1r$cat$,e De%ar

d: S ' T Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+

EXA*PLE4

'oco S ' o = o T S

#a'$a # a ' $ aT

e: S s T Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+6 e(ce/t be'ore a ,o$ced sou+d7 EXA*PLE 4 8a/ato Ss a / a t o T casa ,s S= a s a T Sd e 8 d eT desde

S 8 T Th$s sou+d occurs be'ore a ,o$ced sou+d7 EXA*PLE4 desde Sd e 8 d eT #$s#o S # $ 8 # oT

': S

T Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+6 e(ce/t be'ore a 'ro+t ,o<e% 9 S $ T - S e T :7 caja S = a ( a T S o ojo DS ( o T S# e($ =oT *@($co

EXA*PLE4

( T Th$s sou+d occurs o+%y be'ore a 'ro+t ,o<e% 9 S $ T - S e T :7 EXA*PLE4 *@($co S# e( $ =oT &e#a S ( e # aT

&: S f T Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+7

EXA*PLE4

Charco 5 S f a r = o T - + - -g

Coche S = - o f e T

h:

NASALS4

S# -

S # T B$%ab$a%

# Q

c 555555 ,555555, SB$%ab$a% co+so+a+tT SLab$ode+ta% co+so+a+tT SA/$code+ta% co+so+a+tT

#; a#o a#bar $+'or#ar a+tes a+dar

S# $T S a # oT 5 S a # b a r T 5 S $ ' o r # a rT S a + t e sT S a + d a rT S S S S + = + = oT o +T a + aT a + s $ o +T f oT

S T Lab$ode+ta% S + T A/$code+ta%

Q + Q

S + T A/$coa%,eo%ar + Q

c5555555 5555555c ,555555, SA/$coa%,eoa%ar co+so+a+tT SA%,eo/a%ata% co+so+a+tT

+o co+ +a+a ca+c$E+ ra+cho

S T A%,eo/a%ata%

5 S r a

S g

T A%,eo/a%ata%

g Q

c 5555555 ,5555555, SDe%ar co+so+a+tT

hogo ago B+&u%o a+c%a B+&e%

S g o g oT S a g oT S a & u % oT S a = % aT S a ( e %T

S T De%ar

$:

S % T

Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a%% /os$t$o+s6 e(ce/t be'ore S t T - S d T

EXA*PLE4

%$sa S% $ s aT

%oca S% o = aT

Laura S% a u r aT

S % T Th$s sou+d occurs o+%y be'ore S t T - S d T EXA*PLE4 a% t o a%dea ca%do S a % t o T S a % d e a T S = a % d oT

j:

It $s =+o<+ as '%a/ r7 /ero S / e r oT

EXA*PLE4

5 S T Th$s sou+d $s =+o<+ as tr$%% r a+d occurs $+ the 'o%%o<$+& d$''ere+t /os$t$o+s7 EXA*PLE4 Perro Rosa S / e o T S o s a T #ar S# a T Israe% S$ s r a e%T E+r$0ue Se+ $ =eT

a%rededor S a % e d o r T =: S y S y S y S y T Th$s sou+d occurs at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord S % o

%os r$cos s $ = o sT

T Th$s sou+d occurs bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s6 a+d at the e+d o' a <ord7 y yQ y Q c555555 ya ,aya rey S y aT

T Se#$co+so+a+t T Se#$,o<e%

, 555555 , 5555555c

S b a y aT S r e y T

%: S < T Se#$co+so+a+t4 Th$s sou+d occurs at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord or sy%%ab%e7

EXA*PLE4

hue%&a a&ua S < e % & aT S a < a T

hue,o S < e b oT but6 <e say S& < e b o T

S < T Se#$,o<e%4 Th$s sou+d occurs bet<ee+ a co+so+a+t a+d a ,o<e% a+d ,$ce ,ersa7 EXA*PLE4 cua+to bue+o Buey S = < a + t o T S b < e + oT S b < e yT Sa au%a < % aT

Source4 9 Nash6 Rose6 GNLL :

O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready dea%t <$th <here a+d ho< sou+ds are /roduced $+ S/a+$sh6 they +eed to start th$+=$+& o+ <ays to e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+t the /roduct$o+ o' a%%o/ho+es $+ E+&%$sh7 To do th$s6 teachers ca+ #a=e use o' the 'o%%o<$+& charts that co+ta$+ so#e o' the a%%o/ho+es that occur $+ #ore tha+ t<o /os$t$o+s7 Fi#ure 44: EQa!ple of chart to eQplain the allophone that have !ore that t-o po ition 8

PHONE*E ALLOPHONES h

c5555

5555c

C555

5555C

D[55D

D55D[

AS$IRA.ED

p
UNAS$IRA.ED

UNRELEASED pen E:A%$LES top Spain cap upper apart

The '$rst co%u#+ sho<s the /ho+e#e that $s be$+& a+a%y8ed7 The seco+d co%u#+ sho<s the a%%o/ho+es o' the /ho+e#e7 A /%us 9 ` : o+ the chart $+d$cates the /os$t$o+ <here each o+e o' the a%%o/ho+es occurs $+ a <ord7 To u+dersta+d each sy#bo% o+ to/ o' the charts6 %oo= at the 'o%%o<$+& descr$/t$o+s4

c555555 #ea+s that the sou+d occurs at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord7 555555c #ea+s that the sou+d occurs at the e+d o' a <ord7 C55555 #ea+s that the sou+d occurs a'ter a co+so+a+t7

555555C #ea+s that the sou+d occurs be'ore a co+so+a+t7 D?5555D #ea+s that the sou+d occurs bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e% sou+ds6 be$+& the '$rst ,o<e% stressed7 D5555D? #ea+s that the sou+d occurs bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e% sou+ds6 be$+& the seco+d ,o<e% stressed7 C5555D #ea+s that the sou+d occurs bet<ee+ a co+so+a+t a+d a ,o<e% sou+d7 D5555C #ea+s that the sou+d occurs bet<ee+ a ,o<e% a+d a co+so+a+t7 C5555e #ea+s that the sou+d occurs bet<ee+ a co+so+a+t a+d s$%e+t e7

Fi#ure 49: $o ition for the 6 p 6 allophone 8 PHONE*E ALLOPHONES h c5555 5555c C5555 5555C D[55D D55D[

AS$IRA.ED

p
UNAS$IRA.ED V

p
UNRELEASED pen E:A%$LES

top

Spain

cap

upper

apart

h The S / T occurs at the be&$++$+&6 at the e+d6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the seco+d ,o<e% stressed7 The sou+d $s /roduced <$th as/$rat$o+7 It does +ot occur $+ S/a+$sh7

The S / T occurs at the e+d6 a'ter a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e% be$+& the '$rst ,<oe% stressed7 There $s +o as/$rat$o+7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh S / T7

The S i / T occurs at the e+d a+d be'ore a co+so+a+t7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh $+ <ords such as6 a/to7

Fi#ure 4;: $o ition for the 6 t 6 allophone 8

PHONE*E ALLOPHONES h

c5555 5555c

C5555

5555C

D[55D

D55D[

AS$IRA.ED

UNAS$IRA.ED V

UNRELEASED D FLA$ r ten E:A%$LES cat tate cat I -ater attac5

h The S t T occurs at the be&$++$+&6 at the e+d6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the seco+d ,o<e% stressed7 The sou+d $s /roduced <$th as/$rat$o+7 It does +ot occur $+ S/a+$sh7 The S t T occurs at the e+d6 a'ter a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the '$rst ,o<e% stressed7 There $s +o as/$rat$o+7 i The S t T occurs at the e+d a+d be'ore a co+so+a+t7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh $+ <ords such as6 at#Es'era7 The S $s stressed7 Fi#ure 4>: $o ition for the 6 5 6 allophone 8 PHONE*E ALLOPHONES c555 555c C5555 5555C D[55D D55D[ T occurs bet<ee+ to ,o<e%s $+ o+e <ord or $+ a &rou/ o' <ords7 The '$rst ,o<e%

AS$IRA.ED

5
UNAS$IRA.ED V

5
co t

UNRELEASED "ac5 5ate loc5 loc5er account E:A%$LES

The S h = T occurs at the be&$++$+&6 at the e+d6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the seco+d ,o<e% stressed7 The sou+d $s /roduced <$th as/$rat$o+7 It does +ot occur $+ S/a+$sh7

The S = T occurs at the e+d6 a'ter a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the '$rst ,o<e% stressed7 There $s +o as/$rat$o+7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh S = T7

The S i = T occurs at the e+d a+d be'ore a co+so+a+t7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh $+ <ords such as6 acto7

Fi#ure 4?: $o ition for the 6 l 6 allophone 8 $1ONE%E ALLO$1ONES W<< <<W C<</ /<<C C<<e /X<</ /<</X

l CLEAR

l
DAR=

U
SYLLABIC la5e E:A%$LES call "la!e

`
ol'

`
ta"le olive alive

The S % T occurs at the be&$++$+&6 bet<ee+ a co+so+a+t a+d a ,o<e%6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e% sou+ds be$+& the ,o<e% to the r$&ht stressed7 Th$s sou+d $s s$#$%ar to S/a+$sh S % T7 The S % T occurs at the e+d a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s6 be$+& the '$rst ,o<e% stressed7 No s$#$%ar sou+d $+ S/a+$sh7 The S j T occurs bet<ee+ a ,o<e% a+d a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ a co+so+a+t a+d a s$%e+t e7 No s$#$%ar sou+d $+ S/a+$sh7

T<o #ore a%%o/ho+es $+ E+&%$sh that #ay cause troub%e to S/a+$sh s/ea=ers are the S , T U S ' T- S s T a+d S 8 T sou+ds7

EQplanation: G7 Q ' Q beco#es S , T $+ <ords such as the /re/os$t$o+ o' <he+ $t $s /receded by a ,o$ced sou+d7 1or e(a#/%e4 I th$+= of (ou7

27 Q , Q beco#es S ' T $+ <ords such as the e(/ress$o+ have to <here the , $+ ha,e $s /receded by a ,o$ce%ess sou+d7 H7 Q s Q beco#es S 8 T $+ <ords such as6 do# <here the S s T sou+d occurs a'ter a ,o$ced sou+d7 I7 Q 8 Q beco#es S s T $+ e(/ress$o+s such as6 oe $s /receded by a ,o$ce%ess sou+d7 he <or=O >here the S 8 T sou+d $+ does

S.E$ ?: Teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the d$''ere+ce bet<ee+ stress $+ S/a+$sh a+d $+ E+&%$sh7

INSTRUCTIONS4 Start by e(/%a$+$+& to your stude+ts ho< stress <or=s $+ the$r +at$,e %a+&ua&e7 Teachers te%% the# that $+ S/a+$sh there $s o+%y o+e stress o+ a <ord a+d $t #ay be <r$tte+ or uttered7 I+ S/a+$sh <ords are d$,$ded accord$+& to the$r stress as4 YA&udasZ Y Gra,esZ YEsdreju%asZ YSobreesdreju%asZ

I+ co+trast6 $+ E+&%$sh there are three %e,e%s o' <ord stress4

Pr$#ary

9 Z :

Seco+dary ( ) Tert$ary 9 )

Accord$+& to so#e /ho+et$c$a+s6 there are as #a+y as s$( %e,e%s o' <ord stress7 It $s reco##e+ded 'or /eda&o&$ca% /ur/oses to <or= o+%y o+ the three %e,e%s o' <ord stress #e+t$o+ed abo,e 9 Ce%ce-*urc$a6 GNNK :7

Accord$+& to th$s re'erred author there are se,era% syste#s o' +otat$o+ 'or #ar=$+& stress $+ a <r$tte+ <ord that ca+ he%/ #a=e the co+ce/t ,$sua% 'or stude+ts4 CAP$ta%s Bol''ace

bubb%es Bcce+ts u+der%$+$+&

Th$s author a%so shares so#e o' the #ethods teachers ca+ use to #a=e stude+ts u+dersta+d <h$ch sy%%ab%e or sy%%ab%es o+ a <ord are stressed7

So#e act$,$t$es that teachers ca+ use <$th the$r stude+ts are4

a:

LISTENING ESCRI*INATION

Teachers #a=e use o' +o+se+se sy%%ab%es $+ order to chec= $' the stude+ts hear the d$''ere+ce bet<ee+ stressed a+d u+stressed sy%%ab%es7 1or e(a#/%e6 $+ the 'o%%o<$+& e(erc$ses6 stude+ts ha,e to <r$te <hether the t<o sy%%ab%es $+ each /a$r are the sa#e or d$''ere+t7 The teacher reads4 Sa#e or d$''ere+tO G7 %a LA 27 LA %a H7 %a LA I7 LA %a J7 %a LA %a LA %a LA LA %a LA %a %a LA

CONTROLLE PRACTICE

Teachers as= stude+ts to re/eat a'ter h$# or her %$sts o' <ords that share a rhyth#$c /atter+7 Teachers ca+ ta/ out the rhyth#$c /atter+ or c%a/ as they /ract$ce7 1or e(a#/%eP

S.RESS ON .1E FIRS. SYLLABLE S.RESS ON .1E SECOND SYLLABLE tBb%e <;+do< be&;+ arEu+d

GUI E PRACTICE YTeachers ca+ #a=e use o' th$s act$,$ty by us$+& /%ace +a#es7 No++at$,e s/ea=ers are usua%%y a<are o' /%ace +a#e d$''ere+ces <he+ the$r ho#e c$ty or cou+try has bee+

tra+s%ated $+to E+&%$sh7 They #ay be %ess a<are o' stress /atter+ d$''ere+ces <he+ the s/e%%$+& o' these <ords $d the sa#e as or s$#$%ar to that $+ the$r +at$,e cou+try but the /ro+u+c$at$o+ has bee+ A+&%$c$8edZ7 E(a#/%e4 /aRIS ,s PAR$s7

S.E$ B: Teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the <ay $+to+at$o+ <or=s $+ the$r +at$,e a+d tar&et %a+&ua&e7

INSTRUCTIONS4 Ce%ce-*urc$a 9GNNK : sa$d6 YTeachers shou%d e#/has$8e that /ro#$+e+ce $+ E+&%$sh $s used to 9G: h$&h%$&ht <hat $s +e< or $#/orta+t $+'or#at$o+ $+ a+ uttera+ceP 92 : /%ace s/ec$a% e#/has$sP a+d 9H: sho< co+trast7 Pro#$+e+ce $s ,ery se+s$t$,e to #ea+$+&6 d$scourse6 %e($ca% stress6 a+d sy+tact$c bou+dar$es6 a+d thus #ust be tau&ht $+ r$ch co+te(ts that /er#$t %ear+ers to see <hat $s +e< a+d <hat $s $#/orta+t or co+trast$,e $+'or#at$o+7 Th$s <$%% e+ab%e the# to u+dersta+d <hy /ro#$+e+ce occurs <here $t does7 eter#$+$+& <h$ch e%e#e+t o' the $+to+at$o+ u+$t rece$,es /ro#$+e+ce6 o' course6 $s +ot the <ho%e story7 Th$s $s c%ose%y re%ated to $+to+at$o+ /atter+s7Z O+ce stude+ts ha,e u+derstood the co+ce/ts o' <ord stress6 th$s ca+ be $+te&rated $+to the /rese+tat$o+ o' /ro#$+e+ce a+d $+to+at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh7 I+ order to e(/%a$+ to stude+ts ho< to %ear+ the $+to+at$o+ o' E+&%$sh6 teachers ca+ #a=e use o' the 'o%%o<$+& $+'or#at$o+ that dea%s <$th a co+trast o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh $+to+at$o+ /atter+s4

I N T O N A T I O N4 P$tch Le,e%s a+d Ter#$+a%s ENGLISH SPANISH PITCH LEDELS TER*INALS

------------- I -------------------------- H -------------------------- 2 -------------------------- G G 2 H

I a EXTRA HIGH H a HIGH

RISING 1A ING

2 a *I G a LO>

SUSTAINE

RULES4 The '$rst #ar=er $s /%aced o+ the first stressed sy%%ab%e7 The seco+d #ar=er $s /%aced o+ the last stressed sy%%ab%e7 The th$rd #ar=er $s /%aced at the %er$ en& acco#/a+$ed by the corres/o+d$+& ter#$+a%7 EN2LIS1 a) SENTENCES 2HG G S$ANIS1 22G 2 2 G Trabajo e+ u+ ba+co7

2 H 17$4 I <or= $+ a ba+=7 b: >H- QUESTIONS 2HG

22G 2 2 G k E+de trabajasO

2 H G 17$4 >here do you <or=O

c:

CO**AN S 2HG 2 H G 17$4 O/e+ the door7 22G 2 2 G Abre %a /uerta7

d:

FESQNO QUESTIONS

2HH 2 H H 17$4 Are you A#er$ca+O

222 2 2 2 k Eres A#er$ca+oO

e:

INITIAL UNITS 2H2 9 but : 222 2 2 2 2 2 E% es &ua/o /ero777 G

2 H 2 2 H G 17$4 He[s ha+dso#e6 but777 2 H 17$4 I+ short H

1or #ore $deas o+ ho< to teach $+to+at$o+ see Ce%ce-*urc$a6 GNNK6 cha/ter K7

1IN ING >AFS TO *OTIDATE STU ENTS TO I*PRODE THEIR LEARNING O1 ENGLISH PHONETICS

To address the $ssues o+ ho< to #ot$,ate stude+ts to $#/ro,e the$r %ear+$+& o' E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs $t <as +ecessary co+su%t the <or=s #ade by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d Aa+et *7 Good<$+6 Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er 6 a+d *aya LeE+ *e$s <$th .$tty Ao+es7 A%so the research /roject author?s /erso+a% $deas <ere #e+t$o+ed to co#/%e#e+t th$s $ssue7

1$rst o' a%% $t $s $#/orta+t to co+s$der the d$''ere+t 'actors a+d as/ects that #ay co+tr$bute or +ot to the %ear+$+& o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Ce%ce-*urc$a 9 GNNK : #e+t$o+ed $+ her <or=

a #ode% des$&+ed by Schu#a++ $+ GNMK7 Th$s #ode% <as based o+ the /re#$se that certa$+ soc$a% a+d a''ect$,e ,ar$ab%es Yc%usterZ $+to a s$+&%e ,ar$ab%e o' accu%turat$o+7 He stated that %ear+ers ac0u$re E+&%$sh to the de&ree that they accu%turate7 There are t<o ty/es o' deter#$+$+& 'actors that /%ay a ,ery $#/orta+t ro%e $+ ac0u$r$+& the tar&et %a+&ua&e4 9a: those co+cer+ed <$th soc$ocu%tura% ,ar$ab%esP a+d 'actors co+cer+ed <$th $+d$,$dua% d$''ere+ces6 or a''ect$,e ,ar$ab%es7 These t<o sets o' ,ar$ab%es a%<ays $+teract6 but $t $s the a''ect$,e ,ar$ab%es that carry #ore <e$&ht $+ deter#$+$+& a+y %ear+er?s ac0u$s$t$o+ /rocess7 The t<o ty/es o' success'u% accu%turat$o+ as a//%$ed by Schu#a++ $+ h$s #ode% are4 I+te&rat$,e #ot$,at$o+ <h$ch re'ers to the des$re to be soc$a%%y $+te&rated $+ the tar&et cu%ture7 The seco+d ty/e $s +a#ed ass$#$%at$,e #ot$,at$o+ $+ <h$ch the %ear+er a/art 'ro# de#o+strat$+& the sa#e o/e++ess to the tar&et %a+&ua&e6 he a%so re&ards the tar&et %a+&ua&e s/ea=ers as h$s re'ere+ce &rou/7 Th$s seco+d ty/e o' accu%turat$o+ $#/%$es a des$re to beco#e a+ $+d$st$+&u$shab%e #e#ber o' the tar&et s/eech co##u+$ty7 Ce%ce-*urc$a stated that ass$#$%at$,e #ot$,at$o+ $s rare a#o+& adu%t %ear+ersP $+ co+trast6 th$s ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ $s the o+e ch$%dre+ de,e%o/ <he+ they %ear+ the$r '$rst %a+&ua&eP 'or $+sta+ce6 S/a+$sh7 Hy/othet$ca%%y ch$%dre+ are #ore <$%%$+&%y to e#brace the tar&et cu%ture a+d there'ore they are #ore a/t to ac0u$re a tar&et%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh6 'or e(a#/%e7 O+e #ore ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ $s the $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+ $+ <h$ch a+ $+d$,$dua% %ear+s a seco+d %a+&ua&e to ach$e,e a certa$+ &oa%6 'or e(a#/%e a &ood job or job /ro#ot$o+7 Accord$+& to Schu#a++ $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+ does +ot co+tr$bute to success'u% accu%turat$o+6 ho<e,er so#e other researchers such as Lu=#a+$ 9 GNL2 : ar&ue that the $+te+s$ty o' #ot$,at$o+ $s o'te+ as $#/orta+t as the ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ at /%ay7 YI+ other <ords6 so#eo+e <$th e(traord$+ar$%y h$&h $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+ 9 e7&76 so#eo+e

<ho <a+ts to sou+d %$=e a +at$,e s/ea=er $+ order to 'u+ct$o+ e''ect$,e%y as a+ actor or a+ es/$o+a&e a&e+t : #ay <e%% ach$e,e a better /ro+u+c$at$o+ tha+ so#eo+e <$th $+te&rat$,e #ot$,at$o+ that $s 0u$te /os$t$,e yet %ess $+te+seZ7 Co+s$der$+& the $+'or#at$o+ /ro,$ded by Ce%ce-*urc$a <$th res/ect to the ty/es o' #ot$,at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&6 teachers ca+ +o< start de,e%o/$+& a soc$o&ra# to a//%y at the be&$++$+& o' the$r course $+ order to &et to =+o< o+e a+other a+d s/ec$'$ca%%y to &et so#e /erso+a% $+'or#at$o+ re&ard$+& the reaso+s <hy stude+ts <a+t to %ear+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready obta$+ed the +ecessary $+'or#at$o+ 'ro# each stude+t a+d ta=e+ +otes about each o+e o' the#6 $t $s t$#e to dea% <$th the to/$c o' /ro+u+c$at$o+7 To $+crease $+terest $+ th$s to/$c a+d to /ro#ote a #ea+$+&'u% d$scuss$o+ about $t teachers ca+ #a=e use o' the 'o%%o<$+& tas=4 TAS. A$#s To $+crease $+terest $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d to /ro#ote #ea+$+&'u% d$scuss$o+ about $t7 Resources A 0uest$o++a$re such as the o+e #ade by .e+<orthy? Teaching English 'ronunciation7 Teachers ca+ #a=e u/ other 0uest$o+s <h$ch #ay su$t the$r stude+ts better7 Procedure Teachers d$scuss the 0uest$o+s <$th the$r stude+ts7 I' they are teach$+& a #o+o%$+&ua% c%ass6 they #ay /re'er to do th$s $+ the stude+ts? '$rst %a+&ua&e7

,ue tionnaire G I#a&$+e you are ta%=$+& $+ your o<+ %a+&ua&e <$th a 'ore$&+er7 The /erso+ does+?t s/ea= your %a+&ua&e ,ery <e%% a+d $s ,ery d$''$cu%t to u+dersta+d7 >hat do you doO o you4 9 a : /rete+d you u+dersta+d e,e+ <he+ you do+?tO 9 b : as= h$# or her to re/eat e,eryth$+& s%o<%y a+d care'u%%yO 9 c : try to &et a<ayO 2 >hat do you say <he+ the 'ore$&+ s/ea=er a/o%o&$8es 'or h$s /oor acce+tO o you4 9 a : te%% h$# h$s acce+t $s ,ery &ood e,e+ <he+ $t $s+?tO 9 b : te%% h$# that h$s /oor acce+t does+?t #atterO 9 c : te%% h$# that h$s acce+t $s ,ery bad a+d that he #ust <or= hard to $#/ro,e $tO H Ho< do you 'ee% <he+ a 'ore$&+er /ro+ou+ces your +a#e <ro+&O 9 a : ,ery a+&ry 9 b : $t bothers #e a %$tt%e 9 c : $t bothers #e a %ot 9 d : $t does+?t bother #e at a%% I7 Ho< do you 'ee% <he+ you #eet a 'ore$&+er <ho s/ea=s your %a+&ua&e <$th a ,ery &ood acce+tO 9 a : sur/r$sed 9 b : /%eased 9 c : +ot sur/r$sed 9 d : 'u%% o' ad#$rat$o+ 9 e : do+?t care or th$+= about $t

J I+ the 'uture6 <ho <$%% you s/ea= E+&%$sh toO 9 a : #ost%y E+&%$sh /eo/%e ,$s$t$+& #y cou+try <ho do+?t =+o< #y %a+&ua&e 9 b : #ost%y E+&%$sh-s/ea=$+& /eo/%e $+ th$s cou+try 9 Br$ta$+6 USA6 etc7: 9 c : #ost%y +o+-E+&%$sh /eo/%e <ho do+?t =+o< #y %a+&ua&e a+d <hose %a+&ua&e I do+?t =+o<6 so that <e s/ea= E+&%$sh to&ether 9 d : do+?t =+o< K o you th$+= $t $s #ore $#/orta+t to ha,e a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ <he+4 9 a : you are s/ea=$+& E+&%$sh to E+&%$sh /eo/%eO 9 b : you are s/ea=$+& E+&%$sh to +o+-E+&%$sh /eo/%eO L Be%o< are so#e s$tuat$o+s7 >he+ $s $t #ost $#/orta+t to /ro+ou+ce <e%%O Put the# $+ order o' $#/orta+ce <$th a +u#ber $' you <a+t7 9 a : s/ea=$+& o+ the te%e/ho+e 9 b : #eet$+& so#eo+e 'or the '$rst t$#e 9 c : Ta%=$+& to so#eo+e you =+o< ,ery <e%% 9 a &ood 'r$e+d : $+ a+ $+'or#a% s$tuat$o+ 9e7&7 at a /arty : 9 d : do$+& bus$+ess $+ E+&%$sh 9 e7&7 at the ba+=6 /ost o''$ce6 bus stat$o+6 ra$%<ay stat$o+6 $+ sho/s6 etc7 : 9 e : ta%=$+& to stra+&ers 9 e7&7 as=$+& the <ay : 9 ' : chatt$+& to a 'e%%o< stude+t 9 e7&7 dur$+& brea= t$#e : 9 (enworth$ GNML4 JJ-K : E,a%uat$o+ 9 'or the teachers : Ho< $+,o%,ed d$d your stude+ts &et $+ the d$scuss$o+O $d a&ree#e+t or d$sa&ree#e+t /redo#$+ate6 a+d <hat do you th$+= are the reaso+sO

>ere there 0uest$o+s <h$ch d$d +ot y$e%d a+ $+terest$+& d$scuss$o+O I' so6 <hyO Are there 0uest$o+s <h$ch you <ou%d <a+t to addO I' you are +ot teach$+& E+&%$sh4 are there other 0uest$o+s <h$ch <ou%d be re%e,a+t $+ the co+te(t o' your tar&et %a+&ua&e that you <ou%d <a+t to $+c%udeO

Source: 9 Chr$st$a+e6 a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er6 GNNI :

O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready a//%$ed th$s 0uest$o++a$re at the be&$++$+& o' the$r E+&%$sh course6 they ca+ start th$+=$+& o+ <ays to #a$+ta$+ stude+ts $+terest a+d #ot$,at$o+ $+ $#/ro,$+& the$r /ro+u+c$at$o+ o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 *aya LeE+ 9 GNNJ : stro+&%y reco##e+ds to start teach$+& a ded$cated /ro+u+c$at$o+ c%ass to be&$++er stude+ts7 A%so6 'or stude+ts +ot to &et 'rustrated a+d %ose #ot$,at$o+ 'or the %ear+$+& /rocess6 she su&&ests to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+ $+ the stude+ts? +at$,e %a+&ua&e6 S/a+$sh $+ our case7 1or $+ter#ed$ate or ad,a+ced stude+ts6 the e(/%a+at$o+ ca+ be &$,e+ $+ E+&%$sh7 Be'ore teachers start a+y /ro&ra# or c%ass6 the sa#e author reco##e+ds to #a=e use o' $a&+ost$c Tests to a+a%y8e the stude+ts? %e,e% o' /ro'$c$e+cy a+d the areas o' #ore d$''$cu%ty7 She reco##e+ds to &$,e the stude+ts the sa#e $a&+ost$c test /er$od$ca%%y $+ order to e,a%uate stude+t?s /ro&ress6 <h$ch shou%d be e+coura&$+& 'or stude+ts a+d re<ard$+& 'or the teacher7 9 See *aya LeE+ *e$s <$th .$tty Ao+es6 // H3K-L : >$th a%% these $deas $+ #$+d teachers ca+ start #a=$+& use o' the #ater$a% /ro,$ded here a+d a%so start de,e%o/$+& the$r o<+ too%s $+ order to he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ that %ead to $#/ro,e the$r se%'-co+'$de+ce <he+ try$+& to s/ea= the tar&et %a+&ua&e $+s$de a+d outs$de o' the c%assroo#7 1o%%o<$+& are so#e

&a#es that the author o' th$s /roject des$&+ed $+ order to %ear+ E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs ha,$+& a &ood t$#e7 So#e *e($ca+ trad$t$o+a% &a#es <ere #od$'$ed to ach$e,e th$s &oa%4 GA*ES a: DO>EL BINGO7 1or s#a%% &rou/s a+d Q or tea#s7 P%ay $t <$th ,o<e% sy#bo%s o+ tab%es7 The <$++er $s the o+e <ho has the sou+d %$+e correct%y chose+6 e$ther ,ert$ca% or hor$8o+ta% %$+es7

b: TIC TAC TOE7 P%ay $t by tea#s7 ra< a b$& c a+d ha,e o+e #e#ber 'ro# each tea# /$c= u/ a card a+d say a <ord <$th the sou+d o+ $t7 I' r$&ht6 score X or 3 at ra+do# u+t$% o+e tea# <$+s7 I' <ro+&6 the cha+ce $s /assed o+ to the o//o+e+t tea# #e#ber7 I' sQhe 'a$%s6 there $s +o score a+d the o//ortu+$ty to se%ect a+other card &oes bac= to the or$&$+a% tea#7

c: O

*AN OUT7

P%ay $+ /a$rs or $+ s#a%% &rou/s6 or $+d$,$dua%%y7 1o%%o< $+struct$o+s o+ sheet a+d set u/ a t$#e %$#$t accord$+& to the %ear+erls %e,e%7 The o+e <ho '$+$shes '$rst6 a%% correct6 <$+s7

d: LETTER SOUP7 P%ay $t <$th s#a%% &rou/s6 or $+d$,$dua%%y7

The /ur/ose o' the &a#e ,ar$es de/e+d$+& o+ the %ear+erls %e,e% o' E+&%$sh a+d c%ass /ur/ose7 The or$&$+a% /ur/ose $s to /ract$ce ,o<e% sou+ds a+d co+so+a+ts <$th the /ast te+se or the /ast /art$c$/%e 'or# o' $rre&u%ar ,erbs7 The o+e <$th the r$&ht6 /re,$ous%y '$(ed +u#ber o' ,erbs 'ou+d6 a+d the r$&ht sou+d /roduced or $de+t$'$ed6 <$+s7

e: HOT POTATO7 P%ay $t <$th s#a%% &rou/s6 or the <ho%e c%ass $' +ot ,ery /o/u%ated 9 GJ - 23 $s O. :7 *a=e a c$rc%e a+d /ass o+ a+ object 9a ba%%6 or a+y toy : arou+d to each /art$c$/a+t

<h$%e so#eo+e a<ay 'ro# the &rou/6 <ho $s +ot %oo=$+& at the#6 cr$es out HOT POTATO\ A'ter e,ery J or G3 seco+ds o' c%a//$+& or #us$c7 The /erso+6 <ho has the object at that t$#e6 has to say a <ord <$th the sou+d chose+ r$&ht there a+d the+ by the o+e <ho cr$ed out7 I' $t $s r$&ht6 sQhe co+t$+ues /%ay$+&6 $' +ot6 sQhe $s ta=e+ out o' the &a#e7 SQhe ca+ beco#e the /erso+ cry$+& out HOT POTATO +e(t7 The o+e <ho stays %ast or %o+&er <$+s the &a#e7

': *ISS OR *R7 DO>EL7 Do%u+teers7 So#e #e#bers 'ro# the &rou/ co#e to the 'ro+t o' the c%assroo# a+d they <$%% be &$,e+ a card <$th a ,o<e% sou+d7 The $dea $s to &$,e the# the o//ortu+$ty to /ract$ce the sou+d they ha,e o+ the card a+d to say a <ord or <ords <$th that sou+d7 The /ur/ose o' the &a#e $s to brea= the $ce a+d ha,e 'u+7

&: S>AT THE SOUN 7 By tea#s7

T<o #e#bers 'ro# each &rou/Q tea# /art$c$/ate $+ th$s &a#e7 E$ther so#e sou+ds or sy#bo%s ca+ be <r$tte+ o+ the board or o+ a chart so that <he+ the teacher cr$es out a <ord or sou+d6 the t<o #e#bers &o S>AT that <ord or sou+d <$th a s<atter7 The '$rst /art$c$/a+t to do $t r$&ht scores a+d the tea# that has the h$&her +u#ber o' correct a+s<ers <$+s7

h: DO>EL *AR.ET7 By tea#s or $+d$,$dua%%y7 O+e #e#ber 'ro# each tea# /art$c$/ates $+ th$s &a#e7 The $+structor cr$es out a sou+d a+d the /art$c$/a+ts ha,e to %oo= 'or the <ords <$th that sou+d7 They ha,e to &o a+d BUF the r$&ht <ords 'ro# the Do<e% *ar=et7 The '$rst o+e to &et the r$&ht <ords 9 three or #ore : <$+s7

$: SOUN *E*ORF GA*E7 By tea#s7 T<o #e#bers 'ro# each tea# /art$c$/ate $+ th$s &a#e7 O+ the board or chart6 there are K M - G3 or G2 /a$rs o' sy#bo%s a+d /$ctures7 The $dea $s to #atch the sou+d that the <ord $+ the /$cture has <$th the corres/o+d$+& sy#bo%7

j: ICE 1OR FOUR LUC.7 By tea#s7 The /ur/ose o' the &a#e $s to score a +u#ber 'ro# J3 to G33 /o$+ts7 The $+structor sets the %$#$ts 9 t$#e a+d /o$+ts :7 Each #e#ber o' the tea# ro%%s the d$ce a+d '$+ds the %uc=y +u#ber7 That +u#ber #atches o+e o' the G2 ,o<e% sou+ds7 O+e #e#ber o' each tea# at a

t$#e +a#es a <ord <$th the corres/o+d$+& +u#ber o' the ,o<e% a+d scores J to G3 /o$+ts7 The tea# <$th the h$&her score or the to/ score <$+s7 So#e other $deas to /ract$ce E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs ha,$+& 'u+ are4 tra+scr$b$+& so+&s $+ E+&%$sh6 a+a%y8$+& TD /ro&ra#s6 '$%#s6 etc7 'ro# d$''ere+t re&$o+s7 A%so6 teachers ca+ #a=e use o' /ro&ra#s <here the s/ea=ers ha,e a d$''ere+t acce+tP th$s #ay he%/ stude+ts u+dersta+d +ot o+%y o+e6 but se,era% acce+ts o' E+&%$sh as s/o=e+ $+ the U+$ted States7

NB7 Dar$at$o+s to the <ay o' /%ay$+& these &a#es are /oss$b%e6 these are just so#e o' the <ays the author has had 'u+ <$th these &a#es a+d others7 I' you ha,e other better $dea9s:6 /%ease do +ot hes$tate to share $tQthe# e#a$%$+&4 ba%deras5a+to+$omhot#a$%7co#

CHAPTER D CONCLUSIONS To '$+d out $' the Pho+et$c Tra$+$+& Tech+$0ue ca+ be su&&ested as the #a$+ tech+$0ue to /ro,$de teachers <$th the +ecessary =+o<%ed&e to he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+6 I <$%% re/ort the a+s<ers to the three research 0uest$o+s $+ th$s cha/ter $+ ter#s o' <hat I a+a%y8ed $+ the /reced$+& cha/ter7

TECHNIQUES E1L TEACHERS CAN USE TO EDELOP THE PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS6 AN INTONATION O1 THEIR E1L STU NETS7

I 'ou+d that there ha,e bee+ d$''ere+t tech+$0ues to teach the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures o' %a+&ua&e7 Ce%ce-*urc$a ca%%ed these ty/es o' e(erc$se Rtech+$0ues o' the /ast <h$ch ha,e +e,er y$e%ded ,ery &ood resu%ts?7 Her cr$t$c$s# o' the# <as that4 R<h$%e use'u% o+ a %$#$ted6 $+d$,$dua% bas$s 'or /ur/oses o' correct$o+ a+d dr$%%6 +o+e o' these e(erc$se ty/es $s $+ tu+e <$th the co##u+$cat$,e a//roach to %a+&ua&e teach$+&7 The #ater$a% they e#/%oy $s art$'$c$a% a+d u+authe+t$c7 >$th the 'ocus o+ $so%ated <ords a+dQor se+te+ces6 there $s %$tt%e tra+s'er 'ro# /ract$ce to +atura% co##u+$cat$o+7 The structured a+d a+a%yt$c +ature o' these dr$%%s a%so #a=es the# e(tre#e%y u+#ot$,at$+&7? 9 a%to+ ) Se$d%ho'er6 GNNI :

The co##e+ts #ade by Ce%ce-*urc$a re$+'orced the $dea I had $+ #$+d to de,e%o/ th$s /roject6 I &ot to the co+c%us$o+ that teachers +eed to be /ro,$ded <$th a &ood =+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs $+ order to he%/ the$r stude+ts ac0u$re a +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+ that <ou%d $+ tur+ he%/ the# to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y a+d $+te%%$&$b%y <$th E+&%$sh s/ea=ers $+ a+y soc$a% co+te(t7 The other tech+$0ues that ha,e bee+ used $+ the /ast a+d that so#e schoo%s a+d $+st$tutes are st$%% us$+& the# as /art o' the$r courses6 ca+ be ut$%$8ed to su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the /ho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue /ro/osed $+ th$s study7 A &ood co#b$+at$o+ o' th$s tech+$0ue <$th the others ca+ br$+& e(ce%%e+t a+d sat$s'actory resu%ts7

1IN ING THE CORRECT SEQUENCE TO TEACH PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS6 AN INTONATION

>$th res/ect to th$s $ssue I 'ou+d that /ro/o+e+ts o' the Co##u+$cat$,e A//roach ha,e +ot dea%t a//ro/r$ate%y <$th the ro%e o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&7 A+ a&reed-u/o+ set o' structures 'or teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+ co##u+$cat$,e%y has +ot bee+ de,e%o/ed7 There are t<o &e+era% a//roaches to the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+7 The $+tu$t$,e$#$tat$,e a//roach a+d the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 The %atter <as the o+e de,e%o/ed to co#/%e#e+t6 a+d +ot +ecessar$%y to re/%ace the 'or#er7 O+ th$s /roject the a+a%yt$c%$+&u$st$c a//roach <as the o+e #a$+%y co+s$dered 'or the <ay $t dea%s <$th the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6 but the $deas o' the $+tu$t$,e-$#$tat$,e a//roach <ere a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t as a su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t7 There are a%so t<o other a//roaches to teach the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects o' %a+&ua&e4 the botto#-u/ a//roach a+d the to/-do<+ a//roach7 There has bee+ a co+'%$ct

o' /r$or$t$es $+ <hat to teach '$rst6 the su/rase&#e+ta% a+d the+ the se&#e+ta%s6 or ,$ce ,ersa7 a%to+ ) Se$d%ho'er 9 GNNI : stated thatY des/$te research '$+d$+&s that stress6 rhyth#6 a+ $+to+at$o+ are &erera%%y #ore $#/orta+t 'or #a=$+& ourse%,es u+derstood6 $t $s the $+d$,$dua% sou+ds <h$ch to #ost %ear+ers6 see# to be the #ost read$%y /erce/t$b%e6 #ost Rta+&$b%e? as/ect o' /ro+ou+c$+& a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e4 they ca+ be $so%ated out o' the s/eech a+d descr$bed #uch #ore eas$%y tha+ su/rase&#e+ta% 'eaturesZ7 Th$s /roject <as based o+ the $deas /ro/osed by the botto#-u/ a//roach7 A%thou&h6 I 'ou+d $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to th$s $ssue6 I &ot to the co+c%us$o+ that the there $s +ot a correct se0ue+ce to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+ stress a+d $+to+at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&7 Us$+& the botto#-u/ a//roach or the to/-do<+ a//roach <$%% a%<ays de/e+d o+ the ty/es o' %ear+ers teachers ha,e7 *ost you+& %ear+ers <ou%d /re'er to start <$th su/rase&#e+ta%sP <hereas the #ajor$ty o' #ore a+a%yt$c a+d o%der stude+ts <ou%d rather dea% <$th sou+ds '$rst7

1IN ING >AFS TO *OTIDATE STU ENTS TO I*PRODE THEIR LEARNING O1 ENGLISH PHONETICS

*ot$,at$+& stude+ts to be $+terested $+ ac0u$r$+& a +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+ shou%d a%so be co+s$dered as a+ $#/orta+t /o$+t $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 *ater$a% de,e%o/ers a+d teachers6 su//orted by the schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+6 +eed to ta=e $+to accou+t the $dea o' de,e%o/$+& a &ood soc$o&ra# 'or the courses they o''er $+ the$r schoo%s7 It $s reco##e+ded to a//%y th$s soc$o&ra# $+ order to '$+d out the d$''ere+t ty/es o' %ear+ers <e ha,e a+d the reaso+s <hy they <a+t to study the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Accord$+& to Ce%ce-*urc$a there are three d$''ere+t =$+ds o' #ot$,at$o+4 $+te&rat$,e6 ass$#$%at$,e6 a+d $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+7 Re&ard%ess o'

the ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ stude+ts br$+& <he+ they co#e to the c%assroo# to study the tar&et %a+&ua&e6 teachers ha,e to ta=e ad,a+ta&e o' th$s s$tuat$o+ $+ order to start dea%$+& <$th the to/$c o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ a//%y$+& a 0uest$o++a$re such as the o+e #ade by .e+<orthy6 or a+y other 0uest$o+s #ade u/ by the teacher so that based o+ the# teachers a+d stude+ts ca+ d$scuss ho< $#/orta+t $t $s to be #ot$,ated to ac0u$re a +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+7 I+ order to #ot$,ate stude+ts to co+t$+ue be$+& $+terested $+ ac0u$r$+& a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+6 teachers +eed to de,e%o/ the$r o<+ s=$%%s a+d too%s to #a=e the %ear+$+& o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs attract$,e6 +o+-threate+$+&6 a+d 'u+ 'or the stude+ts7 Co%or'u% tra+s/are+c$es o' 'ace d$a&ra#s6 charts6 a+d so#e other ,$sua% #ater$a% a%o+& <$th so#e e(tra %$ste+$+& act$,$t$es a+d board &a#es ca+ he%/ teachers 'u%'$%% th$s object$,e7 Reco##e+dat$o+s *y #ode% co#/%e#e+ts the co##u+$cat$,e a//roach s$+ce th$s a//roach be%$e,es e''ect$,e co##u+$cat$o+ a+d $+te%%$&$b%e co##u+$cat$o+ $s better ach$e,ed or a$ded by escr$/t$,e Pho+et$cs7 The Pho+et$c Tra$+$+& tech+$0ue #e+t$o+ed by Ce%ce-*urc$a re'ers to the use o' art$cu%atory descr$/t$o+s6 art$cu%atory d$a&ra#s6 a+d a /ho+et$c a%/habet7 Th$s $s the tech+$0ue $+ <h$ch th$s /roject <as #a$+%y 'ocused a+d the o+e that has bee+ su&&ested to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+dQor $+to+at$o+7 Based o+ th$s study6 I reco##e+d teachers a+d schoo%s to start co+s$der$+& the se&#e+ta%s a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s s$+ce they are ,ery $#/orta+t as/ects o' %a+&ua&e that shou%d be ta=e+ $+to accou+t as /art o' the curr$cu%u#7 The schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+ a+d E+&%$sh courses de,e%o/ers +eed to '$+d <ays $+ order to /ro,$de teachers <$th a &ood =+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs so that $+ tur+6 they ca+ share th$s =+o<%ed&e <$th the$r stude+ts7 Teachers +o< ca+ start de,e%o/$+& the$r o<+ s=$%%s based o+ th$s =+o<%ed&e7

There are d$''ere+t tech+$0ues that ha,e bee+ used throu&hout the t$#e7 I reco##e+d the Pho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue as the bas$s to teach these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e7 The other tech+$0ues #ay be used as a co#/%e#e+t 'or the tech+$0ue /ro/osed7 They ha,e use'u% $deas $+ order to /ract$ce each sou+d o' E+&%$sh7 The &a#es /ro,$ded by the author o' th$s /roject a%so /ro,$de teachers <$th so#e other <ays to /ract$ce e,ery sou+d ha,$+& a &ood t$#e7 A%so6 $+ order to obta$+ sat$s'actory resu%ts dur$+& at the e+d o' a+ E+&%$sh course6 I reco##e+d teachers to co+s$der as/ects such as6 a&e6 att$tude6 a/t$tude6 a#o+& others6 so that based o+ the# teachers ca+ #a=e the +ecessary #od$'$cat$o+s o' the t$/s /rese+ted o+ th$s /roject a+d ada/t the# to su$t the$r o<+ c%assroo# +eeds7 I su&&est to ,$s$t the &reat a#ou+t o' <ebs$tes that dea% <$th E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 They co+ta$+ %ots o' $+'or#at$o+6 t$/s6 h$+ts6 act$,$t$es6 a+d &a#es to co#/%e#e+t E+&%$sh courses /ho+et$ca%%y s/ea=$+&7 Teachers ca+ share those <ebs$tes <$th the$r stude+ts so they ca+ &et so#e e(tra /ract$ce outs$de o' the c%assroo#7 So#e s$tes o''er o+-%$+e /ro+u+c$at$o+ courses <here stude+ts ca+ %ear+ #ore about the sou+d syste# o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 I h$&h%y reco##e+d teachers to $+,$te the$r stude+ts to /ract$ce $+s$de a+d outs$de o' the c%assroo#7 1$+a%%y6 I reco##e+d teachers to atte+d se#$+ars6 co+'ere+ces a+d ta%=s <here +e< $deas o+ E+&%$sh teach$+& are o''ered7 No<adays6 #ore a+d #ore /eo/%e are de,e%o/$+& stud$es o+ E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs7 So#e s/ea=ers /ro,$de ha+douts <here they $+c%ude u/-dated $+'or#at$o+ a+d act$,$t$es re%ated to /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7

REFERENCES

Ce%ce-*urc$a6 *ar$a++e7 9GNNK :6Teach$+& Pro+u+c$at$o+6 Ca#br$d&e U+$,ers$ty Press6 Ne< For=6 NF7 USA7 LeE+ *e$s6 *aya7 9 GNNJ :6 .$ss Four Acce+t Goodbye\6 A)C Pub%$shers6 I+c7 Ar,ada6 Co%orado6 USA7 a%e6 Pau%ette79 GNMJ :6 E+&%$sh Pro+u+c$at$o+ 'or S/a+$sh S/ea=ers4 Do<e%s6 Pre+t$ce Ha%% Re&e+ts6 E+&%e<ood C%$''s6 Ne< Aersey6 USA7 a%e6 Pau%ette7 9 GNMJ :6 E+&%$sh Pro+u+c$at$o+ 'or S/a+$sh S/ea=ers4 Co+so+a+ts6 Pre+t$ce Ha%% Re&e+ts6 E+&%e<ood C%$''s6 Ne< Aersey6 USA7 O?Co++or6 A7 7 9 GNM3 : Better E+&%$sh Pro+u+c$at$o+7 2+d Ed7 Ca#br$d&e6 Ne< For=6 NF7 USA7 Barrut$a6 R7 F A7 Sch<e&%er6 9 GNNL :6 1o+@t$ca y 1o+o%o&;a Es/ago%a7 2+d ed$t$o+6 Aoh+ >$%ey ) So+s6 I+c76 Ne< For=7 S$%,erste$+P Ber+ard6 Ph7 7 9 GNNL :6 Per'ect$+& the Sou+ds o' A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh6 NTC76 L$+co%+<ood 9 Ch$ca&o : I%%$+o$s7 Nash6 Rose6 9GNLL :6 Co#/ar$+& E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh Patter+s $+ Pho+o%o&y a+d Ortho&ra/hy6 Re&e+ts Pub%$sh$+& Co76 Ne< For=7

Carr6 Ph$%$/6 9 GNNH :6 Pho+o%o&y6 The *ac#$%%a+ Press LT 76 Hou+d#$%%s6 Bas$+&sto=e6 Ha#/sh$re a+d Lo+do+7 a%to+ Chr$st$a+e6 9 GNNI : Pro+u+c$at$o+6 O('ord U+$,ers$ty Press76 O('ord6 NF7 *art;+es y *art;+e86 A#/aro6 9 GNLM :6 Curso de Pro+u+c$ac$E+ de% Es/ago% /ara A%u#+os E(tra+jeros6 ITES*6 *ty76 N7L7 LL-ML7 S/eech Or&a+s7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 226 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ<<<edu7+=+u7edu7t<Q_e+&%$shQso7ht# E+&%$sh S/ea=$+& 9Oh$o ESL :7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 226 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ<<<7oh$ou7eduQes%Qe+&%$shQs/ea=$+&7ht#%cPro+u+c$at$o+Act$,$t$es Easto+6 E7L79 GNNM :7 E+&%$sh S/ea=$+&4 *ater$a%s 'or teach$+& a+d %ear+$+&7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2H6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQe%easto+7co#Qs/ea=$+&7ht#% The ESL Pro+u+c$at$o+ Pa&e7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2H6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQuser7&ru7+etQr$chard(Q/ro+ou+ceG7ht#% SUGGESTE >EB SITES4 Hu&hes6 A7 9 GNNJ :7 Pro+u+c$at$o+ o' the E+&%$sh a%/habet6 co#/%ete <$th sou+d '$%es7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2J6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ<<<7edu+et7co#Qe+&%$shQ&ra##arQa%/ha7ht#% Ster+6 7A7 9 GNNN :7 I+'or#at$o+ o+ the <e%%-=+o<+ acce+t reduct$o+ /ro&ra#7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch6 2J 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ/%a$+'$e%d7by/ass7co#Q_das$+cQ Sta#/er6 S7 9 GNNM :7 $d the Cat Get Four To+&ueO Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2J6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ<<<7cuh=7h=Qe%tuQELHQdocI7ht#% Rhodes6 B7 9 233G :7 E+&%$sh Pro+u+c$at$o+7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2K6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ<<<7'ace<eb7o=a+a&a+7bc7caQ/ro+Q

*ac*aho+6 *7.7C7 9 GNNN : I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c Assoc$at$o+7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2K6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ<<<7arts7&%a7ac7u=QIPAQ$/a7ht#%

Too&ood6 S7 a+d >o+&6.7 9 GNNL :7 T$/s o+ the /ro+u+c$at$o+ o' E+&%$sh7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2M6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ%c7ust7h=Q_sacQad,$ceQPG7ht# $1ONICS Sa+ders6 E7 7 9 GNNK :7 Lear+$+& to Read 9E+&%$sh: <$th Pho+$cs7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2M6 2332 'ro# htt/4QQ<<<7edsa+ders7co#Q/ho+$cs7ht#

DITA

The author6 *r7 LUIS ANTONIO BAL ERAS RU!"6 $s a +at$,e 'ro# *o+terrey6 Nue,o LeE+6 *@($co <here he %$,es at the /rese+t t$#e7 He ho%ds a B7A7 $+ E+&%$shQS/a+$sh Tra+s%at$o+ at the Schoo% o' Ph$%oso/hy a+d Letters o' the Nue,o LeE+ State U+$,ers$ty 9 U7A7N7L7:6 <here he &raduated $+ GNML7 He <or=ed as a S/a+$sh a+d S/a+$sh Pho+et$cs /ro'essor at the *o+terrey I+st$tute o' Tech+o%o&y7 He has bee+ <or=$+& as a+ E+&%$sh teacher a+d E+&%$sh co+te+t subject /ro'essor at the schoo% 'ro# <h$ch he &raduated7