ANSWER 1 (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) (iii) 1. 2. Argon 2.8.8 1. Period 3 2.

It has 3 shell occupied/consist with electrons The sum of / The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom 6 Estimate the age of fossils / artifacts Show all the number of electron of sodium ion and oxide ion with charge correctly Show the nucleus and correct ratio of atom
2-

1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1+1 1

(b)

(c)

Na

Na

Or 2-

Na

10

(a)

(b) (c)

(i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) (i) (ii)

(d)

Z U W 2.8.1 X+ They have same number of shells filled occupied with electrons X, Y, Z // X > Y > Z 4X + O2 2X2O // 2X + O2 X2O Z2 + H2O HZ + HOZ

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1

2 2

3 10

(a) (b)

Ionic/salt/ inorganic XY2/ MgCl2

1 1

(c) (d)

(i) (ii) (i)

2.8.2 / 2, 8, 2 2.8.7 / 2,8, 7 1. nucleus for both atoms & all shells filled with correct number of electrons 2. sharing one pair of electrons

1 1 1 1

(ii) (e)

Covalent Compound/ (a) is higher than substance/ (d)

1 1 1 1 10

1. (Electrostatic) forces between particles ion is stronger 2. More heat/ energy required to overcome the forces

(a) (b)

(c)

(d)

R, P, Q (i) Silver nitrate (ii) 2Ag+ + Cu Cu2+ + 2Ag (iii) Colourless solution turns blue / light blue // brown metal / copper/ P dissolve / thinner // grey deposit formed 1. R is more electropositive than P // the position of R is higher than P in electrochemical series 2. R cannot displace P from its nitrate / salt solution (i)

1 1 2 1 1 1 2

1 4

Electrolyte
(ii) Q 1 10

(a)

(b)

(c)

(i) Copper (II) oxide (ii) Neutralisation (iii) 2HCl + CuO CuCl2 + H2O (iv) To complete the reaction (i) Double decomposition / Precipitation reaction (ii) Ag+ + Cl- AgCl (iii) Filtration Cation : Cu2+ Anion : Cl-

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 10

(a)

(i)

(ii) (iii)

(b)

(i) (ii)

Solvent P : Water Solvent Q : methyl benzene / propanone / suitable organic solvent Effervescence / gas released // magnesium ribbon dissolved 1. Ethanoic acid is weak acid 2. Ethanoic acid dissociate / ionise partially in water 3. Produce low concentration of H+ ion 1. pH value increase / bigger 2. The lower the concentration of acid the higher the pH value

1 3

2 2

(0.5)(V) = (0.04)(250) // V = 20 cm3

0.04 x 250 0.5 V=

10

(a)

(b)

(c)

1. 1 mol of hydrochloric acid produce 1 mol of hydrogen ion. 2. to neutralize 1 mol of OH- from NaOH 3. 1 mol of sulphuric acid produce 2 mol of hydrogen ion 4. to neutralize 2 mol of OH- form NaOH (i) 1. Mole of KOH = 14.0/56 // 0.25 2. Concentration of NaOH = 0.25 1000/250 // 1.0 mol dm-3 (ii) 1. KOH + HCl KCl + H2O 2. MHCl = 1.0 25.0/24.5 // 1.02 mol dm-3 (iii) 1. Mole of KCl = mole of KOH = 1.0 25/1000//0.025 2. Mass of KCl = 0.025 74.5 // 1.86 (i) HCl :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

10

1. Concentration of acid increases, pH values decreases 2. The concentration of H+ increases 3. Acid becomes more acidic NaOH : 1. Concentration of alkali increases, pH values increases. 2. The concentration of OH- increases 3. Alkali becomes more alkaline (ii) 1. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and hydrochloric acid is a strong acid 2. Ethanoic acid dissociates partially and hydrochloric acid dissociates completely in water 3. The concentration of H+ in ethanoic acid is lower 4. The lower the concentration of H+ the higher the pH value

1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20

(a)

(b)

Atom of element Y has three shells containing electrons. Y. Y is in Period 3. The number of electrons valence of atom Y is 7. Y is in Group 17. X is in Group 1. When going down the group, the number of shells containing electrons increases. So atomic size increases. Atom of each element in the group has 1 valence electron. The valence electron becomes further away from the nucleus. Therefore, the force of attraction between nucleus and valence electron becomes weaker. It is easier for the atom to donate electron, so reactivity increases.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(c)

(d)

1 X and oxygen form ionic bond. 1 Atom X donates one electron to form X+ ion to achieve a stable/ 1 octet electron arrangement. 1 Oxygen atom has an electron arrangement of 2.6 and accept two 1 -2 electrons from two X atoms to form ion O to achieve a stable/octet 1 electron arrangement. 1 + 2+ X and O are attracted to each other and form X2O. 1 Cannot. 1 Atom Z has achieved the stable electron arrangement. 1

2 20

(a)

-Electrode Copper X: Type of electrode

(b)

(c)

(i) (ii)

(d)

(i) (ii)

-Electrode carbon Y: The position of ions in the electrochemical series Electrode Carbon electrode Copper electrode X Y Anode cathode List of all ions present in Cu2+, H+, SO42-, OHelectrolyte Lists of ions attracted to Cu2+, H+ SO42-, OHeach electrodes Name of the ion selectively discharge and Copper(II) ion Copper(II) ion ion formed at the electrode The reason why the ion Cu2+ ion lower in selectively the electrochemical discharge at series cathode Half equation for the reaction Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cu Cu2+ + 2e at each electrodes -Oxidation -Released / donate electron -Formula of reactant and products correct -Balanced 4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e -Zinc -More electropositive than copper To allow the movement of ions Sulphuric acid // (Any suitable answers)

1+1

1+1

2+2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20

10

(a)

1. pH value of ethanoic acid is higher than nitric acid 2. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid; nitric acid is a strong acid 3. Ethanoic acid ionises partially in water to produce lower concentration of hydrogen ion 4. Hydrochloric acid ionises completely in water to produce higher

1 1 4 1

concentration of hydrogen ion (b) (i) Y, X, Z (ii) - Metal X dissolves, the blue colour of copper (II) sulphate solution fades and brown solid is formed - Copper is less reactive than hydrogen and does not react with hydrochloric acid - Metal X react slowly with acid, so metal X is more reactive than copper and is able to displace copper from its salts solution - Copper (II) ions in the solution are displaced by metal X to form copper metal and metal X is oxidised to form X sulphate (c) 1. Pour [20-100] cm3 of magnesium nitrate solution [0.1-1.0] moldm-3 into a beaker. 2. Add [20-100] cm3 of sodium carbonate solution [0.1-1.0] moldm-3. 3. Stir and filter the mixture. 4. Pour [20-100] cm3 dilute / [0.1-1.0] moldm-3 sulphuric acid into a beaker 5. Add the residue / precipitate into the acid until in excess

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 11

6. Stir and filter the mixture 1

1 7. heat the filtrate until saturated / 3 of original volume

1 1 1 1

8. Cool the saturated solution 9. Filter and dry the crystal 10. Mg(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2NaNO3 11. MgCO3 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2

20