DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CEMB 111 CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO 1 DEFLECTION OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM 2 SECTION:

2 GROUP: 1 Group members nur natasya nabila CE 088888 engku nor hafiza CE089034 fardya atyekah rosli CE087540 asmah bt abd rahim CE088692 Nurul Ainul Hidayah bt Soha CE087266

Date of laboratory session : 14 th June 2012 Date of report submission : 21 th June 2012

Lab instructor: Dr Ahmed H. Birima

LAB REPORT MARKING Criteria A. Appearance, formatting and grammar/spelling. B. C. Introduction and objective Procedure Scale Poor 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Acceptable 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Excellent 5 5 5 5 5 5

D. Results: data, figures, graphs, tables, etc. E. F. Discussion Conclusions

Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Objective ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Apparatus:.............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Procedure: .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Theory ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Results and analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 1: Span 450 .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 2: Span 700 .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 3:Span 800 ................................................................................................................................................... 8

Abstract

This report summarize the result and procedure to identify the relationship between the deflection and the span of the beam specimen with three different length of the span. Thus, using the result to get the elastic modulus. There are three different beam provided in the lab, but in this experiment we use large beam after testing on the smallest beam failed to give the accurate reading. Using the deflection data to plot the graph the theoretical value of Modulus of Elasticity can be calculate by applying the formulae provided in the manual. The slope of the graph log (/W) vs. log L represents the power of the span and the vertical intercept represents the value for log C. The modulus of elasticity calculated for this experiment is 4.4225 10 11 N/mm2.

Introduction

A beam must possess sufficient stiffness so that excessive deflections do not have an adverse effect on adjacent structural members. In many cases, maximum allowable deflections are specified by Codes of Practice in terms of the dimensions of the beam, particularly the span. The actual deflections of a beam must be limited to the elastic range of the beam, otherwise permanent distortion results. Thus in determining the deflections of beam under load, elastic theory is used

Objective

To find the relationship between deflection and span of the beam specimen.

Apparatus:
1) The support frame 2) A pair of knife edge support 3) A load hanger 4) A dial gauge with 0.01mm accuracy to measuring deflection 5) Beam specimen with constant depth and width through out its length 6) A micrometer to measure the depth and width of the beam specimen 7) A meter ruler to measure the span of the beam 8) A set of weights

Procedure:

1) The two supports to the support frame using the plate and bolt supplied with the apparatus is bolt. The distance between the two supports was set equal to the span of the beam tested.

2) The width and depth of specimen were measured and the readings were noted (measurement taken at 3 locations and the average reading were recorded) 3) The beam specimen was placed onto the support. 4) The load hanger was fix at the mid-span of the beam. 5) The dial gauge was positioned at the mid-span of the beam to measure the the resulting deflection. 6) The dial gauge reading was set to zero. 7) A suitable load on the load hanger was placed. 8) The resulting dial gauge reading was noted. 9) The load on the load hanger was increased. 10) Step 8 and 9 were repeated for a few more load increments. 11) The above test was repeated to to obtain another set of readings.

Theory

From Theory, The mid-span deflection of a beam is given by the equation, =WL3 / 48EI In order to study the affect of span upon deflection , the power 3 for the span is replaced by n. Thus, the deflection equation can be written as /W = 1/ 48EI L /W = CL Where the constant C = 1/48EI The deflection equation can be written in the log from as below

Log (/W)= n log L + log C Based on linear equation, =+ Thus, Log(/W) = n log L + log C y represents Log (/W) m represents n x represents log L c represents log C

This represents the equation of a straight line. The slope of the graph represents the power of the span and the vertical intercept represents the constant.

Results and analysis

Beam specimen dimension: Using the largest beam(thickness: 6.4 mm) provided in the lab Width, b Depth, d Moment of Inertia, I Dial gauge reading 1 div Table 1: Load N 5 6 7 8 9 10 div 5 5.5 6.5 8 10 11 span L1 ( 450) plotted data (mm) 0.05 0.055 0.065 0.08 0.1 0.11 span L2 (700) plotted data (mm) 0.29 0.41 0.6 0.77 0.93 1.11 span L3 (800) div 120 143 169 198 222 246 mm 1.2 1.43 1.69 1.98 2.22 2.46 = 25mm = 6.4mm = 526.13 mm4 = 0.01mm

div 29 41 60 77 93 111

Table 2: slope , /W 0.0129 0.1666 0.256 Log (/W) -1.889 -0.7783 -0.5917

Span 450 700 800

Log L 2.653 2.845 2.903

Deflection vs Load
0.12 0.1 Deflection (mm) 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Load (N) Linear (plotted data (mm)) Linear (plotted data (mm)) y = 0.0129x + 0.0317 R = 0.9697 plotted data (mm)

Figure 1: Span 450

Deflection vs Load
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Load (N) Deflection (mm) y = 0.1666x + 0.102 R = 0.9975 plotted data (mm) Linear (plotted data (mm))

Figure 2: Span 700

Deflection vs Load
3 2.5 Deflection (mm) 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 Load (N) plotted data (mm) Linear (plotted data (mm)) y = 0.256x + 0.934 R = 0.999

Figure 3:Span 800

Log (/W) vs Log L

0 -0.2 2.6 -0.4 -0.6 Log (/W) -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8 -2 Log (/W) Linear (Log (/W)) 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 Log L y = 5.3427x - 16.048 R = 0.9919

From the graph of log (/W) vs. log L, the power for the span obtained is 5.3427. (Slope is generated by computerization for greater accuracy)

The intercept = -16.048 = log C C = 1016,048 = 8.95361017 E = 1 /48 = 1/ 488.953610 17526.13 = 4.4225 10 11 N/mm2

Discussion

1. During the first part of the experiment, we were using the smallest beam with thickness 3.5 mm. We took the results for L1,L2 and L3.However during the 10 N load applied to the 800 span, the dial gauge is not working anymore. Its dial gauge at the mid span could not touch the remaining beam when the load been applied. Thus we decided to re-do the experiment again using the largest beam (thickness: 6.4 mm). From the result data, Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 with span 450, 700 and 800 respectively shows that when the length of the span increase, the deflection will increase proportionally. This result however can only be determined using the right thickness of the beam because when the thickness of the beam is small, the beam could not accept the load applied and it is considered failed. The dial gauge will just hang from the support and it will not touch the beam to give the accurate readings. 2. From Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, the R2 determined from the graph is 0.9697, 0.9975 and 0.999 respectively. This shows that Figure 1 graph was not very accurate compare with the other two graphs. From theory, we can calculate the exact elastic modulus; however, as we conduct the experiment, the experimental value will be slightly different than the actual value, possibly caused by several unavoidable errors during the experiment. There is room for errors and mistakes throughout this whole experiment. The main error is that the dial gauge was way too sensitive to any movement. The needle fluctuate even a small movement on the table it is lying on. The unstable swinging of the load on the hanger also caused the reading to be inaccurate. The wrong reading taken when shifting the beam according to the length of the span. Zero error occurred easily, the initial reading of the dial gauge was not always zero.

Conclusion

From this experiment we can conclude that, the length of the span is directly proportional to the experimental deflection. As we can see from the Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, as the length of the span increase, the deflection will increased respectively. The modulus of elasticity calculated for this experiment is 4.4225 10 11 N/mm2. To avoid any error we could increase the accuracy by:

Use digital dial gauge instead of analog

Calibrate the gauge each time the load is applied.

Make sure that position of eyes of observer is parallel to the scale.

Check for at least twice to make sure that the midpoint and the span length of the

Appendix