CGE 674 FORMATION EVALUATION

BY:

TENGKU AMRAN TENGKU MOHD

Introduction

Outline

Logging History Openhole Logging Acquisition Principles of Openhole Logging Tools GR, SP, Neutron-Density, Resistivity, Sonic

Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to: - Understand the basic principle of formation evaluation and well logging - Describe the surface and downhole equipments/ tools to conduct a logging operation - Describe the principle and log response of each of logging tool.

Overview

WHAT ARE FORMATION EVALUATION AND WELL LOGGING???

Overview
Formation Evaluation Process/method to determine or identify if a potential oil or gas field is commercially viable by using all available data (e.g. well log data, core data, mud log, RFT data etc.) for interpretation of reservoir formation

Overview
Well Logging A method or in situ measurement or recordings (vs depth) to determine the physical, chemical and petrophysical properties of the reservoir rocks and fluids.

Overview

HOW ABOUT LOGGING WHILE DRILLING (LWD)???

Overview
Logging While Drilling
Advanced logging operation allowing acquisition of log data via tools placed in the actual drilling assembly, which transmit the data to the surface on a real-time basis or store the data in a downhole memory from which it may be downloaded when the assembly is brought back to the surface. Their use may be justified when:
real time information is required for operational reason, e.g. steering a well acquiring data prior to the hole washing out or invasion occurring safeguarding information if there is a risk of losing the hole the trajectory where wireline acquisition is difficult

Overview
EVALUATION SEQUENCE

Rock

Reservoir Non Reservoir

Hydrocarbons Water

Gas Oil

Evaluate Evaluate

Locate the Reservoir

Detect Hydrocarbons

Differentiate Between gas/oil

What subsurface information is important?

What is value of hydrocarbon in place? (Potential value) Hydrocarbon thickness Porosity Saturation Area Hydrocarbon type

How easily can the hydrocarbon flow out the well?

Permeability Pressure

How easy is it to drill to the reservoir? (Cost of drilling, completing)

Lithology Depth, pressure, temperature

Formation evaluation is critical to understanding the reservoir

What is value of hydrocarbon in place? (Potential value)

How easily can the hydrocarbon flow out the well?

How easy is it to drill to the reservoir? (Cost of drilling, completing)

Logging History
Electrical Logging Year
1927

Description
First electrical log was recorded in a well in the small oil field of Pechelbronn, in Alsace, a province of north-eastern france. Single graph of electrical resistivity of rock formations was recorded by station method. sonde was stopped at periodic intervals in borehole, measurements made, and calculated resistivity was hand-plotted on a graph this procedures was carried out from station to station until entire log was recorded. Resistivity log was used to detect HC present in the formation. Electrical resistivity logging was introduced on a commercial basis in Venuzuela, US, Russia and Dutch East Indies. Usefulness: for well to well correlation and identification of potential HC-bearing strata. Include SP measurement with Resistivity curve on electrical log. Schlumberger brothers (Marcel & Conrad) perfected a method of continuous recording Photographic-film recorder was introduced Electrical log consisted of SP curve, short normal, long normal & long lateral resistivity curves, was predominant in logging activity from 1936 to late 1950s (curves were recorded simultaneously after about 1946).

1929

1931 1936

Logging History
Dipmeter Log Year
1930s 1943 1946 Mid1950s Today

Description
The development of dipmeter began with the anisotropy dipmeter tool. Three-arm dipmeter device, with an associated photoclinometer was introduced permitted both direction and angle of formation dip to be determined (SP sensor at each arm). SP sensors were replaced by short resistivity devices made dip measurements possible in wells where SP had little correlatable detail. First continuously recording electrical dipmeter sonde (used 3 microresistivity arrays and contained a fluxgate compass) was introduced. A 4-arm dipmeter tool records 10 microresistivity curves simultaneously, and a triaxial accelerometer and magnetometers provide highly accurate info on tool and deviation azimuth. Processing data done exclusively with electronic computers.

Logging History
GR and Neutron Tools (first use of radioactive properties in well logging) Year
1941

Description
Neutron log was first described by Pontecovo. In combination with GR log, neutron log enhanced lithological interpretations and well-to-well stratigraphic correlations. Attention to neutron log as a porosity indicator. SNP sidewall neutron porosity tool was introduced. CNL* compensated neutron tool was introduced. Dual Porosity neutron tool combines those 2 neutron measurements into a single tool.

1949 1962 1936

Logging History
Early Porosity Determination & Microresistivity Measurement Year
1950s

Description
Microlog tool was introduced used a miniature linear array of 3 electrodes imbedded in the face of an insulating pad, which is applied to the borehole wall. Microlog recording is also useful to delineate permeable beds, and other microresistivity devices help establish resistivity profile from the invaded zone near the borehole to the noninvaded virgin formation. Laterolog tool was introduced (the first focused deep-investigating resistivity device) focused resistivity logs are well adapted for investigating of thin beds drilled with lowresistivity muds (eg. Salt muds & highly resistive formations) Microlaterolog tool was developed for salt muds. The MicroProximity log and MicroSFL* log have followed. DLL* dual lateral log tool (deep laterolog and shallow laterolog measurements) is the standard. Usually run with a MicroSFL device as well

1951

1953

Today

Logging History
Induction Log (replace original electrical log in freshwater muds) Year
1949

Description
Induction log was developed, as an outgrowth of wartime work with mine detectors, for use in oil-based mud. However, its superiority over electrical log in freshwater muds was soon recognized. Combine a five-coil induction device with SP curve and a 16-in normal to make induction electrical tool. Five-coil device was replaced by one with a six-coil array with deeper investigation. DIL* dual induction log was introduced, now is the standard deep induction, medium induction, and shallow resistivity-measurements. The shallow resistivity-measuring device is now a focused resistivity device a Laterolog 8 on the 1963 tool and an SFL device on current tools A new dual induction log, the Phasor* induction, provides improved thin-bed response, deeper depth of investigation, and greater dynamic resistivity range.

1956

1959 1963

Logging History
Sonic Log Year
Since 1930 Late 1950s

Description
Logging cables have been used to lower geophones into wells to measure long-interval acoustic travel times from sound sources at the surface. Sonic log was accepted as a reliable porosity logs its measurement responds primarily to porosity and is essentially independent of saturation. Sonic log, coupled with focused resistivity logs (laterolog and induction) made possible modern formation evaluation from well logs. Sonic log measure porosity; focused resistivity logs measure true resistivity of noninvaded virgin formation. Subsequent improvements in sonic logging BHC borehole compensated sonic, LLS* long-space sonic, and the Array-sonic* tools.

Logging History
Density Log Year
Early 1960s 1964

Description
Logging of formation bulk density (measurement of formation porosity), was commercially introduced. An FDC* compensated formation density log (compensated for the mudcake), was quickly followed. Litho-Density* log provided an improved bulk density measurement and a lithology-sensitive photoelectric absorption cross section measurement.

1981

Logging History
Recovery of Physical Rock Samples & Formation Fluid Samples with Wireline Tools Year
1937

Description
Sidewall coring, using a hollow, cylindrical bullet shot into formation and retrieved by pulling it out, has existed since 1937.

1957

A formation tester was introduced recovered a sample of formation fluids and pore presure was measured during the sampling process. FIT formation interval tester and RFT* repeat formation tester have followed (RFT tool can make unlimited number of pressure measurements and recover two fluid samples per trip. Dielectric measurements have been developed to handle formation with freshwater formation, or varies in salinity, or in which salinity is unknown. EPT* electromagnetic propagation log was introduced in 1978 DPT* deep propagation log was followed in 1985.

1978 & 1985

Wireline Logging
Introduction Well logs or wireline logs are continuous recordings of well depth versus different petrophysical characteristics of the rocks through which the well is drilled. There are many types of well logs, depending upon the characteristics of the rock being measured. Logging Objectives The main purpose of well logging is: - to provide data for evaluating petroleum reservoirs. - to aid in testing, completion and repairing of the well. To calculate the oil reserve in an oil pool we need to know the following. Thickness of the oil bearing formation. Porosity of the formation. Oil saturation. Lateral extent of the pool.

Logs should always be calibrated with core data to improve interpretations.

Wireline Logging

In situ meas. (vs. depth) of Rock properties Fluid properties When Openhole (before casing) While drilling (LWD / MWD). After drilling (wireline). Cased hole (C/O, sigma) Interpretation for: Geological properties. Petrophysical properties. Production properties.

Casing

Open hole

Types of Well Logging

Well logging is classified into three broad categories: Open Hole Logging Cased Hole Logging Production Logging

Open Hole Logging

Logging surveys taken before the hole is cased are called open hole logs. The logs included in this group are: Electrical surveys (induction, laterolog and microlog logs). Sonic logs. Caliper Logs. Dipmeter Logs. SP logs Radioactive surveys (density, neutron and gamma ray logs).

Electrical Logs
Electrical logs (Induction, laterolog, and microlog) measure the electrical properties of the formation alongwith the formation fluids.

Sonic/ Acoustic Logs

Sonic logs measure the elastic or (sound) wave properties of the formation.

Caliper Logs
Caliper logs measure the size or geometry of the hole.

Dipmeter Logs
Dipmeter logs measure dip of the formations.

SP Logs
SP logs measure potential different between a shale-sand or shale-carbonate due to difference salinity of formation water and mud filtrate.

Radioactive Logs
Gamma ray & neutron logs measure radioactive and neutron absorption properties. Density logs measure electron density of the formation which is related to formation density.

OPEN HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS

LOGGING TOOL

27

Cased Hole Logging

Logging surveys taken after the casing is lowered are usually categorized as cased hole logs. The surveys included in this group are: Gamma Ray Neutron Temperature Pulsed Neutron Cement Bond Log C/O and sigma Log Some of these surveys like the gamma ray, neutron and temperature logs can be run in both open and cased hole wells.

CASED HOLE LOGGING MEASUREMENTS

Production Logging
Well logging surveys taken to improve production or repair the well are termed as production logs. Surveys included in this category are: Flowmeter Pressure Temperature Fluid Density

VALUE AND LIMITATIONS OF WELL LOG DATA

Strengths
Provides remotely sensed values of reservoir properties and fluids. Among the most abundant reservoir data. Presentation results fairly well standardized. Allows evaluation of lateral (map) and vertical (cross section) changes in reservoir properties and fluids.

Limitations
Indirect measurements. Vertical resolution. Depth of investigation.

Petrophysical Logging Tools - Primary

Log Type Resistivity -Induction -Laterolog -Micro laterolog Acoustic - Sonic Nuclear -GR (Density) - Neutron Auxiliary -Natural GR -SP -Caliper Tool Type Physical Measurement Voltage (V) V and Current (I) Current Transit Time Gamma Ray Neutron Gamma Ray mV (*various) Derived Parameter Rt Rt Rxo PHIs RHOB, PHID RHON None None Dh, Volume Interpreted Parameter Sw Sw Sxo Lithology Lithology Lithology Vsh Vsh
32

Array Array Pad Array Pad Mandrel Mandrel Electrode

SOME QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY LOG INTERPRETATION

Reservoir Engineer
How thick is the pay zone? How homogeneous is the zone? Porosity? Permeability?

Geophysicist / Geologist
Are the tops as predicted? Are potential zones porous? Formation intervals? Lithology? Hydrocarbons? What type of hydrocarbons? Commercial quantities?

Production Engineer
Which zone(s) to complete? What production rates? Any water production? Is zone hydraulically isolated? Will well need stimulation? What stimulation would be best?

Fig. 3.1: A Logging Truck

WIRELINE LOGGING EQUIPMENT

Computerized Logging Units

Computer-based units offer the following features: Computer control of the data allows logs to be recorded either logging up or down with all curves on depth. Calibration are performed under programme control and can be performed more quickly, consistently and accurately. Logs can be played back from the data tapes on many different formats. Basic wellsite, processing/analysis of data is available.

DETAILS OF WIRELINE LOGGING RIGUP

LOGGING CABLE

39

Log Presentation
Heading. Curves related to some physical property of rock/casing surrounding the wellbore.

LOG PRESENTATION - THE HEADING

Well location Depth references Date of log Well depth Casing shoe depth Bit size Mud data
Type Properties Resistivities

Max. Temperature
41

LOG PRESENTATION

LOG PRESENTATION - LINEAR GRID

Track 1 Depth track Track 2 Track 3

43

LOG PRESENTATION - COMMON DEPTH SCALES

44

TYPES OF LOGS TO BE RUN Logging suites generally include one resistivity and one porosity device. The logging string will also have other tools like the gamma ray, SP and caliper tools. However, logging suites usually have two porosity devices to give more information about rock type, hydrocarbon type and porosity. Other considerations to estimate permeability or to take fluid samples require other special tools like the formation testers.

MUD FILTRATE INVASION

Invaded Zone (Rxo) Wellbore Mud (Rm)

Uninvaded Zone (Rt)

Uninvaded Zone (Rt)

Mud Cake (Rmc)

MUD FILTRATE INVASION

COMMON TERMINOLOGY

Borehole Rm : Borehole mud resistivity Rmc : Mudcake resistivity Invaded zone Rmf : Mud filtrate resistivity Rxo : Invaded zone resistivity Sxo : Invaded zone water saturation Uninvaded zone Rw : Interstitial water resistivity Rt : Uninvaded zone resistivity Sw : Uninvaded zone water saturation

Radial Fluid and Resistivity Distribution

Rx0 Resistivity Rt Resistivity Rx0 Rt

Rxo Rt

Rxo Rt

Water Based Muds Qualitative Distribution of Resistivity (Rmf > Rw)

Fresh mud, salt water zone

Salty mud, Hydrocarbon zone

NOMENCLATURE FOR ZONES IN AND AROUND THE BOREHOLE

Sources of subsurface data

Data collected during drilling Penetration rate Drill cuttings analysis Drill mud analysis Mud gains/losses Shows of gas/oil/water Lithology Presence of shows Porosity Permeability Special core analysis Electric logs Acoustic logs Radioactivity logs Pressure measurements Special logs Formation tester Drill stem test Production test

Core analysis

Wireline log analysis

Productivity tests

Sources of subsurface data

Data needed:
Hydrocarbon thickness Porosity Saturation Area Hydrocarbon type Permeability Pressure Lithology

Data source:

Cuttings, Mud log Coring Logging LWD Logging while drilling WL Wireline (usually open hole)

Mud Log

Immediate interpretation of what the drill bit has penetrated and whether there are any hydrocarbons present (a show). Making maps of the subsurface geology.

Sources of data Mud log

Mud log

Sources of subsurface data

Data needed:
Hydrocarbon thickness Porosity Saturation Area Hydrocarbon type Permeability Pressure Lithology

Data source:

Cuttings, Mud log Coring Logging LWD Logging while drilling WL Wireline (usually open hole)

Coring - Conventional
Taking a core requires that the regular drill bit be removed from the hole. It is replaced with a "core bit", which is capable of grinding out and retrieving the heavy cylinder of rock. The core bit is usually coated with small, sharp diamonds that can grind through the hardest rock. A core bit cuts very slowly. A core is a solid cylinder of rock about 4-5 inches in diameter, and a single core will usually be about 30 feet long.

Coring - Conventional

Whole Core

Slab Core

Sources of data Core

Coring - Sidewall

This method is cheaper than the conventional coring. Cores can be taken in hours, instead of days. In sidewall coring, a slim wireline coring tool is run into the hole. The tool may be of two general types; either "rotary sidewall" or "percussion". Typically, cores about 1" in diameter and 1" to 2" long can be retrieved with this method.

Coring - Sidewall

Sources of subsurface data

Data needed:
Hydrocarbon thickness Porosity Saturation Area Hydrocarbon type Permeability Pressure Lithology

Data source:

Cuttings, Mud log Coring Logging LWD Logging while drilling WL Wireline (usually open hole)

Sources of data Logs