A Grid Synchronization Method for Droop Controlled Distributed Energy Resources Converters

C ENTER
FOR

Chia-Tse Lee Rui-Pei Jiang Po-Tai Cheng A DVANCED P OWER T ECHNOLOGIES , D EPARTMENT OF E LECTRICAL E NGINEERING NATIONAL T SING H UA U NIVERSITY, H SINCHU , TAIWAN

AbstractWith the high penetration of distributed generation system, many control methods have been widely discussed for managing the power ows between these distributed energy resources converters in islanded or grid-connected operation modes. The grid synchronization method has been also elaborately discussed for single grid-connected converter. However, it is not often explored for the multi-converter oriented system. In this paper, a grid synchronization method for the multiconverter oriented distributed generation system is proposed. The proposed grid synchronization method can cooperate with droop controls, and all the distributed energy , sources converters regulate their own phase angles and voltage magnitude at the same speed. Thus the original power ow determined by these droop controllers can be maintained during the operation of grid synchronization. Its operation principle is explained, and experimental test results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed grid synchronization method. Index TermsDistributed generation systems, droop control, grid synchronization, Microgrid.

I. I NTRODUCTION With the awareness and need of low carbon emissions, renewable resources have become a signicant research topic recently. Considering the generation scale and characteristics of these renewable resources, the concept of distributed generation for these renewable resources have been proposed and discussed rather than conventional centralized generation. Therefore, distributed generation systems (DGSs) such as microgrids, smartgrids have been developed to transform this abstract concept into a practical application [1], [2], [3]. The control frameworks of distributed energy resources converters (DERCs) in DGS have been explored over the past years, and the frequently discussed frameworks are masterslave and droop controls [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. The master-slave controlled DGS must assign a converter to be the master converter and control it as a voltage source converter. The rest of the converters in this system are controlled as current source converters. Because this master converter acts as a virtual inertia [2], it will pick up most dynamic power ows in DGS. Therefore, the power capacity of this master converter should be physically large to ride-through all the transients and dynamics in this system. On the other hand, the droop controlled DGS allows multiple voltage source converters operating in DGS at the same time. The transient and dynamic power ows can be shared with these droop controlled converters. Traditionally, the real power-frequency droop ( droop) control and the reactive power-voltage droop ( droop)

are generally adopted in the droop controlled DGS [5], [6], [7]. The droop control can achieve accurate real power sharing results. However, the droop control is highly dependent on the line impedances seen from the converters. droop control method has been proposed Therefore, the to introduce one more dynamic relationship between the converters reactive power and voltage magnitude [10]. This improved reactive power sharing control can be insensitive to the unequal line impedances, and improve the reactive power sharing. Furthermore, it can be easily applied to converters with different power capacities, which is suitable for the plugand-play operation. Furthermore, one of the most signicant issues for DGS is the control methods in different operation modes. Many papers have been presented for the controls of islanded mode and grid-connected mode. Another signicant issue is grid synchronization. The grid synchronization method has been elaborately discussed for single grid-connected converters [11]. However, it is not often explored for multi-converter oriented systems or droop controlled DGS. Reference [12] proposes the grid synchronization control method for the conventional , droop controlled microgrid. This paper continues from previous work, exploring the grid synchronization process for the multi-converter oriented and droop controlled DGS. The DERCs in DGS , achieve grid synchronization in an autonomous operation. During the transition of grid synchronization, the power ows can be controlled the same as those originally determined by the autonomous droop controllers in islanded mode with negligible transients. The proposed control methods are explained, and the simulation and experimental test results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control methods. II. D ISTRIBUTED G ENERATION S YSTEM S TRUCTURE Fig. 1 shows the structure of the DGS. The DGS consists of several distributed energy resources converters (DERCs), line impedances, and load. Because of the distributed location of DERCs, these line impedances are to emulate the power lines with different distances. This DGS is connected to the utility grid through a bypass switch. As this bypass switch is opened, the distributed generation system operates in islanded mode. On the other hand, it operates at grid-connected mode as this bypass switch is closed. The overall control structure of the DGS is also shown in Fig. 1. Every DERC in DGS is controlled by its autonomous

978-1-4577-0541-0/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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V1
Lf Cf

R1+jX1

VPCC

PCC

VG

381
Bypass Switch Utility Grid

, [rad/sec]

378 375 372 0 2.5 5

Load
Vx
Lf Cf

Rx+jXx

Frequency restoration engages [rad]

7.5 10

PWM Modulator & Gate driver

Distributed Generation System

0.5
0

Communication Units

Voltage & Current Controller

Droop-based Power Sharing Controller

Grid Synchronization Controller

Detection & Calculation of VPCC PCC & VG G Main controller

0.5

2.5

[V]

7.5

10

15 10 5 0 0 2.5

Autonomous controller x

To autonomous controller x+1

Central Console

[sec]

7.5

10

Fig. 1.

Distributed generation system structure. Fig. 3. The information derived by the main controller.

controller, including three main parts: voltage and current controller, droop-based power sharing controller, and grid synchronization controller. These autonomous controllers cooperate with the signals from main controller, which are calculated from the terminal voltages of the bypass switch, and , and are transmitted by the communication units. Also, the operation modes of these autonomous controllers are controlled by the grid synchronization sequence signals which are commanded through the central console of DGS. The detailed control block diagrams and operations of grid synchronization method are shown as follows. III. G RID S YNCHRONIZATION M ETHOD The main focus of this paper is to present an autonomous grid synchronization method based on the existing droop droop controls for the multi-converter oriented and DGS. The grid synchronization is achieved by changing all DERCs operation frequencies, phase angles, and voltage magnitudes at the same speed in an autonomous manner, such that the relative phase angle differences and voltage magnitude differences between all the DERCs are maintained during the grid synchronization process. The real power and the reactive power ows originally determined by the droop controls can be therefore maintained at the same values with negligible transients. The control block diagrams and the operations of proposed grid synchronization method are explained as follows. A. Main controller Fig. 2 shows the control block diagram of the main controller. The main controller senses the feedbacked signals, , and , , to calculate the information required by all the DERCs autonomous controllers. This required information includes the frequency of utility grid , phase angle difference and voltage magnitude difference between the utility grid and the point of common coupling (PCC). The phase-locked loops use PI controllers to control the d-axis voltages of utility grid and PCC at 0 [13], and the

frequencies and are derived and used to transform the feedbacked phase voltages into qd-axis voltages under the synchronous reference frame. The voltage magnitudes of the utility grid and the PCC ( and ) are calculated by these qd-axis voltages under their individual synchronous reference frames, and the required voltage magnitude difference is thus derived. The phase angle difference can be derived by equation (1), which is based on the sum and difference formulas of a trigonometric function to eliminate the sine function of ( + ) +( + ) and to obtain the sine function of ( ) + ( ). As a result, equals the phase angle difference as is regulated to the same value as . ] [ ] [ cos( + ) = sin( + ) [ ] [ ] cos( + ) = sin( + ) 1 ( = sin1 [ )] = ( ) + ( ) (1) Fig. 3 shows the information derived during the main controllers operation. The operation frequencies and is detected by the phase-locked loops, and the phase angle difference and the voltage magnitude difference can then be calculated as shown in Fig. 3. Before = 5 sec, the frequency of the PCC ( ) deviates from the frequency of the utility frequency ( ), and the phase angle difference continuously varies between and . After the frequency restoration is engaged and is restored the same value as , stops varying and equals to the angle difference as shown in equation (1). Therefore, the main controller of DGS detects these required information, and then transmits them to all the autonomous controller through the communication units to accomplish the grid synchronization as shown in Fig. 2.

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VG,abc

VGa VGb VGc

abc to qde

VGqe VG
de

0
LPF

PI

G 2

VGqe VGde

X2 X2 X2 X2 X0.5 X0.5 VG

VPCCds VGqs

G
1

PLL

VPCC

qe

Vdiff
VPCC Voltage magnitude difference calculation

VGds

VGVPCC

Sin-1

diff

diff Vdiff

VPCC,abc

VPCCa abc VPCCb to VPCCc qde

VPCCqe VPCCde

0
LPF

PI

VPCCde

PCC 2

VPCCqs

Phase angle difference calculation

PLL

Main controller
Fig. 2. Control block diagram of main controller.

B. Autonomous controller The detailed control block diagram of DERCs autonomous controller is given in Fig. 4. The droop control and droop control are implemented by equation (2), where and 0 , and 0 are nominal are the droop coefcients, 0 , frequency, nominal , and nominal voltage magnitude respectively, and 0 and 0 are the real power and reactive power set-points, which are related to the power capacity of DERC. are added for grid synchronization, In equation (2), and restoration which will be explained next. The frequency and controllers are based on equation (3) to regulate 0 and 0 in equation (2), where and are the restoration speed related gains, and and are the DERCs power capacity related scaling gains. With the aforementioned con trollers in equation (2) and equation (3), the and droop controls can accomplish real and reactive power sharing, can be regulated back and the operation frequency and 0 respectively in an autonomous manner. to 0 and
= 0 (0 ) + 0 (0 ) + = = 0 +

Islanded mode
Grid Synchronization Method
Frequency restoration V restoration Voltage magnitude equalization Phase synchronization

Grid-connected mode

Power management control

time
GS Bypass switch closes

Fig. 5.

Grid synchronization sequence.

(2)

0 = (0 ) ) 0 = (0

(3)

The main focus of this paper is to present an autonomous grid synchronization method based on the existing droop controls. To accomplish the grid droop and synchronization, the voltage magnitude equalization and phase synchronization controllers are proposed as equation (4) and equation (5). = + (4) = + { if = 1, = 0 if = 0.

(5)

The voltage magnitude equalization is designed to maintain to 0. transmitted from the main controller represents the voltage magnitude difference between and , and it can be regulated by lifting up or pulling down all the DERCs operation voltage magnitudes at the same in equation (4), representing the voltage speed. Therefore, magnitude change with respect to the time variation, is derived from the PI regulation of and injected to the droop control in equation (2) to achieve the voltage magnitude equalization. In the same manner, the phase synchronization is implemented by injecting , the the PI regulation of , to the droop control in equation (2). Because of the voltage magnitude equalization and phase synchronization change all DERCs voltage magnitudes and phase angles at the same pace, the relative voltage magnitude differences and phase angle differences between all the DERCs are maintained, such that the real power and reactive power sharing results are not affected during these operations. To complete the grid synchronization and minimize the transient power ows at the instant of grid-connection, the operation frequency, phase angle, and voltage magnitude of should be regulated the same value as those of before the bypass switch is closed. Therefore, the grid synchronization sequence shown as Fig. 5 is commanded from the central console to control the operation modes of the grid synchronization process. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the aforementioned grid synchronization process with the computer simulation. Before = 40 sec, the bypass switch is opened, the DGS is operating in islanded droop mode. All the DERCs are controlled by , controls to achieve power sharing. As the DERCs are operated

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From Central Console

GS G

diff 0 GS

1 0

MUX

f PI S Phase synchronization

PS

G 2

f0x fx

KPresxPRx

1 s

P0x

P0x Px

mx
f0x

fx

fS f * x P-f droop

Frequency restoration

Voltage PI Controller & Predictive Current Controller

Vref*

From Main Controller

diff Vdiff Vdiff VS PI Voltage magnitude equalization 0 V0x

Vx KQresxQRx

1 s

Q0x Q0x Qx

nx
V0x

Vx* Vx VS

1 s

Vx Vx* V0x

V restoration

Q-V droop

Autonomous controller x

Fig. 4.

Control block diagram of autonomous controller.

Step load changes

60.5 60.25 60 59.75 59.5 0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0 10 10 20

= 1

Bypass switch closes

[Hz]

30

40

50 3000

Step load changes

2000 1000 0 0 60.005 10

= 1

Bypass switch closes

[rad]

[W]

2 1
20 30 40 50

10

20

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[Hz]

60 59.995 59.99 0 0.06 10

1 2
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50

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0.04 0.02 0 0.02 0 10 20

1 , 2

Fig. 6. The responses of main controller during grid synchronization process.

Time[sec]

30

40

50

droop control, where 0 is assigned to 0 , the in the reactive power sharing can be improved compared with the reactive power sharing of droop control [10]. Owing droop control can result in to that the operation of the output voltage variations of the DGS, the engagement of voltage magnitude equalization can regulate all the DERCs voltage magnitudes at the same speed and thus maintain the voltage magnitude of DGS without disturbing the power sharing results. Also, the frequency restoration is activated to 0 to maintain the operation frequency by assigning 2 of PCC ( = 2 ) the same as that of utility grid ( = 2 ). Note that a step load change from 2100 W + 1000 VAR to 3100 W + 1000 VAR occurs at = 15 sec. To satisfy the necessity for grid-connection, the phase angle of PCC ( ) needs to be synchronized to the phase angle of utility grid ( ). At = 30 sec, DGS starts to synchronize to by transmitting the enabling signal to every autonomous controller of DERC from the central console. All the DERCs in DGS then start to adjust their phase angles at the same speed by 1 and 2 , which is generated by the PI regulation of the input variable as shown in Fig. 7(a). In the end, can be regulated to 0, which means is aligned to , as 1 and 2 is backed and kept at

(a)
Step load changes
1200 900 600 300 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 10 5 0 5 0

= 1 2 1

Bypass switch closes

[VAR]

10

20

30

40

50

[V/sec]

1 2
10 20 30 40 50

[V/sec]

2 1 ,
10 20 30 40 50

187 185 183 181 179 0

[V]

10

20

Time[sec]

30

40

50

(b) Fig. 7. The responses of DERCs during grid synchronization process.

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0. The power sharing results are also not affected during the operation of phase angle synchronization. After the frequency, voltage magnitude, and phase angle of and are synchronized as shown in Fig. 6, the bypass switch is closed at = 40 sec by transmitting an enable signal from central console, and the DGS goes into the grid-connected mode with tolerable transients power ows. The grid synchronization process shown in Fig. 7 verify that droop controlled DGS can the operation of , be transferred from islanded mode to grid-connected mode without affecting the original power sharing results by the proposed grid synchronization method. IV. E XPERIMENTAL T EST R ESULTS The DGS test benches are constructed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed grid synchronization control method. The system conguration is the same as shown in Fig. 1, and the detailed descriptions of this DGS are stated as follows. The system voltage is = 220 Vrms, and the frequency is 60 Hz. Two DERCs are constructed in this DGS, and their power line impedances are set as 1 + 1 = 0.2 + 0.377 and 2 + 2 = 0.2 + 0.377 . The total of load of 800 W is applied. The DERCs are three-phase, hard-switched PWM converters, whose switching frequency = 10 kHz, output lter inductor = 2 mH, output lter capacitor = 10 F. The DC bus voltage of DERC is supported by DC power supply 62024P-600-8. The main controller and the autonomous controllers are implemented with the digital signal processor TMS320F28335, and the sampling frequency is programmed at = 20 kHz. The coefcients of main controller and autonomous controllers are given in TABLE I. The bypass switch in Fig. 1 can be implemented with different topologies [14], [15], and the circuit breakerbased (CB-based) switch is adopted in this experimental test benches. The communication interfaces are implemented with RS232 to transmit and receive data among the central console, main controller, and autonomous controllers. The bandwidth of these communication units are set at about 80 Hz. Fig. 8 shows the experimental test results of the proposed grid synchronization method. The detected information ( , , , and ) in the main controller, shown in Fig. 8(a), are to investigate the operations and responses of proposed grid synchronization method. As these two DERCs in DGS are connected and operated in the islanded mode, the droop control in every autonomous controller works individually, and then the operation frequency of the PCC ( ) is internally decided and deviated from the utility frequency . This operation frequency difference between and results in the variation of before the frequency restoration is activated. This variation is stopped and controlled as long as the frequency restoration is activated and the is regulated the same as as shown in

Voltage magnitude equalization 2 DERCs Phase angle Bypass switch Frequency are connected restoration synchronization is closed

377 377 0 0

G PCC diff

4rad/sec

4rad/sec

4rad

Vdiff

20sec 10V

(a) Detected information in the main controller. ( , : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 4// ; : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 4/ ; : Xaxis: 20/ , Y-axis: 10 / )
Voltage magnitude equalization 2 DERCs Phase angle Bypass switch Frequency are connected restoration synchronization is closed

0 0

P1 Q1

1000W

1000VAR

377 0

1 * V1*

4rad/sec

20sec 4V/sec

(b) Responses in the DERC1. (1 : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 1000/ ; : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 1 : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 1000 / ; 1 : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 4 // ) 4// ; 1
Voltage magnitude equalization 2 DERCs Phase angle Bypass switch Frequency are connected restoration synchronization is closed

0 0

P2 Q2

1000W

1000VAR

377 0

2 * V2*

4rad/sec

20sec 4V/sec

(c) Responses in the DERC2. (2 : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 1000/ ; : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 2 : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 1000 / ; 2 : X-axis: 20/ , Y-axis: 4 // ) 4// ; 2 Fig. 8. Experimental test results of grid synchronization process.

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TABLE I R ELATED PARAMETERS OF MAIN CONTROLLER AND AUTONOMOUS

CONTROLLERS

PLL

Main controller = 0.025, = 1

synchronization, this phase angle difference is regulated and decreased as shown in Fig. 9, and then the bypass switch is closed as the voltage magnitude and the phase angles are synchronized. V. C ONCLUSION droop controls have been proposed The , and discussed for their insensitivity to the unequal line impedances and improved power sharing capability. This paper droop presents the grid synchronization for , controlled DGS. The proposed grid synchronization method droop controlled DERCs to allows all the , adjust their frequencies, voltage magnitudes, and phase angles synchronously. The relative differences between DERCs voltage magnitudes and phase angles are not affected, and the original power sharing results under islanded operation mode can be maintained during grid synchronization process. Thus the proposed method allows the multi-converter oriented DGS to be changed from islanded mode to grid-connected mode with negligible transient power ows and without affecting the original droop controlled power sharing results to achieve a smooth mode transfer. Simulation and laboratory test results are also presented to show effectiveness of this work. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research is funded by the National Science Council of Taiwan under grant NSC-98-3114-E-007-004. R EFERENCES
[1] R. Lasseter, Microgrids, in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002, pp. 305308. [2] M. Barnes, J. Kondoh, H. Asano, J. Oyarzabal, G. Ventakaramanan, R. Lasseter, N. Hatziargyriou, and T. Green, Real-world microgridsan overview, in IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, 2007, pp. 18. [3] F. Katiraei, R. Iravani, N. Hatziargyriou, and A. Dimeas, Microgrids management, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 5465, May./Jun. 2008. [4] C. L. Chen, Y. Wang, J. S. Lai, Y. S. Lee, and D. Martin, Design of parallel inverters for smooth mode transfer microgrid applications, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 615, Jan. 2010. [5] M. C. Chandrokar, D. M. Divan, and R. Adapa, Control of parallel connected inverters in standalone ac supply systems, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 136143, Jan./Feb. 1993. [6] M. C. Chandrokar, D. M. Divan, and B. Banerjee, Control of distributed ups systems, in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1994, pp. 197204. [7] P. Piagi and R. Lasseter, Autonomous control of microgrids, in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006, p. 8pp. [8] J. M. Guerrero, L. G. de Vicuna, J. Matas, M. Castilla, and J. Miret, Output impedance design of parallel-connected ups inverters with wireless load-sharing control, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 11261135, Aug. 2005. [9] C. K. Sao and P. W. Lehn, Autonomous load sharing of voltage source converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 10091016, Apr. 2005. [10] C. T. Lee, C. C. Chu, and P. T. Cheng, A new droop control method for the autonomous operation of distributed energy resource interface converters, in Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2010, pp. 702709. [11] F. Blaabjerg, R. Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and A. V. Timbus, Overview of control and grid synchronization for distributed power generation systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 13981409, Oct. 2006.

Autonomous controllers droop control 1 = 2 = 3 106 rad/J droop control 1 = 2 = 5 104 1/Asec Frequency restoration 1 1 = 2 2 = 66666 restoration 1 1 = 2 2 = 400 Phase angle synchronization = 0.08 , = 0.16 Voltage magnitude equalization = 0.4 , = 0.35 Synchronous voltage PI controller = 0.03 , = 4 Predictive current controller = 30

Fig. 8(a). and can then be regulated to 0 by the operation of voltage magnitude equalization and phase angle synchronization respectively. Note that is increased to be higher than by the PI-based phase angle synchronization to reduce the phase angle difference , and then and are the same again after the phase angle difference is decreased and controlled at 0. Fig. 8(b) and Fig. 8(c) show the DERC1 and DERC2s output power ow ( , ) and their operation frequency and ) individually. commands ( , is the combination of droop controls output 2 and the phase angle synchronizations output 2 as shown in Fig. 4, and is the combination of droop controls output and . As shown in the voltage magnitude equalizations output Fig. 8(b) and Fig. 8(c), the DERCs and can be affected by the operation of voltage magnitude equalization and phase angle synchronization individually, and their phase angle and voltage magnitude of output voltages are accordingly affected. However, these DERCs operate these grid synchronization controls at the same instant and change the phase angle and voltage magnitude of different DERCs at the same speed. Therefore, the original power sharing results of islanded operation is not affected during these grid synchronization operations as shown in Fig. 8(b) and Fig. 8(c). After the frequencies, voltage magnitudes, and phase angles of the utility grid and the PCC are regulated and synchronized the same, the central console send out the enabling signal and the bypass switch is then closed. As shown in Fig. 8(b) and Fig. 8(c), the power ow of these DERCs are still maintained after DGS is operated in the grid-connected mode, and their transient power ows are mitigated by the proposed grid synchronization method. Fig. 9 compares the line-to-line voltage of the utility grid, PCC, DERC1, and DERC2 at different instance. Note that only a-to-b voltages are shown in Fig. 9. Before the voltage magnitude equalization is activated, the voltage magnitude of utility grid and PCC are , = 212.6 Vrms and , = 206.7 Vrms. This voltage magnitude difference can be pull back by the voltage magnitude equalization, and these voltage magnitudes become , = 214.0 Vrms and , = 215.0 Vrms. However, the phase angle of , leads that of , at 85.8 . By using the phase angle

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Bypass switch closes

Islanded mode
P-f, Q-V droop control Frequency restoration Voltage magnitude equalization Phase synchronization

Grid-connected mode time

Before voltage magnitude equalization

After voltage magnitude equalization

After phase angle synchronization

After grid connection

0
VG,ab VPCC,ab
10msec 200V

VG,ab

VPCC,ab

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VG,ab, VPCC,ab

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200V

0
VDERC1,ab , VDERC2,ab VDERC1,ab , VDERC2,ab

VDERC1,ab , VDERC2,ab

VDERC1,ab , VDERC2,ab

Fig. 9. The variations of line-to-line voltage of the utility grid, PCC, DERC1, and DERC2 during the grid synchronization process. (, , , , 1, , 2, : X-axis: 10/ , Y-axis: 200 / )

[12] J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, J. Matas, L. G. de Vicuna, and M. Castilla, Hierarchical control of droop-controlled ac and dc microgrids-a general approach toward standardization, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 158172, Jan. 2011. [13] L. N. Arruda, S. M. Silva, and B. J. C. Filho, Pll structures for utility connected systems, in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, Thirty-Sixth IAS Annual Meeting, 2001, pp. 26552660. [14] B. Kroposki, C. Pink, J. Lynch, V. John, S. M. Dandiel, E. Benedict, and I. Vihinen, Developement of a high-speed static switch for distributed energy and microgrid applications, in Power Conversion Conference Nagoya, 2007. PCC 07, Apr. 2007, pp. 14181423. [15] Z. Yang, H. Liao, C. Wu, and H. Xu, Analysis and selection of switch for double modes inverter in micro-grid system, in Electrical Machines and Systems, 2008. ICEMS 2008. International Conference on, Oct. 2008, pp. 17781781.

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