Chap7 Entropy Handout

CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
CHAPTER 7
ENTROPY
DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:
Define a new property called entropy Establish the increase of entropy principle Determine the entropy changes during processes for pure substances and ideal gas Develop the property relations for isentropic processes Derive the reversible steady flow work relations Determine the isentropic efficiencies for various steady flow devices Determine the entropy generation for closed and open system
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
First stated by German physicist Rudolf J.E. Clausius (1822-1888) in 1850 and is expressed as
0
High temp reservoir TH QH,rev HErev QL, rev Wrev QH,irrev HEirrev QL,irrev Low temp reservoir TL Wirrev
This inequality is valid for all cycles, reversible or irreversible The cyclic integral of Q/T is always less than zero (irreversible cycles) and equal to zero (reversible cycles) Consider a reversible heat engine and a irreversible heat engine that operating between two similar heat reservoirs For the reversible heat engine, we can write,
QP Q S = TP TS
Thermodynamics temp scale
QP Q S =0 TP TS
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
Both heat engines receive heat from the same heat reservoir, then QH,rev = QH,irrev and Wrev > Wirrev Thus, QL,rev QL,irrev From 1st law of thermodynamics, W = QH - QL then, QH QL,rev > QH QL,irrev So, we can conclude that QL,irrev > QL,rev , thus,
QL ,irrev QL ,rev > TS TS
Q
T
QH QL ,irrev <0 TH TL
Q
T
<0
Q
T =
Q
T
QH QL 0 TH TL
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE

Let assumes that the Clausius inequality of A is not equal to B
2 1
Qrev T A
2 1
Qrev T B
For cycle 1-A-2-C-1

Qrev = T AC
121
2 1
Qrev + T A
1 2
Qrev =0 T C
P r o p e rt y II
2 B A C 1
For cycle 1-B-2-C-1
121
Qrev = T BC
2 1
Qrev + T B
1 2
Qrev =0 T C
Property I
121
Qrev = T AC
121
Qrev =0 T BC
2 1
Qrev = T A
2 1
Qrev T B
Q dS = kJ/K T rev
S2 S1 =
2 1
Q T rev
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE

In 1865, Clausius introduced a new thermodynamics property called ENTROPY and designated S and defined as
Q dS = kJ/K T int rev
Entropy is an extensive property and the unit is kJ/K The entropy change of a system during a process can be determined by integrating above equation,
S = S2 S1 =
T
2 1
Q
int rev
kJ/K
The entropy change S between two states is the same for reversible and irreversible process but, The integral of Q/T gives a value of entropy change only if the integration is carried out along an internally reversible process. Thus the Q/T during an irreversible process is not a property (entropy)
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE ISOTHERMAL

The heat transfer processes are internally reversible Thus, the heat transfer can be determined by
S =
T
2 1
Q
int rev
T
2 1
Q
int rev
1 To
(Q)
2 1
int rev
Q kJ/K To
To is the constant temperature of the system during the heat transfer process
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-1
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

From the Clausius inequality For the cycle in the diagram
T =
Q + T
T
2 1
Q
int,rev
Rearrange, then
S2 S1
Q Q or dS T T
dS =
Q - reversible process T Q - irreversib le process T
dS >
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY GENERATION, Sgen

The entropy change of a closed system during an irreversible process is always greater than the entropy transfer. So, entropy is generated or created during an irreversible process called entropy generation, Sgen
Ssytem = S2 S1 =
Q + Sgen T
For an isolated (adiabatic) system, Q = 0, then Sisolated 0 Thus, the entropy of adiabatic system during a process always increases and never decreases The entropy change of the adiabatic system is the sum of the entropy changes of the system and its surroundings which equal to the entropy generation
Sgen = Stotal = Ssys + Ssurr 0

The increase of entropy principle can be summarized as > 0 Irreversible process = 0 Reversible process < 0 Impossible process
Sgen
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-2
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCE

The value entropy at a specified state is determined just like any other property. In the superheated vapor regions : can be obtained directly from the tables In saturated vapor : s = sf + xsfg In compressed liquid : s = sf at specified temperature The entropy change, S = m(s2 s1) kJ/K
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-3
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-4
A piston cylinder device initially contains 1.5 kg of liquid water at 150 kPa and 20oC. The water is now heated at constant pressure by the addition of 4000 kJ of heat. Determine the entropy change of the water during the process.
Since T1 < Ts at 150 kPa, the water exists as compressed liquid P1 = 150 kPa T1 = 20oC s1 = sf @ 20oC = 0.2965 kJ/kg h1 = hf @ 20oC = 83.915 kJ/kgK
From energy balance for closed system, Qin Wb = U Qin = H = m(h2 h1) 4000 kJ = (1.5 kg)(h2 83.915 kJ/kg) h2 = 2750.6 kJ/kg Since h2 = 2750.6 kJ/kg > hg at 150 kPa = 2693.1 kJ/kg, state 2 is s.h. vapor P1 = 150 kPa h2 = 2750.6 kJ/kg
s2 = 7.3674 kJ/kgK (interpolation)
Thus, S = m(s2 s1) = 1.5(7.3674 0.2965) = 10.61 kJ/K
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES
An internally reversible and adiabatic process, which the entropy remains constant is called an isentropic process : s = 0 or s2 = s1. Many devices such as pumps, turbines, nozzles and diffusers are essentially adiabatic in their operation Using isentropic processes enable us to define the efficiencies of above devices and to compare the actual performance of these devices to the performance under idealized conditions
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-5
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
T-S DIAGRAM
One of the diagram commonly used in the second law analysis Rearrange the entropy change definition : Qint rev = Tds Thus, the area under the process curve on a T-S diagram represents heat transfer during an internally reversible process, which is
Qint rev =
Tds
2 1
For internally reversible isothermal process,
Qint rev = ToS (kJ) or qint rev = To s (kJ/kgK)

During an isentropic processes, Q = O, thus the area under process curve is zero
Carnot Cycle on T-s Diagram
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
Tds RELATIONS
From energy balance for a closed system, an internally reversible process can be expressed as
Qint rev - Wint rev = dU

Substituting Qint rev = T ds and Wint rev = P dV, then
T dS = dU + P dV or Tds = du + P d
This equation is known as the first Tds or Gibbs equation Writing the enthalpy definition (h = u + p) in differential form,
dh = du + P dv + dP or du = dh P dv + dP
Substituting into the 1st Tds equation, then the 2nd Tds equation
Tds = (dh P dv + dP) + P dv = dh - dP

Solving for ds, then
ds = du Pd dh dP and ds = + T T T T
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES

Substituting du = cvdT and P = RT/ into the 1st Tds equation, for an ideal gas,
ds =
s 2 s1 = c v
c v dT RTd c v dT Rd + = + T T T
dT +R T
T2 2 d + R ln = c v ln T1 1
Substituting dh = cpdT and = RT/p into the 2nd Tds equation, then
ds = s 2 s1 = cp cp dT T RTdp cp dT Rdp = + pT T p
2
dT R T
T2 P2 dP = cp ln T R ln p P 1 1 T2 s 2 s1 = c v ln T 1 T2 s 2 s1 = cp ln T 1 2 P2 = R ln s 2 s1 = R ln 1 P1
Constant volume process Constant pressure process Constant temperature process
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-9
Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17oC to a final state of 600 kPa and 57oC. Determine the entropy change of air during this compression process.
The cp and R of air can be taken as 1.006 kJ/kgK and 0.287 kJ/kgK respectively
10
Sme 9/3
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES

During an isentropic process, ds = 0,
T2 cv ln T 1 2 + R ln 1 =0
cv =
c R v = k 1 k 1 R
Rearrange
1 T2 R 2 = ln = ln ln cv 2 1 T1
R cv
1 = ln 2
k 1
T2 1 = T1 2
k 1
Tk-1 = constant
T2 c p ln T 1 T2 ln T 1 R P2 = c ln P 1 p P2 = ln P 1
R cp
P2 R ln p =0 1

k 1 k
cp =
k 1 k
cp kR k = k 1 R k 1
P2 = ln P 1
T2 P2 = T1 P1
TP(1-k/k) = constant
P2 k 1 1 = P1 2
k 1
P2 1 = P1 2
Pk = constant
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-10
11
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-11
Helium gas is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from an initial state of 100 kPa and 10oC to a final temperature of 160oC in a reversible manner. Determine the exit pressure of helium. [For helium, k = 1.667]
T2 k 1 433 1.667 1 = 100 P2 = P1 = 289 kPa T 283 1
1.667
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
REVERSIBLE STEADY FLOW

The energy balance for a steady a steady flow device undergoing an internally reversible process can be expressed in differential form as
qrev = Tds Tds = dh - dp rev = dh - dp

Integrating,
w rev =
qrev - wrev = dh +dke + dpe

dh - dP - wrev = dh + dke + dpe - wrev = dP + dke + dpe
dP - ke - pe
Neglecting the kinetic and potential energy, then w rev = For constant volume process (incompressible fluid),
w rev =
dP
dP = (P2 P1 ) ke pe
For any device involves no work interactions such as a nozzle and pipe,
(P2 P1 ) + ke + pe = 0
(P2 P1 ) +
V22 V12 + g (z 2 z1 ) = 0 2
This equation is known as the Bernoulli equation in Fluid mechanics
12
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-12
Determine the compression work required to compress steam isentropically from 100 kPa to 1 MPa, assuming that the steam exists as (a) saturated liquid and (b) saturated vapor at the inlet state.
We take first the pump and then the compressor as the system (a) Steam is a saturated liquid initially, = f @ 100 kPa = 0.001043 m3/kg (Table A-5) The volume remains constant during the process (incompressible), thus
W rev =
dP 1 (P2 P1 )
= (0.001043 )(1000 100 ) = 0.94 kJ/kg
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-12
cont.
(b) The steam is a saturated vapor initially and remains a vapor during the entire compression process. The specific volume of the vapor changes considerably during the compression process. From the 2nd Tds relations, T ds = dh - dP = 0 dP = dh
W rev =
(isentropic process, ds = 0)
dP =
dh = h2 h1
P1 = 100 kPa Sat. vapor P2 = 1 MPa s2 = s1
h1 = 2675.0 kJ/kg S1 = 7.3589 kJ/kgK h2 = 3194.5 kJ/kg
(Table A-5) (Table A-6)
w rev = (3194 .5 2675 .0 ) = 519.5 kJ/kg
13
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
PROOF THAT STEADY FLOW REVERSIBLE DEVICES DELIVER THE MOST AND CONSUME THE LEAST WORK
Consider two steady flow devices, one reversible and the other irreversible, operating between the same inlet and exit states. Actual (irreversible) Reversible
qact - wact = dh + dke + dpe qrev - wrev = dh + dke + dpe
Comparing both equations, we can write
qact - wact = qrev - wrev or wrev - wact = qrev - qact

For reversible process, qrev = T ds, and dividing by T, then
w rev w act
T
Since
= ds
qact
T
ds >
q act
T
Then we can write,
w rev w act
T
> 0 w rev > w act w rev > w act
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF TURBINES

The isentropic efficiency of turbine is defined as
T =
w Actual turbine work = a Isentropic turbine work w s
Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, then
T =
h1 h2 a h1 h2 s
A well-designed, large turbines have isentropic efficiencies above 90% and small turbines have can be below 70%
14
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-14
Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 400oC and leaves at 50 kPa and 100oC. If the power output of the turbine is 2 MW, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine and (b) the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine. Assumptions : Steady flow and the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible. Analysis : State 1 State 2a State 2s P1 = 3 MPa T1 = 300oC P2a = 50 kPa T2a = 100oC P2a = 50 kPa s2s = s1 h1 = 3231.7 kJ/kg s1 = 6.9235 kJ/kgK h2a = 2682.4 kJ/kg sf = 1.0912 kJ/kgK sg = 7.5931 kJ/kgK (Table A-6) (Table A-6) (Table A-5) (sat mixture)
x2s =
s2 s sf 6.9235 1.0912 = 0.897 = sfg 6.5019
h2 s = hf + x 2 s hfg = 340.54 + 0.897 ( 2304.7 ) = 2407.9 kJ / kg
T =
h1 h2 a 3231.7 2682.4 = = 0.667 or 66.7% h1 h2 s 3231.7 2407.9

CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-14
(b) From the energy balance for steady-flow systems,
& +m & h1 = W & h2 a m a & & (h h ) W =m
a 1 2a
Cont
& ( 3231.7 2682.4 ) kJ/kg 2 x 10 3 kW = m & = m 2 x 10 3 kW = 3.64 kg/s ( 3231.7 2682.4 ) kJ/kg
15
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCIES OF COMPRESSORS AND PUMPS

The isentropic efficiency of a compressor is defined as
C =
Isentropic compressor work w s = Actual compressor work wa = h2 s h1 h2 a h1
The value of c greatly depends on the design of the Well designed compressors have isentropic efficiencies Similarly, the isentropic efficiency of a pump is defined
as that range from 80 to 90 percent compressor.
P =
Isentropic pump work w s h2 s h1 = = Actual pump work w a h2 a h1 = V ( P2 P1 ) h2 a h1
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-15
Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12oC to a pressure of 800 kPa at a steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent, determine (a) the exit temperature of air and (b) the required power input to the compressor. Assumptions : Steady flow, the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible and air is an ideal gas. Analysis :
P2 (a) T2 s = P1
k 1 k
800 1.4 xT1 = X 285 = 516.3 K 100
0.4
C =
T2 a =
h2 s h1 c p ( T2 s T1 ) ( T2 s T1 ) = = = 0. 8 h2 a h1 c p ( T2 a T1 ) ( T2 a T1 ) ( T2 s T1 ) 516.3 285 +T = + 285 = 574.1 K 0. 8 0.8
(b) From energy balance for steady flow devices,

& =m & =m & h1 + W & h2 a W & ( h2 a h1 ) m a a & c p ( T2 a T1 ) =m
= (0.2 )(1.005 )(574.1 285 ) = 58.11 kW

16
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCIES OF NOZZLE

The isentropic efficiency of a nozzle is defined as
N =
V2 h h2 a Actual KE at exit = 2a = 1 Isentropic KE at exit V22s h1 h2 s
Isentropic efficiency of a nozzles are typically above 90 percent
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-16
Air at 200 kPa and 950 K enters an adiabatic nozzle at low velocity and is discharged at a pressure of 80 kPa. If the isentropic efficiency of the nozzle is 92 percent, determine (a) the maximum possible exit velocity, (b) the exit temperature and (c) the actual exit velocity of the air. Assumptions : Steady flow, the inlet kinetic energy is negligible and air is an ideal gas. Analysis : The cp and k of the air can be taken as 1.099 kJ/kg and 1.354 respectively (a) The exit velocity will be maximum when the nozzle operates as reversible device. Then for isentropic process
T2 s
P2 = P1
k 1 k
80 1.354 xT1 = X 950 = 748 K 200
0.354
From energy balance,

h2 s h1 = V12 V22s 0 V22s c p ( T2 s T1 ) = 2 2
V2 s = 2 c p ( T1 T2 s ) = 2 x10 3 (1.099 )(950 748 ) = 666 m/s

17
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-16
(b) The exit temp is determined from
h1 h2 a c p (T1 T2 a ) = = 0.92 h1 h2 s c p (T1 T2 s )
Cont
N =
T2 a = T1 0.92 (T1 T2 s ) = 950 0.92 (950 748 ) = 764 K
(c) The actual exit velocity is determined from,
N =
V22 a V22s
V2 a = NV22s = 0.92 (666 )2 = 639 m/s
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY BALANCE
The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy can be created but it cannot The increase of entropy principle (entropy balance) for any system is expressed as
Total entropy Total entropy Total entropy Change in the entering the leaving the + generated within = total entropy system system the system of the system Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssys
be destroyed.
Entropy change of system = Entropy at final Entropy at initial state

Ssys = Sfinal Sinitial = S2 S1
Entropy can be transferred to or from a system by 2

mechanisms, heat transfer and mass flow (entropy transfer for an adiabatic closed system is zero) Entropy transfer by heat transfer :
S= Q T (T = constant)
Entropy transfer by mass flow Entropy entering the control volume at state 1 = S1 = m1s1 Entropy leaving the control volume at state 2 = S2 = m2s2
18
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY GENERATION, Sgen

Irreversibilities such friction cause the entropy of a system to increase Entropy generation is a measure of the entropy created by this effects For reversible process, the entropy generation is zero, thus the entropy change of a system is equal to the entropy transfer by heat transfer and mass. Entropy balance for any system undergoing any process can be expressed as,
Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssystem
Net entropy transfer by heat and mass
(kJ/K)
Change in entropy
Entropy generation
dSsystem & S & & S in out + Sgen = dt

Rate of net entropy transfer by heat and mass Rate of Entropy generation
(kW/K)
Rate of change in entropy
The entropy balance for an adiabatic closed system : Sgen = Ssystem
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
ENTROPY GENERATION FOR CLOSED SYSTEM

The entropy change of a closed system (fixed mass) can be expressed as
T
Sgen = (S2 S1 )
Qk
k
+ Sgen = Ssystem or Sgen =
Qk
k
S =S
system
+ Ssurroundings
For an adiabatic process (Q = 0),

Sgen = Ssystem = m (s2 s1 )
19
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
Sme 15/3
ENTROPY GENERATION FOR OPEN SYSTEM

mi si Inlet 1
W
System S = (S2 S1)CV
2 Outlet
me se
The entropy change of a open system can be expressed as Qk + mi si me se + Sgen = (S2 S1 )CV kJ/K Tk
Or in the rate form & Q k + Tk
& s & s m m
i i
e e
dSCV & +S gen = dt

& Q k
k
kW/K
For steady flow process, dScv/dT = 0,

& S gen =
e e i i
& s & s m m T
kW/K
& & For steady flow, single stream, S gen = m (se s i ) -
& & For steady flow, single stream and adiabatic, S gen = m (se s i )
& Q k
k
kW/K kW/K
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-18
Steam at 7 MPa and 450oC is throttled in a valve to a pressure of 3 MPa during a steadyflow process. Determine the entropy generated during this process and check if the increase of entropy principle is satisfied. Assumptions : Steady flow, the kinetic and potential energy changes and the heat transfer is negligible. Analysis : For throttling device, h2 = h1 State 1 State 2 P1 = 7 MPa T1 = 450oC P2 = 3 MPa h2 = h1 h1 = 3288.3 kJ/kg s1 = 6.6353 kJ/kgK s2 = 7.0046 kJ/kgK
& S gen = (se s i ) = (s2 s1 ) = 7.0046 - 6.6353 = 0.3693 kJ/kgK & m
The increase of entropy principle is satisfied since the s > 0
20
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-20
Water at 200 kPa and 10oC enters a mixing chamber at a rate of 150 kg/min where it is mixed steadily with steam entering at 200 kPa and 150oC. The mixture leaves the chamber at 200 kPa and 70oC and heat is lost to the surrounding air at 20oC at a rate of 190 kJ/min. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, determine the rate of entropy generation during this process. Assumptions : Steady flow, the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. Analysis : Two inlets and one exit
&1 + m &2 = m &3 Mass balance : m
Energy balance (W = 0)
& =m & 3 h3 ( m & 2 h2 + m & 1 h1 ) Q &1 + m & 2 )h3 ( m & 2 h2 + m & 1 h1 ) = (m
T1 = 10oC 150 kg/min
T3 = 70oC
T2 = 150oC
State 1 State 2 State 3
P1 = 200 kPa T1 = 10oC P2 = 200 kPa T2 = 150oC P3 = 200 kPa T3 = 70oC
h1 = hf @ 10oC = 42.022 kJ/kg s1 = sf @ 10oC = 0.1511 kJ/kgK h2 = 2769.1 kJ/kg s2 = 7.0046 kJ/kgK h3 = hf @ 70oC = 293.07 kJ/kg s3 = sf @ 70oC = 0.9551 kJ/kgK
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-20
& = (m &1 + m & 2 )h3 ( m & 2 h2 + m & 1 h1 ) Q & 2 )x 293.07 (m & 2 x 2769.1 + 150 x 42.022 )] 190 = [(150 + m & 2 = 15.29 kg/min m
The rate of entropy generation,

& S gen = & s & s m m T
e e i i
& Q k
k
kW/K
& 3 s3 ( m & 1 s1 + m & 2 s2 ) =m
Q T
- 190 = 165.29x0.9 551 - 150x0.1511 - 15.29x7.28 10 - 293 = 24.53 kJ/min.K
21
CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY
EXAMPLE 7-21
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 100oC. During a constant pressure process, 600 kJ of heat is transferred to the surrounding air at 25oC. As a result, part of the water vapor contained in the cylinder condenses. Determine (a) the entropy change of the water and (b) the total entropy generation during this heat transfer process. Assumptions : No irreversibilities internal reversible. Analysis : The entropy of the system decreases during this process because of heat loss. (a) For internally reversible isothermal process,
Ssystem =
600 Q = = 1.61 kJ/K Tsystem (100 + 273 )
(b) The entropy generation for closed system, ( 600 ) Qk = ( 1.61) = 0.40 kJ/K Sgen = Ssystem (25 + 273 ) Tk
Note : If we reverse the heat transfer direction, then, Q 600 Ssystem = = = 1.61 kJ/K Tsystem (100 + 273 )
Sgen = Ssystem
Impossible, the process cannot be reversed
Qk
k
= (1.61)
(600 ) = 0.40 kJ/K (25 + 273 )
22

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CHAPTER 7 : ENTROPY

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE

For cycle 1-A-2-C-1

For cycle 1-B-2-C-1

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DEFINITION OF ENTROPY CHANGE

INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE ISOTHERMAL

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

Q - reversible process T Q - irreversib le process T

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

ENTROPY GENERATION, Sgen

Sgen = Stotal = Ssys + Ssurr 0

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCE

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

s2 = 7.3674 kJ/kgK (interpolation)

Thus, S = m(s2 s1) = 1.5(7.3674 0.2965) = 10.61 kJ/K

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

For internally reversible isothermal process,

Qint rev = ToS (kJ) or qint rev = To s (kJ/kgK)

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

Qint rev - Wint rev = dU

Tds = (dh P dv + dP) + P dv = dh - dP

ENTROPY CHANGE OF IDEAL GASES

Constant volume process Constant pressure process Constant temperature process

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

ISENTROPIC PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

T2 k 1 433 1.667 1 = 100 P2 = P1 = 289 kPa T 283 1

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

REVERSIBLE STEADY FLOW

qrev = Tds Tds = dh - dp rev = dh - dp

qrev - wrev = dh +dke + dpe

This equation is known as the Bernoulli equation in Fluid mechanics

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

P1 = 100 kPa Sat. vapor P2 = 1 MPa s2 = s1

h1 = 2675.0 kJ/kg S1 = 7.3589 kJ/kgK h2 = 3194.5 kJ/kg

(Table A-5) (Table A-6)

w rev = (3194 .5 2675 .0 ) = 519.5 kJ/kg

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

qact - wact = dh + dke + dpe qrev - wrev = dh + dke + dpe

Comparing both equations, we can write

qact - wact = qrev - wrev or wrev - wact = qrev - qact

Then we can write,

> 0 w rev > w act w rev > w act

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF TURBINES

w Actual turbine work = a Isentropic turbine work w s

Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energies, then

DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2004

s2 s sf 6.9235 1.0912 = 0.897 = sfg 6.5019

h2 s = hf + x 2 s hfg = 340.54 + 0.897 ( 2304.7 ) = 2407.9 kJ / kg

h1 h2 a 3231.7 2682.4 = = 0.667 or 66.7% h1 h2 s 3231.7 2407.9